Landforms and Contours

LAND AND LANDFORM
LAND IS THE SOLID PART OF THE SURFACE OF THE

EARTH. Its three dimensional relief is called as Topography or
landform.
Landforms are features that make up the Earth’s surface. There
are many kinds of landforms like deserts, mountains and
valleys. How are Landforms Made? Some landforms are created
by the action of wind, water and ice. This action physically
changes the Earth’s surface by carving and eroding land
surfaces , carrying and depositing soil , sand and other debris .
Types of landforms Mountains
Mountains, Hills, Plains, plateaus , Oceans Islands , Beaches,

Deserts
LAND AND LANDFORM
Canyons are similar to valleys, except that they

are deep-seated, narrow and surrounded by
steep sides. These landforms are created by
erosion and also, by activities of rivers, winds,
and glaciers.
Dunes are mounds or small hills, which are

made up of sand, e.g. the Cerro Blanco dune in
Sechura desert, Peru. They are created due to
the action of wind (or aeolian processes)
Hills are raised portions of lands, characterized

by presence of slopes, e.g. the black hills.
LAND AND LANDFORM
Peninsulas are large land areas that extend into

water bodies, e.g. the Baja California
peninsula. The identifying feature of a
peninsula landform is, it remains surrounded
by water on three sides. It is nearly similar to
an island,
Plateaus or tablelands are large, highland flat

areas, which are separated from the
surrounding areas by a steep slope, e.g. the
Tibetan plateau.
LAND AND LANDFORM
As one moves from geographically the

geological materials also vary from
limestone clayey alluvium soils.
Define Contour Line
A Contour line is an imaginary outline of the terrain obtained by
joining its points of equal elevation.
Define Contour Interval (CI)
Contour interval is the difference between the levels of
consecutive contour lines on a map. The contour
interval is a constant in a given map. In our example, the
contour interval is 1m.
Define Horizontal Equivalent (HE)

Horizontal equivalent is the horizontal distance between two
consecutive contour lines measured to the scale of the map
USES OF CONTOURS
They can be used to learn about the shape of the land

(the relief).
A map with only a few contour lines will be flat (and

often low lying)
If a map has lots of contours it is a mountainous or

hilly area.
The actual pattern of the lines will tell you more detail
about the area too.
• It is important to remember that the closer
together the contour lines the steeper the slope.
Steep
slopes
Area that
is flatter
with only
a gentle
slope
Interval is the vertical distance between contours
Steepest slope – contour
lines are closest together
Sparrow point
227
200
. 76
150
100
50
Sometimes spot heights can be shown as a dot with a note of the

height of that particular place.
A trigonometrical point (or trig point) shows the highest point in an

area (in meters) and is shown as a blue triangle
• This is the side view of a hill.
Let’s see where this hill reaches these heights
Now let’s plot those points
Now if we plotted those points on paper.
300m
250m
200m
150m
100m
Sea level
See how these lines are closer together on the steeper slope
Contour intervals
Uniform, gentle slope.
Contour lines evenly

spaced and wide apart
indicate a uniform,
gentle slope
Uniform STEEP SLOPE
Contour lines evenly spaced

and close together indicate a
uniform, steep slope. The
closer the contour lines are to
each other, the steeper the
slope
Concave slope.
Contour lines closely
spaced at the top and
widely spaced at the
bottom indicate a concave
slope Considering relief
only, an observer at the top
of a concave slope can
observe the entire slope
and the terrain at the
bottom.
Convex slope.
Contour lines widely
spaced at the top and
closely spaced at the
bottom indicate a
convex slope. An
observer at the top of a
convex slope
would have no
observation of most of
the slope or of the
terrain at the
bottom.
RIDGE. Normally, a ridge is a line
of high ground with minor
variations along its crest. The
ridge is not simply a line of hills;
all points of the ridge crest are
appreciably higher than the
ground on both sides of the ridge.
SPUR. A spur is a short,

continuously sloping line of
higher ground normally jutting
out from the side of a ridge.
GRADIENT
PERCENTAGE OF SLOPE
The amount of incline of a

