Lect 8 - HV

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Generation of High Voltage

HVDC voltage Generation for testing Labs…


Power Quality Concepts and Problems

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• HVDC Generation
• Generation of high d.c. voltages is mainly required in research work
in the areas of pure and applied physics
• Sometimes, high direct voltages are needed in insulation tests on
cables and capacitors
• Impulse generator charging units also require high d.c voltages of
about 100 to 200 kV
• Normally, for the generation of d.c. voltages of up to 100 kV,
electronic valve rectifiers are used and the output currents are
about 100 mA
• The rectifier valve require special construction for cathode and
filaments since a high electrostatic field of several kV/cm exists
between the anode and the cathode in the non-conduction period.

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• Rectifier circuits for producing high d.c. voltages from a.c.
sources may be (a) half wave, (b) full wave, or (c) voltage
multiplier type rectifiers
• In the half wave rectifier (Fig a) the capacitor is charged to
Vmax, the maximum a.c. voltage of the secondary of the
high voltage transformer in the conducting half cycle.
• In the other half cycle, the capacitor is discharged into the
load
• The value of the capacitor C is chosen such that the time
constant C x RL is at least 10 times that of the period of the
a.c. supply.

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• A full wave rectifier circuit is shown in Fig. b.
• In the positive half cycle, the rectifier A conducts and
charges the capacitor C, while in the negative half cycle the
rectifier B conducts and charges the capacitor
• The source transformer requires a center tapped secondary
• For applications at high voltages of 50 kV and above, the
rectifier valves used are of special construction
• Apart from the filament, the cathode and the anode, they
contain a protective shield or grid around the filament and
the cathode.

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Smoothing Against Ripple Voltage for Half and Full wave
Rectifier
• When a full wave or a half wave rectifier is used along
with the smoothing condenser C, the voltage on no
load will be the maximum a.c. voltage
• But when on load, the condenser gets charged from
the supply voltage and discharges into load resistance
RL whenever the supply voltage waveform varies from
peak value to zero value.
• These waveforms are shown in Fig.
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• When loaded, a fluctuation in the output d.c.
voltage δV appears, and is called a ripple
• The ripple voltage δV is larger for a half wave
rectifier than that for a full wave rectifier, since
the discharge period in the case of half wave
rectifier is larger as shown in Fig.
• The ripple δV depends on (a) the supply voltage
frequency (b) the time constant CRL and (c) the
reactance of the supply transformer XL
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(a) Input sine wave
(b) Output with half wave
rectifier and condenser filter
(c) Output with full wave
rectifier and condenser filter
(d) Vmax, Vmean and ripple
voltage and δV with condenser
filter of a full wave rectifier

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• Voltage Multipliers and the Cockcroft-Walton
generator
• Principle of voltage doubler
• Voltage multipliers are hardly ideal, and suffer both
from being able to deliver only small amounts of
current and from large ripple effects

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Voltage Multiplication Using CW
Generator

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• To understand the circuit operation, see the diagram of
the two-stage version
• Assume the circuit is powered by an alternating voltage
Vi with a peak value of Vp
• After the input voltage is turned on;
• When the input voltage Vi reaches its negative peak
−Vp, current flows through diode D1 to charge
capacitor C1 to a voltage of Vp.
• When Vi reverses polarity and reaches its positive peak
+Vp, it adds to the capacitor's voltage to produce a
voltage of 2Vp on C1s right hand plate.
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• Since D1 is reverse-biased, current flows from C1
through diode D2, charging capacitor C2 to a
voltage of 2Vp.
• When Vi reverses polarity again, current from C2
flows through diode D3, charging capacitor C3
also to a voltage of 2Vp.
• When Vi reverses polarity again, current from C3
flows through diode D4, charging capacitor C4
also to a voltage of 2Vp
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• With each change in input polarity, current flows up
the "stack" of capacitors through the diodes, until they
are all charged
• All the capacitors are charged to a voltage of 2Vp,
except for C1, which is charged to Vp
• The key to the voltage multiplication is that, while the
capacitors are charged in parallel, they are connected
to the load in series
• Since C2 and C4 are in series between the output and
ground, the total output voltage (under no-load
conditions) is Vo = 4Vp

