Mid-Term Revision

L.O 9, L.O 10, L.O11

Questions
 Main Concepts (L.O 9)
1. Plant tissues: meristematic and permanent 5. Plant tissue adaptation
2. Meristematic 6. Transpiration and capillary
a. epical action.
b. vascular cambium
c. cork cambium
3. Permanent tissues
a. parenchyma
b. chollenchyma
c. schlerenchyma
d. chlorenchyma
4. Complex permanent tissues
a. a. Vascular
b. b. dermal
c. c. ground tissues
 Which of the following sequences represents the
hierarchy of biological organization from the least to
the most complex level?
A) organelle, tissue, biosphere, ecosystem, population, organism
B) cell, community, population, organ system, molecule,
organelle
C) organism, community, biosphere, molecule, tissue, organ
D) ecosystem, cell, population, tissue, organism, organ system
E) molecule, cell, organ system, population, ecosystem,
biosphere
Answer: E, The biological levels of organization of living things arranged
from the simplest to most complex are: organelle, cells, tissues, organs,
organ systems, organisms, populations, communities, ecosystem, and
biosphere
 What will happen if we cut the terminal bud of a
plant?

A)The plant will stop growing.

B)The auxiliary buds will help the plant to grow.
C)The plant will generate a new terminal bud.
D) The plant will die.
Answer: B
 These cells are

A) Tracheids and vessels.

B)Sieve tubes and companion cells.
C)Epidermal cells and ground cells.
D)sclerenchyma cells.
Answer: A, tracheid is a long and tapered lignified cell in the xylem of
vascular plants. It is a type of conductive cell called a tracheary element.
Angiosperms use another type of tracheary element, called vessel
elements, to transport water through the xylem
 What is the function of these cells?

A)To carry oxygen.

B)To carry water
C)To make food.
D)To store food.
Answer: B
Use the following diagram to answer
the next 2 questions:
 What caused the change from condition (1) to
condition (2)?

A)Sugar moved into the stoma.

B) Sugar moved into the guard cells.
C)Water moved out of the guard cells.
D)Water moved out of the epidermal cells.
Answer: C, Excess loss of water through the stoma, such as during a
drought, triggers chemical reactions that signal water and ions to leave
the guard cells. As solutes exit the guard cells.
 How is the change from condition (1) to condition (2)
beneficial the plant?

A) It promotes water transport.

B) It reduces water loss from the plant.
C) It prevents the plant from overheating.
D) It stop the loss of sugar from the plant.
Answer: C, Guard cells are adapted to their function by allowing gas
exchange and controlling water loss within the leaf. The size of the
stomatal opening is used by the plant to control the rate of transpiration
and therefore limit the levels of water loss from the leaf. This helps to stop
the plant from wilting.
look at the following picture and
answer the next 2 questions:
 What will happen if we remove the tissue (b) from the
middle?

A)The xylem will not form.

B)The phloem will not form.
C)Nothing will happen.
D)Both xylem and phloem will not form.
Answer: D, Xylem and phloem form the vascular system of plants to
transport water and other substances throughout the plant.
 This tissue can perform which functions

A)Translocate water and salts only.

B)Translocate water and salts from the soil, and also translocate
the high energy food to all parts of the plant.
C)Translocate the high energy food only.
D)No correct answer.
Answer: B
 The xylem vessels are considered as a died cells
because

A) Their cells have no nucleus or cytoplasm.

B) The tissue is woody
C)The walls are thickened.
D) It cannot absorb the water.
Answer: A, Their cytoplasm is highly reduced and they only perform the
function of conduction. The xylem tissues also lack cell organelles.
Therefore, they are considered dead.
look at the following picture and
answer the next 2 questions:
 If we remove the companion cell

A) he tissue has no source of energy.

B) the tissue cannot divide.
C) the tissue will stop growing
D) the tissue will change into xylem.
Answer: A , Companion cells are "life support" for the sieve element cells
as they perform certain metabolic functions for sieve elements. Therefore
plasmodesmata (microscopic pores in the cell walls) between
companion and sieve element cells are larger than in most plant cells to
allow for the exchange of metabolites, energy ATP .
 The sieve tube

A) has cytoplasm.
B) has no cytoplasm.
C) has protoplasm.
D) has nucleus.
Answer: A
 Which of the following are most responsible for
supporting mature, non- growing parts of the plant?

A) parenchyma cells
B) collenchyma cells
C) trichomes
D) tracheid and vessel elements
Answer: D
 How are fluids transported in the phloem?

A) Away from the root only.

B) Towards the root only.
C)Away from and towards the root.
D) Inside the root only.
Answer: C
 Pith and cortex do not differentiate in

A) monocot stem
B) dicot stem
C) monocot root
D) dicot root.
Answer: A , A monocot stem consists of hypodermis and ground
parenchyma. It is not differentiated as cortex, endodermis, pericycle and
pith. The cells comprising the ground meristem are large, conspicuous
and parenchymatous in nature.
 Which among the following is not correct about
vascular cambium?

A) Cells on the outer side of the cambial ring differentiate into

secondary phloem
B) Cells on the inner side of the cambial ring differentiate into
secondary xylem
C) Amount of the secondary phloem produced is more than
that of secondary xylem
D) Vascular cambium is an example of Meristematic tissue.
Answer: C
 Wound healing in plants is initiated by

A) Apical meristem
B) Lateral meristem
C) Secondary meristem
D) Intercalary meristem
Answer: C , Secondary meristem increases the girth of a plant and
produces growth in thickness. Healing of wound in plant takes place by
the activity of secondary meristem .
 Which meristem helps in increasing the girth of the
plant?