surface is known as slope
Slope
The amount of incline of a surface is known as slope.
Grading means reshaping the topography of a site.
Grading can add interest to a landscape site, solve many
problems and promote proper drainage.
Grading plans show both existing and proposed

contours, so the landscape contractor can see where
to remove soil (cut) and where to add more soil (fill).
Storm drainage system
• In grading, SURFACE RUNOFF is the primary method to

remove excess water. This is usually in some form of
STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEM, which collects, conducts
and disposes excess surface water caused by runoff from
rainfall.
• A storm drainage system is Storm drainage
designed to: system
• COLLECT CONDUCT
DISPOSE
collect
collect Private system

conduct
Public system Dispose

A storm drainage system can:
1. Safeguard against erosion by reducing the rate of flow

and volume of water
2. Reduce flooding and damage to property and construction
3. Increase useable area
4. Eliminate unnecessary standing water which may lead to
pollution and breeding of insects.
5. Provide better growing condition for plants by reducing
soil saturation (soil contains too much water lack of
oxygen)
6. Improve load-bearing capacity of soils, thereby increasing
the build-ability of a site.
Good Drainage practice
• 1.Design the grading and drainage plan as to

respect, reinforce, and duplicate the existing
natural systems.
• 2. New runoff must never be purposefully redirected
from one property onto neighboring property.
• 3. Surface drainage is generally preferred to
underground systems for two reasons: cost and
ecology.
• 4. Avoid the design of a system that necessitates the
drainage line through a foundation or under slab.
Grading procedure (*factors)
Factors which determine drainage needs are:
• 1. LAND USE --urban or rural area, function, density and
how fast we must drain the water.
• 2.TOPOGRAPHY --the steeper the area, the faster draining
it will be, drainage must be provided above and below steep
bank
• 3. SIZE OF AREA TO BE DRAIN -- determines the size of
underground and surface structure. Typically, the larger the
area, the larger the underground structures or surface
ditches.
• 4. TYPE OF SOIL -- determines the rate of percolation or
amount of water the soil will absorb.
• 5. VEGETATION -- any thick, matty ground cover will slow
down the rate of runoff and reduce the need for elaborate
drainage systems.
• 6. INTENSITY OF RAINFALL -- amount of water from
rainfall will affects the type of drainage system .
09/03/2004 /Apinya/KMUTTarc354Site Drainage 26
Surface drain: Draining level area
• Most use areas -- play fields, courts, patios, roof
garden, etc. require a dry level surface. Level area
do not drain well, so we must TILT all use areas
slightly to allow water to runoff.
• REMEMBER to set the building finish floors at
least 15 cm. Higher than the outdoor elevation.
Sloping plane
Infiltration trenches are very similar
to Soakaway pits, but are not
underground. Downspouts or other
impermeable surfaces direct
stormwater flow to a trench filled
with stones. Trenches can be 30cm
to 1m deep, 60cm to 1 m wide, and
can be any length depending on
the amount of water. They are
sloped to direct water from one
end to the other, and are used to
direct water away from sensitive
areas to another permeable surface
or stormwater management
system.
Infiltration BASINS
Drainage system : example
• Surface Drainage System:

Inventory Maps—which show the location of existing features.
Usually these maps depict one type of feature, such as a “soils
inventory” or a “historic structures” inventory.
These maps should extend 1,000 feet beyond the municipal
boundary. Many of these maps are generated as part of the
overall comprehensive planning process.
• Composite Maps—are a kind of inventory map that shows a