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• This circuit can be extended to any number of
stages
• The output voltage is twice the peak input
voltage multiplied by the number of stages N

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Experimental Observation
• The Cockcroft-Walton generator's efficiency to some extent
depends on the input waveform
• The output voltage is lowest for triangle waves, and highest
for square waves, with sine waves in the middle; for small
numbers of stages, these differences were small –
particularly between the sine and triangle waves – but
could result in differences of up to 10V in output between
the square and sine wave inputs for higher stages
• The Cockcroft-Walton generator favors square waves over
sine waves – and sine waves over triangle waves – because
the AC signal spending more time at the highest voltages
allows the capacitors to charge faster

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View of 5 stage CW DC Generator

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Non Linear Dynamic Load-Power
Quality issues-CLO4 (Power Factor)

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Distortion Factor

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Power phasors
• Apparent power is the product of the rms voltage and
rms current
• It is easily measured —simply the product of voltmeter
and ammeter readings
• Unit of apparent power is the volt-ampere, or VA
• Many elements, such as transformers, are rated
according to the VA that they can supply
• So power factor is the ratio of average power to
apparent power

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• With sinusoidal waveforms (no harmonics), we can also
define the real power P, reactive power Q, complex
power S
• If the voltage and current are represented by phasors V
and I, then
• S = VI* = P + jQ
• With I* = complex conjugate of I, j = square root of –1
• The magnitude of S is the apparent power (VA)
• The real part of S is the average power P (watts)
• The imaginary part of S is the reactive power Q
(reactive volt-amperes, or VARs)

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• The reactive power Q does not lead to net
transmission of energy between the source
and load
• When Q = 0, the rms current and apparent
power are greater than the minimum amount
necessary to transmit the average power P

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Ferro resonance- Problem related to Quality
• Ferroresonance is a general term applied to a wide
variety of interactions between capacitors and iron
core inductors that result in unusual voltages and
currents
• Resonance occurs when capacitive reactance becomes
equal to inductive reactance at some certain frequency
• In power system ferroresonance occurs when non
linear inductor is fed from a series capacitor
• The non linear inductor in power system can be due to
magnetic core of wound type voltage transformer
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• The ferroresonance event causes over voltage
variations in the power system.
• These over voltage variations have non-
sinusoidal forms.
• The reason of the non sinusoidal forms in the
voltage variations can be based on the
harmonics and interharmonics of the
ferroresonance phenomenon

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Experimental Set up
• The Ferroresonance phenomenon should have
been studied using three-phase, core type
transformer
• The transformer rating is 3 kVA, 380 V/220 V,
core-type, air-cooling, Y-Y connected
• The voltage Jumps up and down are observed in
load and without load conditions with circuit
diagram in upcoming slides

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Circuit arrangement
• In the circuit of Figure 3.1, a series capacitor of C = 4.0 μF has been
used with all primary phases are connected to supply
• Then, the supply voltage has been increased in steps from zero to
300 V and then reduced in steps also from 300 V to zero
• In each step in the forward direction as well as in the backward
direction, the readings of the supply voltage, V1, the primary
induced voltages, VAB, VBC, VCA, the secondary induced voltages
Vab, Vbc, Vca and the primary current, I are recorded and depicted
in figure 2
• The voltages and current are measured using True RMS meters

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• 1. Ferroresonance can cause dangerous overvoltages and
overcurrents in three-phase core-type transformers
• 2. The largest values of the overvoltages and overcurrents
caused by ferroresonance occur when the transformer is at
no load
• 3. The overvoltages and overcurrents caused by
ferroresonance due to unsymmetrical switching are found
to be larger than those obtained when all transformer
phases are connected to supply
• 4. The effect of transformer loading on the ferroresonance
phenomenon in electrical power systems is to reduce or
prevent it

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