A) Apical meristem
B) Lateral meristem
C) Secondary meristem
D) Intercalary meristem
Answer: D, Lateral meristem stimulates the increase in the girth of stem
and root. It increases the lateral thickness of the plant stem and root.
Hence, lateral meristem helps in increasing the girth.
 In-Plant tissues, the cell walls of ------ are coagulated
by 'suberin 'which makes them impervious to gas and
water molecules.
A) Epidermis
B)Cork
C)Stomata
D)Phloem fibers
Answer: B, In-Plant tissues, the cell walls of 'cork' are coagulated by
'suberin' which makes them impervious to water & gas molecules
 The flexibility in plants is due to a tissue called

A) Parenchyma
B) Collenchyma
C) Sclerenchyma
D) None of these
Answer: B, Collenchyma tissue is composed by elongated living cells of
uneven primary thick walls, which possess hemicellulose, cellulose, and
pectic materials. It provides support, structure, mechanical strength, and
flexibility to the petiole, leaf veins, and stem of young plants, allowing for
easy bending without breakage.
 Which one of the following provides buoyancy to
aquatic plants to help them float?

A) Aerenchyma
B) Tracheid
C) Guard cell
D) Sclerenchyma
Answer: A, Aerenchyma provides buoyancy to aquatic plants to help
them float. It is a type of tissues that consist of thin-walled cells and large
intercellular spaces adapted for internal circulation of air.
 tissue cells separate to form different types of
permanent tissue.

a. Parenchyma
b. Collenchyma
c. Meristem
d. Sclerenchyma
Answer: C, Meristematic tissue cells are either undifferentiated or
incompletely differentiated; they continue to divide and contribute to the
growth of the plant. In contrast, permanent tissue consists of plant cells
that are no longer actively dividing.
 The dead element present in the phloem is

a. companion cells
b. phloem fibers
c. phloem parenchyma
d. sieve tubes
Answer: B, Phloem fibers are thick-walled, elongated spindle-shaped
dead cells which possess narrow lumen. They provide mechanical
support to the plant.
 Which meristem is present at the base of the leaves or
internodes on twigs?

a. Apical meristem
b. Cambium
c. Intercalary meristem
d. Epidermis
Answer: C, Intercalary meristems are found at the base of the stem or
leaf internodes. It assists in the elongation and development of plants in
the nodes and internodes of stems and leaves as well as in the
longitudinal growth of stems, leaves and grasses.
 Cork cambium and vascular cambium are the
examples of

a. apical meristem
b. lateral meristem
c. wound tissue
d. intercalary meristem
Answer: B
 Early formed xylem is

a. Uniseriate
b. Multiseriate
c. Protoxylem
d. Metaxylem
Answer: C
 The most common ground tissue in plants is

a. Epidermis
b. Cortex
c. Parenchyma
d. Collenchyma
Answer: C
 Which are the external protective tissues of the plant?

a. Cortex and epidermis

b. Cork and cortex
c. Pericycle and cortex
d. Epidermis and cork
Answer: D
 Identify the correct arrangement of tissues in an old
dicot stem

a. Cork, Cork cambium, Oldest phloem, Bast, Vascular cambium,

Sec. xylem
b. Secondary xylem, Vascular cambium, Bast, Oldest phloem,
Cork cambium, Cork
c. Cork, Cork cambium, Oldest phloem, Bast, Vascular cambium,
Heart wood
Answer: A The correct order of tissues in an old dicot stem is as follows:
Cork → Cork cambium → Oldest phloem → Bast → Vascular cambium → Sec.
xylem.
 What is the correct order of tissues within a root?

a. The apical meristem, region of elongation, region of

maturation, root cap
b. region of elongation, root cap, apical meristem, region of
maturation
c. root cap, apical meristem, region of elongation, region of
maturation
Answer: C
 Which of the following statements is a quality of
dermal tissue?

a. It is covered by thin waxy layer

b. It is the location of most cell division
c. Its major function is starch storage
Answer: A
 The ground tissue of vascular plants is responsible for
which of the following?

a. Protection
b. Storing carbohydrates
c. Transport of mineral
Answer : B, Ground tissue comprises the majority of a young plant and
lies between the vascular and dermal tissues. The major cells of the
ground tissue are parenchyma cells, which function in photosynthesis
and nutrient storage.
 Multicellular hairs are found on

a. root
b. stem
c. Both a and b
d. None of the above
Answer : B, In stems, multicellular hair-like outgrowths (trichomes)
appear from the epidermis. They are formed by multiple cell divisions of
the cells of the epidermis. They also function as glandular hairs. These
trichomes are also present on the surface of leaves and buds. Root hair is
generally unicellular.
 Water storage tissue has

a. Large-sized thin walled cells

b. Mucilage
c. Large-sized vacuoles
d. All the above
Answer : D, Water storage tissues are auriferous parenchyma that is
modified to store water in the xerophyte plants. These are thin-walled
with large vacuole that store water. Mucilage is present either in the
cytoplasm or vacuole that increases the capacity and retention of water
storage.
 Which of the following tissues form the main bulk of
the storage organ?