number of inventoried features together on one map. The
purpose of the composite map is to show
how different features relate to each other. A composite map
for natural features might include endangered species habitat,
serpentine rock outcrops and cold water streams that support
breeding trout populations. These maps should extend 1,000
feet beyond the municipal boundary.
Geology and Ground Water Inventory Map
Map Purpose
The purpose of this map is to illustrate the underlying geology,
which influences many natural features that develop on the
surface. Most municipalities already have this map in their
comprehensive plan. Ground water features can also be included
in this map.
Map Content
• Geologic formations
• Sinkholes, carbonate, and Karst features, if present
• Ground water features*
• Other subsurface geologic structures*
• Major rock outcrops/serpentine outcrops*
• Well locations*
Steep Slopes Inventory Map
Map Purpose
The purpose of this map is to identify areas with slopes
that are so steep that they
may be inappropriate for most forms development.
Most municipalities already have
this map in their comprehensive plan. GIS programs can
allow slopes to be mapped
in greater detail.
Map Content
• Slopes of 15-25%
• Slopes greater than 25%
• Topography*
• Other slope related features
Surface Water Resources Inventory Map
Map Purpose
The purpose of this map is to illustrate the location of
surface waters features that may be permanently
inundated, like a stream. It also shows features that are
periodically flooded, like a floodplain. This map also
shows water features that are sensitive
to development, or that are protected through
government regulations.
Map Content
• 100-Year floodplains, if present in the municipality
(500-year floodplains should not be mapped.)
• All streams, ponds, lakes, reservoirs and other natural
or constructed water bodies.
•
Vegetation, Wildlife and
Natural Areas Inventory Map
Map Purpose
The purpose of this map is to illustrate the location of plant and
animal communities
that should be considered when conducting land planning. Some
municipalities do not
yet have this map in their comprehensive plan. This map also
gives the general location
of rare, sensitive, or unique plants and animal. It also shows plant
communities,
animal habitats or ecosystems that could be degraded by
inappropriate development.
Municipal scenic viewsheds (From previously adopted municipal
plans.)
• National register eligible and listed historical sites structures,
landmarks, and districts, if present
• Major archaeological sites*
• Municipal architecturally significant streetscapes (From
previously adopted municipal plans.)*
• Municipally designated historic structures or sites (From
previously adopted municipal plans and surveys.)*
Historic and Cultural Resources Inventory Map
Map Purpose
The purpose of this map is to identify existing historically or
culturally significant
resources in order to protected them from destruction by
inappropriate development.
Some municipalities do not yet have this type of map in their
comprehensive
plan. These resources should also serve as the focus for
recreation, tourism or cultural
resource protection initiatives.
Map Content
• Covered and historic bridges, if present
• Municipal scenic roads (From previously adopted municipal
plans.)
•
Park and Recreation Facilities Inventory Map
Map Purpose
The purpose of this map is to locate publicly-owned and privately-
owned recreation
facilities used for both passive or active recreation. Given the
growing importance of
park and recreation planning, such a map is now recommended.
Map Content
• Municipal recreational parks
• Municipal non-recreational open spaces
• Public schools
• County parks, if present
• County special purpose parks, if present
• State parks, if present
• National parks and historic sites, if present•

Landforms and Contours

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Landforms and Contours

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Landforms and Contours

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

LAND AND LANDFORM

LAND IS THE SOLID PART OF THE SURFACE OF THE

Types of landforms Mountains

Mountains, Hills, Plains, plateaus , Oceans Islands , Beaches,

Canyons are similar to valleys, except that they

Dunes are mounds or small hills, which are

Hills are raised portions of lands, characterized

Peninsulas are large land areas that extend into

Plateaus or tablelands are large, highland flat

As one moves from geographically the

Define Horizontal Equivalent (HE)

They can be used to learn about the shape of the land

A map with only a few contour lines will be flat (and

If a map has lots of contours it is a mountainous or

Sometimes spot heights can be shown as a dot with a note of the

A trigonometrical point (or trig point) shows the highest point in an

Now let’s plot those points

Now if we plotted those points on paper.

Contour lines evenly

Contour lines evenly spaced

SPUR. A spur is a short,

The amount of incline of a

Grading plans show both existing and proposed

• In grading, SURFACE RUNOFF is the primary method to

collect Private system

Public system Dispose

1. Safeguard against erosion by reducing the rate of flow

• 1.Design the grading and drainage plan as to

• Surface Drainage System:

• Composite Maps—are a kind of inventory map that shows a

You might also like

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.