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    Indus Valley Civilization (IVC) : John Marshall

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    Tushar Jadhav
    The Indus Valley Civilization flourished between 2500-1750 BC along the Indus River valley. Major cities included Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, which featured structures like granaries, baths, and statues. The civilization engaged in agriculture of crops like cotton and rice, and domesticated animals. They developed advanced crafts in metals and pottery, and engaged in extensive trade networks. The Harappan script remains undeciphered. The civilization declined around 1900 BC due to factors like changing river courses and floods.

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    Indus Valley Civilization (IVC) : John Marshall

    Uploaded by

    Tushar Jadhav
    122 views4 pages
    The Indus Valley Civilization flourished between 2500-1750 BC along the Indus River valley. Major cities included Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, which featured structures like granaries, baths, and statues. The civilization engaged in agriculture of crops like cotton and rice, and domesticated animals. They developed advanced crafts in metals and pottery, and engaged in extensive trade networks. The Harappan script remains undeciphered. The civilization declined around 1900 BC due to factors like changing river courses and floods.

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    The Indus Valley Civilization flourished between 2500-1750 BC along the Indus River valley. Major cities included Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, which featured structures like granaries, baths, and statues. The civilization engaged in agriculture of crops like cotton and rice, and domesticated animals. They developed advanced crafts in metals and pottery, and engaged in extensive trade networks. The Harappan script remains undeciphered. The civilization declined around 1900 BC due to factors like changing river courses and floods.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    122 views4 pages

    Indus Valley Civilization (IVC) : John Marshall

    Uploaded by

    Tushar Jadhav
    The Indus Valley Civilization flourished between 2500-1750 BC along the Indus River valley. Major cities included Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, which featured structures like granaries, baths, and statues. The civilization engaged in agriculture of crops like cotton and rice, and domesticated animals. They developed advanced crafts in metals and pottery, and engaged in extensive trade networks. The Harappan script remains undeciphered. The civilization declined around 1900 BC due to factors like changing river courses and floods.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 4

    Indus Valley Civilization (IVC)

    John Marshall, the first scholar to use the term “Indus valley civilization”. The civilization
    flourished between 2500 BC-1750 BC.

    Geographical Extent of IVC

    1. Extent: The Indus valley civilization extended from Sutkagandor (in Baluchistan) in
    the West to Alamgirpur (Western UP) in the East; and from Mandu (Jammu) in the
    North to Daimabad (Ahmednagar, Maharashtra) in the South.

    Important cities

    City River Archaeological Importance

    A row of 6 Granaries, Mother


    Harappa (Pakistan) Ravi
    goddess figurines
    Great Granary, Great bath,
    Image of Pashupati
    Mohenjodaro (Pakistan) Indus Mahadeva, Image of Bearded
    man and Bronze image of a
    woman dancer

    Port city, Double burial,


    Lothal (Gujarat) Bhogava
    Terracotta horse figurines.
    Chanhudaro (Pakistan) Indus The city without a citadel
    Dholavira (Gujarat) Indus City divided into 3 parts.
    Kalibangan (Rajasthan) Ghaggar Ploughed field
    Banawali (Haryana) Ghaggar -
    Sutkagandor (Pakistan) - -
    Sukotada (Gujarat) - -

    Town planning and Structure of IVC

    • Grid system(Chess-board) of town planning


    • Rectangular houses with brick-lined bathrooms and wells together with stairways
    are found
    • Use of Burnt bricks
    • Underground drainage system
    • Fortified citadel

    Agriculture of Indus Valley Civilisation

    • Hindon – Cotton – Major trade good – earliest people to produce Cotton.


    • Proofs of Rice husk found
    • Wheat and Barley were majorly cultivated
    • Use of wooden plough. They had no idea about Iron implements.

    Domestication of animals

    • Oxens, Buffalo, Goats, Sheep and, Pigs were domesticated


    • Asses and camels were used as Beasts of Burden
    • Elephants and Rhino were known
    • Remains of horse found in Surkotada and evidence of horse in Mohenjodaro and
    Lothal are also found. But the civilization was not horse-centred.

    Technology and crafts


    • Bronze (Copper + tin) tools widely used
    • Stone implements were still in vogue
    • Potter’s wheel was put to full use
    • Bronzesmiths, Goldsmiths, Boat-Making, Brick-laying etc were other occupations
    commonly found

    Trade during Indus Valley Civilisation

    • Presence of granaries, weights and measures, seals and uniform script signifies
    the importance of trade
    • The barter system was widely prevalent
    • Lothal, Sutkagendor were port cities used for conducting trade
    • Trade destinations – Afghanistan, Iran and Central Asia. Contacts with
    Mesopotamia civilization are also seen

    Political organization during IVC

    • Cultural homogeneity achieved through a strong central authority


    • No temples or religious structures found. Harappa was possibly ruled by
    Merchants class.
    • Weapons are rarely found.

    Religious practices during IVC

    • Terracotta figure of Mother Goddess.


    • Phallu and Yoni worship.
    • Pashupati Mahadev seal found with the elephant, tiger, rhino and a bull
    surrounding him with two deer near his feet.

    Tree and animal worship during IVC

    • Pipal tree worship was found.


    • One horned Unicorn recognized as Rhino and the humped bull was commonly
    worshipped.
    • Use of Amulets to ward off ghosts and evil spirits.
    • The lion was not known in Harappan culture.

    The Harappan script

    • Harappan script Pictographic in nature but not deciphered so far.


    • They are recorded on seals and contains only a few words
    • Harappan Script is the oldest script in Indian Sub-continent

    Weights and Measures


    • Use of standardized weights and measures to keep accounts of private property,
    to indulge in trade and commerce etc.
    • Weights are found in multiples of 16.

    Harappan Pottery of IVC

    • Well-developed Pottery techniques with elaborate designs of trees and circles.


    • Redware pottery painted with black designs.

    Seals of Indus Valley Civilisation

    • Seals were used for the purpose of trade or worship. Images of animals such as
    Buffalo, bull, tiger etc were found inscribed in the seals

    Statue of IVC

    • Discovery of Bronze statue of a naked woman and bearded man steatite statue

    Terracotta figurines in IVC

    • Terracotta – Fire baked earthen clay


    • Used as toys or objects of worship
    • Massive stone works were not found in Harappa which shows the poorly
    developed artistic works made of stone

    Origin, maturity, and end of IVC

    • Pre-Harappan Settlements – Lower Sindh, Baluchistan and Kalibangan.


    • Mature Harappa – 1900BC – 2550BC.
    • Causes for the decline of Civilization.
    • Decreasing fertility due to increasing salinity on the account of the expansion of
    nearby desert.
    • Sudden subsidence of uplift of land causing floods.
    • Earthquakes caused changes in the course of Indus.
    • Harappan culture destroyed by invading Aryans.

    Post-urban Phase (1900BC – 1200BC)

    • Sub-Indus Culture
    • Primarily chalcolithic
    • Development of Ahar Culture, Malwa Culture and Jorwe Culture at various
    phases in post-Harappan Civilization.

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