a. parenchyma
b. collenchyma
c. sclerenchyma
d. Aerenchyma
Answer : A, Parenchyma cells are living cells. They are in a constant state
of division. They have large central vacuoles, which allow the cells to store
and regulate ions, waste products, and water. These are majorly
distributed as ground tissue. Tissue specialized for food storage is
commonly formed of parenchyma cells. Collenchyma and sclerenchyma
involve in mechanical support. Aerenchyma involves in gas exchange.
 The waxy substance associated with the wall of the
cork cell is

a. lignin
b. suberin
c. hemicellulose
Answer : B,
 Compared to most animals, the growth of most plants
is best described as

a. Perennial
b. Weedy
c. Indetermined
d. determined
Answer : C
 Transpiration is

a. The absorption of water and minerals by the roots of a plant

b. The movement of sap upward in a plant against the force of
gravity.
c. The loss of water and waste material through stomata and
lenticels.
d. The absorption of waste materials from the blood by
nephrons
Answer : C, Transpiration is evaporation of excess water from plants
through its aerial parts like stem , leaves, flower. Depending upon the
plant surface transpiration is of 3 main types- Stomatal Transpiration,
Cuticular Transpiration, Lenticular Transpiration. This process is famously
called Necessary evil in plants because although it causes loss of water, it
maintains the temperature of plant , makes them cool.
 Which of the following is incorrect about transpiration

a. It causes transport of minerals

b. Excessive transpiration leads to water stress.
c. Bleeding is caused by it
d. None of the above
Answer : C, Transpiration leads to the establishment of water current in
plants. The water current leads to bulk transport pathway for transport of
water and minerals. Excessive transpiration will lead to water stress,
which is visible as wilting of leaves. Bleeding is when sap leaks from a
wound or pruning cut on a tree, shrub or woody climber. Sometimes, this
may be a gentle seeping, other times a copious flow. Bleeding occurs
due to the pressure of sap within the tissues that conduct water and
sugars around the plant. Bleeding is not related to transpiration.
 Which of the following plants do not transpire?

a. Algae
b. Submerged hydrophytes
c. Fungi
d. All of the above
Answer : D, Transpiration is the loss of water in vapor form, from the
plant to the atmosphere. Transpiration is characteristic of land plants
only and is not shown by submerged hydrophytic plants and lower
aquatic plants like Algae. Fungi are not plants. Fungi are achlorophyllous
heterotrophic organism, which do not prepare their own food. Fungi also
do not show the phenomenon of transpiration
 Which of the following is not a function of stomata?

a. Regulation of turgidity of guard cells

b. Loss of water vapor
c. Loss due to guttation
d. Exchange of O2 and CO2
Answer : C, Loss due to guttation is not a function of stomata.
Regulation of entry and exit of water into the guard cells, loss of water by
transpiration and exchange of O2 and CO2 are among the major
functions of the stomata.
 Which among the following is an external factor
affecting transpiration?

a. temperature
b. Number of stomata
c. Canopy structure
d. Water status of the plant
Answer : A, Light and temperature are among the most important
factors affecting transpiration externally. Number of stomata, canopy
structure and water status of plant are internal factors regulating
transpiration
 The small diameter of the tracheary elements
increases ___________

a. adhesion
b. cohesion
c. Tensile strength
d. capillarity
Answer : D, In plants, capillarity is aided by the small diameter of the
xylem elements, i.e., the tracheid and vessel elements. Capillarity is the
ability to rise in thin tubes. Cohesion is mutual attraction between
molecules of H2O. Adhesion is attraction of water molecules to the
surfaces of tracheary elements. Tensile strength is ability to resist a
pulling force. Adhesion, cohesion and tensile strength are properties of
xylem which enables the ascent of xylem sap.
 Which of the following will NOT increase the rate of
transpiration?

a. increasing light intensity

b. increasing humidity
c. Increasing the movements of air
d. Increasing temperature.
Answer : B
 Main Concepts (L.O 10)
1) Capturing the light energy i. Aerobic respiration.
2) Pigments (chlorophyll a – a. Krebs cycle
chlorophyll b – Xanthophyll – b. ETC/chemiosmosis
Carotene) (considering the color ii. Anaerobic respiration
and the ratio) (fermentation)
3) Chloroplast a. Lactic acid fermentation
4) Photosynthesis process b. Alcoholic fermentation
a. Light-dependent reaction/ETC
b. Light-independent
reaction/(Calvin cycle)
5) Cellular respiration
a. Glycolysis:
 Which of the following are products of the light
reactions of photosynthesis that are utilized in the
Calvin cycle?
.
a. H2O and O2
b. CO2 and glucose
c. electrons and H+
d. ATP and NADPH
Answer - D, As , light reactions generate ATP from ADP by phosphorylation,
and reduce NADP+ to NADPH by adding an extra phosphate group to the
NADP+ molecule, And then the Calvin cycle uses NADPH and ATP to form a
sugar from CO2.
 Photosynthesis is not responsible for:

.
A) oxygen in the atmosphere.
B) the ozone layer.
C) atmospheric CO2.
D) fossil fuels.
Answer-D
 Which of the following statements best describes the
carbon atoms present in all organic molecules?

.
A) They were incorporated into organic molecules by plants.
B) They were processed into sugars through photosynthesis.
C) They are ultimately derived from carbon dioxide.
D) Only A and C are correct.
E) A, B, and C are correct.
Answer: E, The Calvin cycle (in stroma) form's sugar from CO₂, using ATP
and NADPH, it begins with Carbon fixation (the Calvin cycle then reduces
the fixed carbon to carbohydrate by addition of electrons , the reducing
power is provided by NADPH. ) , incorporating CO₂ into organic molecule ,
then can be reduced and subsequently and modified into our glucose
molecule
 Where does the Calvin cycle take place?

.
A) stroma of the chloroplast
B) thylakoid membrane
C) cytoplasm surrounding the chloroplast
D) interior of the thylakoid (thylakoid space)
Answer: a
 When oxygen is released as a result of
photosynthesis, it is a direct by-product of

. A) reducing NADP+.
B) splitting water molecules.
C) chemiosmosis.
D) the electron transfer system of photosystem I.
E) the electron transfer system of photosystem II.
Answer: B, The light reactions are the steps of photosynthesis
that convert solar energy to chemical energy. Water is split,
providing a source of electrons and protons (hydrogen ions, H)
and giving off O2 as a by-product
 In the thylakoid membranes, what is the main role of
the antenna pigment molecules?

. A) split water and release oxygen to the reaction-center

chlorophyll
B) harvest photons and transfer light energy to the reaction-
center chlorophyll
C) synthesize ATP from ADP
D) transfer electrons to ferredoxin and then NADPH
E) concentrate photons within the stroma
Answer: B
 Which of the following is not an accessory pigment?

. a) Chlorophyll a
b) Bacteriochlorophyll
c) Chlorophyll b
d) Phycobilin
Answer: a, Chlorophyll a is not Chlorophyll b, xanthophyll, and
carotenoids are accessory pigments. Bacteriochlorophyll and
phycobilin are other pigments present in leaves.an accessory
pigment as it the chief pigment of the chloroplast.
 Who found out that the pigment chlorophyll is found
in the chloroplast in plant cells?

.a) Robert Hill

b) Hugo de Vries
c) Julius Von Sachs
d) C. Van Neil
Answer: c, Julius Von Sachs found out that the pigment
chlorophyll is present in chloroplast. Von Sachs in his experiment
found out glucose stored in the form of starch. This led to the
discovery of pigment chlorophyll in the chloroplast.
 Which is the correct color matching in chromatogram?

. a) Chlorophyll a – yellow-green
b) Chlorophyll b – yellow-orange
c) Xanthophyll – yellow
d) Carotenoids – bright or blue-green
Answer: c, Xanthophyll shows a yellow color. Chlorophyll a shows
bright or blue – green color whereas chlorophyll b shows yellow –
green. Carotenoids show varying color from yellow to yellow –
orange.
 Which among the following are raw materials
required for the light reaction?

. a) NADPH2 and H2O

b) ADP and OH2
c) ATP only
d) ADP, H2O, and NADP
Answer: d, ADP, H2O, and NADP are the main required materials
for light reaction. The water undergoes photolysis i.e. it splits into
hydrogen and oxygen. ADP gets converted into ATP and NADP to
NADPH.
 Which of the following is not related to the light
reaction?

a) Also called Photochemical phase

.
b) Light absorption
c) Electron transport
d) Water splitting
Answer: c, Electron transport is not related to light reaction. It is
because light reaction is mainly based on photochemical
processes like light absorption, water splitting, the formation of
ATP and NADPH, etc. where electron transport is not included.
 The electron transport system occurs in _____

.
a) Thylakoid membrane
b) Stroma
c) Cytosol
d) Mitochondria
Answer: a, It is in the thylakoid membrane, in which the electron
transport system occurs. Each thylakoid membrane is a closed
compartment that gets protons from stroma by the b6 or f
complex. Also, thylakoid membrane is impermeable to protons.
 How much hydrogen protons are released by twelve
water molecules?

.
a) 48
b) 6
c) 12
d) 24
Answer: d, By understanding the photolysis equation, one water
molecule gives 2 hydrogen protons. So, 12 water molecules will
give 24 hydrogen protons.
 ____ is the only product in cyclic photophosphorylation.

.
a) ADP
b) ATP
c) Hydrogen
d) Oxygen
Answer: b, ATP is the only product in cyclic photophosphorylation.
PS II is not involved in this process. So, there will be no creation of
reducing power i.e. NADPH + H+. And the only source of energy is
ATP in cyclic photophosphorylation.
 Which of these is not a product of light reaction?

a) Oxygen
. b) NADPH
c) ATP
d) NADP
Answer: d, The process of photosynthesis has two stages-the
light reaction and the dark reaction. The products of the light
reaction are oxygen, ATP and NADPH. The light reaction requires
light to carry out its reactions.
 In any ecosystem, terrestrial or aquatic, what group(s)
is (are) always necessary?

. A) autotrophs and heterotrophs

B) producers and primary consumers
C) photosynthesizers
D) autotrophs
Answer: D, Autotrophs are vital to all ecosystems because all
organisms need organic molecules and only autotrophs can
produce them from inorganic compounds.
 A plant has a unique photosynthetic pigment. The
leaves of this plant appear to be reddish yellow. What
wavelengths of visible light are being
. absorbed by this pigment?

A) red and yellow

B) blue and violet
C) green and yellow
D) blue, green, and red
Answer: B, The leaves of this plant appear reddish-yellow in color.
The wavelengths of light that would be best absorbed by this
pigment are B) blue and violet. This is because pigments absorb
the colors of the wavelengths that they do not reflect.
 In a plant cell, where are the ATP synthase complexes
located?

. A) thylakoid membrane only

B) plasma membrane only
C) inner mitochondrial membrane only
D) thylakoid membrane and inner mitochondrial membrane
Answer: D
 Which of these statements is false about reduction in
the Calvin cycle?

. a) It is the third step of the cycle

b) It leads to the formation of glucose
c) It utilizes NADPH for reduction
d) It utilizes ATP for phosphorylation
Answer: a, Reduction is the second step of the Calvin cycle. It
results in the formation of glucose. Reduction utilizes NADPH for
reduction and ATP for phosphorylation which results in the
production of glucose.
 How many turns of the Calvin cycle are required for
the formation of 3 glucose molecules?

. a) 15
b) 16
c) 12
d) 18
Answer: d, Explanation: The formation of one molecule of glucose
requires the fixation of 6 carbon dioxide molecules and hence six
turns of the Calvin cycle. Hence, 3 glucose molecules will require
18 turns of the cycle.
 Which of the following are products of the light
reactions of photosynthesis that are utilized in the
Calvin cycle?

A) CO2 and glucose

B) H2O and O2
C) electrons and H+
D) ATP and NADPH
Answer: D
The light reaction is the first stage of the
photosynthesis process in which solar energy
is converted into chemical energy in the form
of ATP and NADPH. The three products of the
light reaction of photosynthesis are ATP,
NADPH, and O2
 4 pyruvic acid produce .........ATP

a- 4 ATP
b-8 ATP
c-16 ATP
d-no ATP without perform C process
answer: a
1 pyruvic produce 3 ATP
 Synthesis of ATP by the chemiosmotic mechanism
occurs during

A) photosynthesis only.
B) respiration only.
C) both photosynthesis and respiration.
D) neither photosynthesis nor
respiration.
Answer: b
This takes place in the intermembrane
space
 Reduction of NADP+ occurs during

A) photosynthesis.
B) respiration.
C) both photosynthesis and respiration.
D) neither photosynthesis nor respiration.
Answer: A
The light reactions of photosynthesis
use energy from photons to generate
high-energy electrons. These electrons
are used directly to reduce NADP+ to
NADPH. NADPH is a relatively stable
molecule and can pass on its hydrogen
atom to other molecules in chemical
reactions.
 The splitting of carbon dioxide to form oxygen gas
and carbon compounds occurs during

A) photosynthesis.
B) respiration.
C) both photosynthesis and respiration.
D) neither photosynthesis nor respiration.
Answer: D
Oxygen gas comes from the oxidation of
water in photosynthesis, not at all from
CO2.
 The reactions that produce molecular
oxygen (O2) take place in

A) the light reactions alone.

B) the Calvin cycle alone.
C) both the light reactions and the Calvin cycle
D) neither the light reactions nor the Calvin
cycle
Answer: A

The reactions that generate molecular

oxygen that take place during
photosynthesis occur in the chloroplast.
Specifically, they occur within the
thylakoids of the chloroplasts.
Light reactions: is the first stage of the
photosynthesis process in which solar
energy is converted into chemical
energy in the form of ATP and NADPH
 Where do the enzymatic reactions of
the Calvin cycle take place?

A) stroma of the chloroplast

B) thylakoid membranes
C) matrix of the mitochondria
D) cytosol around the chloroplast
Answer: A
It takes a place in stroma because
It contains enzymes that work with ATP
and NADPH to “fix” carbon from carbon
dioxide into molecules that can be used
to build glucose.
 What is the primary function of the
Calvin cycle?

) use ATP to release carbon dioxide

B) use NADPH to release carbon dioxide
C) split water and release oxygen
D) synthesize simple sugars from carbon dioxide
Answer: D.
To produce ATP and NADPH for the
Calvin cycle and to produce O2 for
Photosynthesis and produce simple
sugars for the plant that can be
transformed into Glucose for the plant
 What process in cellular respiration is
essentially the reverse of carbon
fixation in photosynthesis?

A) Glycolysis
B) Citric acid cycle
C) Oxidative phosphorylation
D) Alcohol fermentation
Answer: B

Respiration and Photosynthesis are almost opposite

processes because photosynthesis removes carbon
dioxide from the atmosphere while respiration puts
back carbon dioxide. Cellular respiration uses
oxygen and has its waste product of carbon dioxide
(CO2)

Critic acid cycle or Krebs cycle or TCA cycle is a

chain of reactions occurring in the mitochondria,
through which almost all living cells produce
energy in aerobic respiration. It uses oxygen and
gives out water and carbon dioxide as products.
Here, ADP is converted into ATP.
 The oxygen that is released as O2
during photosynthesis came from -----
----molecules.

A) Carbon dioxide
B) water
C) Glucose
D) Chlorophyll
E) ATP
Answer: b

Oxygen gas comes from the oxidation of

water in photosynthesis, not at all from
CO2.
 C6H12O6 ➔ lactic acid + energy is an
equation for

a) fermentation
b) Photosynthesis.
c) Cellular respiration.
d) ATP breakdown
answer: A
Fermentation is a process in which
sugars are used to generate energy for
living cells
such as starch or a sugar, into an alcohol
or an acid (lactic acid)
 Photorespiration occurs when rubisco
reacts RuBP with

A) CO2.
B) O2.
C) glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.
D) 3-phosphoglycerate.
Answer: B
Photorespiration is a wasteful pathway
that competes with the Calvin cycle. It
begins when rubisco acts
on oxygen instead of carbon dioxide.
 the following diagram represents the
cellular aerobic respiration, look at the
diagram and answer the questions

a-2ATP+2NADH
b- 4ATP +4NADH
c-4ATP+2NADH
d-2ATP+4NADH
Answer: b

Glycolysis produces 2 ATP, 2 NADH, and

2 pyruvate molecules so 2 glucose
molecules will produce 4 ATP and
4NADH and 4 pyruvate
Glycolysis, or the aerobic catabolic
breakdown of glucose, produces energy
in the form of ATP, NADH, and pyruvate,
which itself enters the citric acid cycle to
produce more energy
 - Glycolysis

a) does not occur in bacterial cells.

b)Takes place in all cells
c) does not occur in yeast cells.
d) does not occur in animal cells
answer: b
 Which of the following is NOT a
product of the light reaction?

A. Oxygen
B. ATP
C. NADPH
D. Sugar
Answer: d
the light supplies energy stored in the ATP and
NADPH that gets plugged into the Calvin cycle. This
is where sugar is made.
 Look at this diagram and answer the
questions
this diagram represent.
A
a- plant cell.
b-mitochondria
c- chloroplast
d- plastid

H
answer c
 the letter (A) participates in

a-dark reaction
b-light reaction
c-light and dark reaction
d-no correct answer
answer: b
 the letter which represents the
thylakoid

a-A
b-E
c-H
d-D
answer: c
 In autotrophic bacteria, where are the
enzymes located that can carry on carbon
fixation (reduction of carbon dioxide to
carbohydrate)?

A) in chloroplast membranes
B) in the chloroplast stroma
C) in the cytosol
D) in the nucleoid
Answer: C
The energy in the
bacteria is found in the
cytosol (cytoplasm)
 Main Concepts (L.O 11)
1. Experimental design a. temperature
a. reproducible b. amount of light
procedures 7. Chemical indicators
b. independent variable
to be manipulated
2. Cellular respiration in plants
3. Energy release
4. Photosynthesis
5. Capture of energy and
production of carbon dioxide.
6. Impact of variables on
photosynthesis and cellular
respiration
 The water reaches great heights in trees because of
suction pull caused by ……..?

a. evaporation
b. absorption
c. transpiration
d. More than one of the above
The answer is (C), the explanation:

Transpiration is the removal of water from parts of plants,

such as leaves. The water reaches great heights in trees
because of suction pull caused by transpiration. It occurs via the
stomatal opening.
It helps in the maintenance of water inside the plant body.
 Stomata are tiny pores on the surface of leaves through
which plants take in……..?

a. Nitrogen
b. Carbon dioxide
c. Water
d. Minerals
The answer is (B), the explanation:

Stomata are tiny pores on the surface of leaves through

which plants take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen.
 In anaerobic respiration……..?

a. O2 is taken in
b. CO2 is taken in
c. O2 is given out
d. CO2 is given out
The answer is (B), the explanation:

Aerobic Respiration: This takes place in the presence of

oxygen.

Anaerobic Respiration: This takes place in the absence of

oxygen.
 Metabolic water is a by-product of the process of…….?

a. Digestion
b. Excretion
c. Muscle activity
d. Tissue respiration
The answer is (D), explanation:

The breaking of the C-C bonds of complex compounds

through oxidation within the cells, which releases a
considerable amount of energy, is called respiration.
 The number of oxygen molecules required during
glycolysis of one glucose molecule is…….?

a. zero
b. one
c. six
d. four
The answer is (A), the explanation:

Glycolysis is a common pathway for aerobic and anaerobic

respiration and no oxygen O2 is consumed during this process.
 The process of conversion of Glucose into Alcohol is
called…….?

a. Fermentation
b. Respiration
c. Digestion
d. Photosynthesis
Answer is A, explanation:

Fermentation is a chemical process by which molecules

such as glucose are broken down anaerobically.
 Respiration in living beings is a/an ………….. Reaction

a. Exothermic
b. Endothermic
c. Photo-decomposition
d. Electrochemical
Answer is A, explanation:

The process of respiration involves taking oxygen into the cells,

using it for releasing energy by burning food, and eliminating
the carbon dioxide, and water from the body.

The process of respiration which releases energy takes place

inside the cells of the body. So, it is also called cellular
respiration.
 Which of the following types of plants do not show
transpiration?
a. Aquatic plants with floating leaves
b. Aquatic submerged plants
c. Plants growing in hilly areas
d. Plants living in deserts
The answer is (B), the explanation:
Aquatic submerged plants do not show
transpiration because they do not require a stoma pore for
gaseous exchange, they lack stomata on the leaf surface.
 Which enzyme converts sucrose into glucose & fructose?

a. An somerase
b. Invertase
c. Amylase
d. Maltase
The answer is B, The explanation:

Sucrose is converted into glucose and fructose by the

enzyme invertase, and these two monosaccharides readily
enter the glycolytic pathway.
 The final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain
is………?
a. Cytochrome C
b. FADH
c. NADH
d. oxygen
Answer is D, explanation

The electron transport chain is the portion of aerobic

respiration that uses free oxygen as the final electron acceptor
of the electrons removed from the intermediate compounds in
glucose catabolism.
 in which one of the following processes CO2 is not
released?
a. Aerobic respiration in plants
b. Aerobic respiration in animals
c. Alcoholic fermentation
d. Lactate fermentation
Answer is D, explanation:
The process in which CO2 is not released is Lactate
fermentation.
Lactate fermentation is an anaerobic fermentation reaction
that will take place in some types of bacteria and animal cells,
like muscle cells.
 What is the role of NAD+ in cellular respiration?

a. It functions as enzymes
b. It functions as an electron carrier
c. It is a nucleotide source for ATP synthesis
d. It is the final electron acceptor for anaerobic respiration
Answer is (D), explanation:
The role of NAD+ is that it acts as an electron carrier.
It accepts electrons from compounds by oxidizing them and
adds H+ as well to give NADH. NADH is a reducing agent which
then gives these electrons at the ETS.
These electrons then flow through a series of complexes which
result in the production of ATPs.
 One molecule of glucose yields .......... ATP molecules in
aerobic respiration.

a. 2

b. 16

c. 38

d. 42
Answer is C, explanation
Energy gain in one complete cycle of aerobic respiration. In
aerobic respiration complete oxidation of one glucose
molecule produces 38 ATP molecules.
 The complete oxidation of pyruvate takes place in……?

a. cell cytoplasm
b. inner mitochondrial membrane
c. mitochondrial matrix
d. nucleus
Answer is C, explanation:
Pyruvate is produced by glycolysis in the cytoplasm, but
pyruvate oxidation takes place in the mitochondrial matrix (in
eukaryotes). So, before the chemical reactions can begin, pyruvate
must enter the mitochondrion, crossing its inner membrane and
arriving at the matrix.
 If photosynthesizing green algae are provided with CO2
synthesized with heavy oxygen (18O), later the analysis
will show that all but one of the following compounds
produced by the algae contains the 18O label. That one
is

a. 3-phosphoglycerate.
b. glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P).
c. glucose
d. ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP).
e. O2
Answer ( e )
 Photosynthesis takes place :

a. Only in green light

b. Only in sunlight
c. In visible light obtained from any source
d. Only in the high-intensity light
Answer ( c ), explanation: plants take in carbon dioxide (CO2)
and water (H2O) from the air and soil by using energy from the
sun
 Chlorophyll-a differs from chlorophyll-b in having---

a. Methyl group instead of the aldehyde

group
b. Aldehyde group instead of a methyl
group
c. Methyl group instead of the ethyl group
d. Only phytol tail instead of head
Answer ( A ), explanation: Chlorophyll-a differs from
chlorophyll-b in:
1) Chlorophyll 'a' has a methyl group at carbon 3 while
chlorophyll b has a formyl or aldehyde group attached to this
atom.
2) –CH3 of chlorophyll “a” is replaced by –CHO in chlorophyll
“b”
 Plants are a type of autotrophy as they produce their own
organic molecules (food), They are called as:

a. Autotrophy and Heterotrophy

b. autotrophy
c. photoautotrophic organisms
d. consumers of the biosphere
Answer ( c ), explanation:
Plants are a type of autotrophy as they produce their own organic
molecules (food). They are called photoautotrophic organisms as
they depend on sunlight to get their energy they transform the
solar energy into chemical energy that they can benefit from by a
process called photosynthesis.
 …………… is the photosynthetic tissue of a leaf and it is
usually made up of two types of parenchyma cells

a. Heterotrophy
b. Mesophyll
c. palisade
d. spongy
Answer ( b ), explanation:
Mesophyll is the photosynthetic tissue of a leaf, and it is usually made
up of two types of parenchyma cells (palisade and spongy):

The palisade mesophyll is made up of cells containing many

chloroplasts and these cells are found just under the upper epidermis
and receive maximum exposure to sunlight so most photosynthesis
takes place in the palisade mesophyll.

Below the palisade mesophyll is the spongy mesophyll which has

cells that are usually surrounded by many air spaces that allow
carbon dioxide, oxygen, and water vapor to freely flow around the
cells
 ……...... are the organelle where photosynthesis happens

a. Lysosome
b. autotrophy
c. Chloroplasts
d. Heterotrophy
Answer ( c ), explanation:
Chloroplasts are the organelle where photosynthesis happens
(specifically in the membrane of thylakoids).
 In C4 plants, synthesis of glucose occurs in

a. Spongy cells
b. Bundle sheath cells
c. Mesophyll cells
d. Palisade cells
Answer ( b ), explanation:
In C4​ plants, the Calvin cycle occurs for the synthesis of sugar.
Calvin cycle enzymes such as RubisCo are absent from the
mesophyll cell of chloroplast of C4​ plants. These enzymes are
present in the bundle-sheath cells surrounding the vascular
bundles, guard cells, and epidermal cells of chloroplasts. So, the
Calvin cycle occurs in the bundle-sheath cells. That’s why,
in C4​ plants, the synthesis of sugar occurs in bundle-sheath
cells.
 In cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation, the first
acceptor of electron are

a. Plastoquinone and ferredoxin

b. Cyt b6 and cyt.
c. Ferredoxin in both
d. Ferredoxin and plastoquinone.
Answer ( c ), explanation:
During cyclic photophosphorylation, photosystem II is not involved.
Only the photosystem is involved, and ATP is synthesized alone.
Reduced coenzyme NADPH2 is not produced. The electron
acceptor in photosystem I am ferredoxin. In noncyclic electron flow,
it passes on electrons to oxidized NADP but in cyclic electron flow it
passes on electrons to cytochrome b6​-f complex present in the
thylakoid membrane
 Primary and secondary processes of Photosynthesis takes
place in ______ and ______ respectively.

a. Stroma and grana

b. Stroma and lamellae
c. Thylakoid and quanta some
d. Grana and stroma
.
Answer ( D )
 Which one occurs during both cyclic and non-cyclic
photophosphorylation

a. Formation of ATP
b. Release of O2
c. Formation of NADPH2
d. Involvement of both PSI and PSII

.
Answer ( a ), explanation:
Noncyclic photo-phosphorylation involves both PS-I and PS-II
while, cyclic photophosphorylation involves only PS-1. Oxygen is
released during noncyclic photophosphorylation by the splitting of
water by the process of photolysis.

NADPH is formed during noncyclic photophosphorylation by NADP

and H+.

ATP is formed during cyclic and noncyclic photophosphorylation

due to concentration gradient across the thylakoid membranes.
 Calvin's cycle needs:

a. H2O, CO2, ATP

b. ATP, H2O, NADPH2
c. CO2, ATP, NADPH2
d. NADPH2, H2O, CO2
.
Answer ( c ), explanation:
It consists of three major steps:
1. Carboxylation: Zero ATP and zero NADPH.
2. Reversal of glycolysis: Two ATP and two NADPH.
3. Regeneration of RuBP: One ATP and zero NADPH.
Hence for every molecule entering the Calvin cycle, 3 molecules of
ATP and 2 of NADPH are required.
 During Photosynthesis: …..

a. Both CO2 and water get oxidized

b. Both CO2 and water get reduced
c. Water is oxidized and CO2 is reduced
d. Water is reduced and CO2 is oxidized

.
Answer ( c ), explanation:
Photosynthesis is a redox process. It uses two substrates - water
and carbon dioxide. During photosynthesis, water is oxidized into
oxygen and carbon dioxide is reduced to sugars. The oxidation of
water occurs during the light reaction and the reduction of carbon
dioxide occurs during the dark reaction.
 How does carbon dioxide enter the leaf?

a. through the chloroplasts

b. through the roots
c. through the thylakoids
d. through the stomata
Answer ( D ), explanation:
the stomata, which are the openings in the leaf for gas exchange
 In a rosebush, chlorophyll is located in __________.

a. Thylakoid which are in chloroplasts in the

mesophyll cells of a leaf.
b. chloroplasts, which are in mesophyll cells in the
thylakoids of a leaf.
c. mesophyll cells found within the thylakoids of a
leaf's chloroplasts
d. thylakoids, which are in mesophyll cells in the
chloroplasts of a leaf

.
Answer ( A ), explanation:
Thylakoids are arranged in stacks within the 30-40 chloroplasts per
typical mesophyll cell.
 Chlorophyll molecules are in which part of the chloroplast?

a. stroma
b. thylakoid membranes
c. Stomata
d. plasma membrane

.
Answer ( B ), explanation:
The chlorophyll molecules are embedded in the thylakoid
membranes of the chloroplasts.
 The source of the oxygen produced by photosynthesis has
been identified through experiments using radioactive
tracers. The oxygen comes from __________.
a. carbon dioxide
b. Glucose
c. radioisotopes
d. water

.
Answer ( D ), explanation:
The oxygen produced by photosynthesis comes from the splitting
of water.
In photosynthesis, what is the fate of the oxygen atoms
present in CO2? They end up __________.

a. as molecular oxygen
b. in sugar molecules
c. in sugar molecules and in water
d. as molecular oxygen and in sugar molecules

.
Answer ( C ), explanation:
The oxygen atoms present in carbon dioxide appear in sugar and
water.
Molecular oxygen is produced during __________.

a. linear electron flow during the light reactions

b. Glycolysis
c. in sugar molecules and in water
d. cyclic electron flow during the light reactions

.
Answer ( A ), explanation:
The light reactions of photosynthesis generate molecular oxygen
when water is split.
The reactions of the Calvin cycle are NOT directly dependent
on light, but they usually do NOT occur at night. Why?

a. is often too cold at night for these reactions to take place

b. Carbon dioxide concentrations decrease at night
c. The Calvin cycle requires products only produced when the
photosystems are illuminated.
d. Plants usually open their stomata at night.

.
Answer ( C ), explanation:
The ATP and NADPH produced during the light reactions are
necessary for the Calvin cycle.
Special Thanks to: MennatoAllah Yasser (Head of Academics)

Special thanks for our academics members for their great work.

And an appreciation for our HRs

Mentor: Mrs. Asmaa Alsayed

Ismailia STEM Biology Club Management:
Yousef Eraqy
Hannah Nashaat
Belal Tarek
Hr office:
Abdelhamid Ali
Habiba Ahmed
Thanks