THick-Walled Cylinders

1.
INTRODUCTION
In this experiment, we'll look at how the stresses in an internally pressured, thick-walled cylinder
change with radius. Because it's crucial to research before choosing the right material thickness
in engineering applications. We employ a tick-walled cylinder with various strain sensors at
various radii. Utilizing software, the variation of each strain gauge is measured. The resistance of
a strain gauge might vary depending on the variation in length. Strain has a direct proportionate
effect on it. And because of its high accuracy and precession, we can measure stresses with greater
accuracy compared to theoretical values.
2. OBJECTIVES
• To identify the strains of the walls of a thick-walled cylinder when it is loaded with an internal
pressure
• To identify stress and strain distribution across the walls of a thick-walled cylinder
• To understand how the to predict the stress and strain in a thick-walled cylinder
• To understand the use of strain gauges
• To understand about the shear stress in thick cylinders
• Anything on calculation of stresses (hoop and radial) out of the strain readings and comparing
them with theoretical values. (Based on the Lame’s equations)
3. THEORY
Consider a cylinder under internal pressure P, Element at radius r has hoop stress (𝜎𝐻 ), radial
stress (𝜎𝑅 ), longitudinal stress ( 𝜎𝐿 ) respectively.
𝜎𝐻 𝜎𝐿
𝜎𝑅
𝜎𝑅 𝜎𝐻
Theoretical strains,
1
𝜀𝐻 = (𝜎 − 𝜐𝜎𝑅 )
𝐸 𝐻
1
𝜀𝑅 = (𝜎 − 𝜐𝜎𝐻 )
𝐸 𝑅
−𝜐
𝜀𝐿 = (𝜎 + 𝜎𝑅 )
𝐸 𝐻
Theoretical stresses
From the elementary Lame’s equations
𝐵
𝜎𝐻 = 𝐴 +
𝑟2
𝐵
𝜎𝑅 = 𝐴 −
𝑟2
Where A and B are constant, and they can be determined considering the boundary conditions.
Shear stress
It is understood that the maximum shear stress will occur at the inner radius of the cylinder.
Therefore,
𝜎𝑅 − 𝜎𝐻
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 (𝜏) =
2
4. APPARATUS
• Aluminum thick-walled cylinder
• Cylinder sits inside a study frame
• Electronic strain gauge display
• Bourdon type pressure gauge
• Electronic pressure transducer
• Computer with VDAS
5. PROCEDURE
1. Create a Blank table of results.

2. Switch on the thick-walled cylinder and leave it for at least thirty minutes.
3. Unscrew the pump hand wheel until the pressure gauge shows zero pressure.
4. Record the cylinder dimensions.
5. Take down all strain gauge readings.
6. Screw in the hand wheel until the pressure is at maximum pressure.
7. Wait few seconds to stabilize and take down the strain gauge readings.
6. OBSERVATION
7. CALCULATION AND GRAPHS
• Theoretical hoop and radial stresses for an internal pressure 4.65 M Pa
Sample calculation for 28mm radius,
εH = 42 × 10−6 εR = −36.6 × 10−6 𝜐 = 0.33 𝐸 = 73 𝐺 𝑃𝑎
1
εH = (𝜎 − 𝜐𝜎𝑅 )
𝐸 𝐻
1
𝜀𝑅 = (𝜎 − 𝜐𝜎𝐻 )
𝐸 𝑅
(εR + υεH ) × 𝐸
𝜎𝑅 =
1 − 𝜐2
1000
= (−36.6 + 0.33 × 42) × 73 × 1−0.332
= -1.86 𝑀𝑁 𝑚−2
(εH +υεR ) × 𝐸
𝜎𝐻 = 1− 𝜐2
1000
= (42 + .33 × −36.6) × 73 × 1−0.332
= 2.46 𝑀𝑁 𝑚−2
Radius (mm) Theoretical Stress (𝑴𝑵 𝒎−𝟐 )

Hoop Radial
18.5 5.25 -4.65
28 2.46 -1.86
36 1.63 -1
45 1.136 -.54
56 .84 -.24
63 .727 .128
75 .6 -.00115
Stresses vs Radii
6
2
Stress (10^6)
Hoop Stress ( Derived)
0 Radial Stress (Derived)

25 35 45 55 65 75 85 Hoop Sress (theoretical)
Radial Stress ( Theoretical)
-2
-4
-6
Radius (mm)
• Theoretical hoop, radial, longitudinal strains
𝐵
𝜎𝐻 = 𝐴 +
𝑟2
𝐵
𝜎𝑅 = 𝐴 − 𝑟 2
When cylinder internally pressurized,
𝑃𝑖 𝑟𝑖2 −𝑃𝑜 𝑟𝑜2

𝐴= 𝑟𝑜2 −𝑟𝑖2
4.65×.01852
=
.0752 −.01852
=. 301256 × 106 𝑃𝑎
𝑟𝑖2 𝑟𝑜2 (𝑃𝑜 − 𝑃𝑖 )

𝐵= 𝑟𝑜2 −𝑟𝑖2
0.01852 ×0.0752 ×4.65

= .0752 −.01852
= 1.694 × 103 𝑃𝑎
Sample strain calculation at 28 mm radii,
1.694 × 103
𝜎𝐻 = .301256 × 106 + .0282
= 2.46 𝑀𝑁 𝑚−2
1.694 × 103
𝜎𝑅 = .301256 × 106 − .0282
= -1.86 𝑀𝑁 𝑚−2
2.46+0.33×1.86
εH = 73 × 103
= 42.1 × 10−6
−1.86−0.33×2.46
εR = 73 × 103
= −36.6 × 10−6
−0.33 ×(−1.86+2.46)
εL = 73×1000
= 2.71 × 10−6
Radius (mm) 𝜺𝑯 𝜺𝑹 𝜺𝑳
28 42 -36.6 -
36 26.41 -20.9 -
45 18 -12.4 -
56 -12.6 -7.08 -
63 10.53 -5.02 -
18.5 92.94 - -
75 8.22 - -2.7
Strains Vs Radii
50
40
30
20
10
Strain ( 10^-6)
0 Hoop strain
25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 Radial strain
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
Radius (mm)
• Shear stress
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 4.65 𝑀 𝑃𝑎
−1.863 − 2.451
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 (𝜏) =
2
= - 2.157 M Pa

THick-Walled Cylinders

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1.

1. Create a Blank table of results.

• Theoretical hoop and radial stresses for an internal pressure 4.65 M Pa

Sample calculation for 28mm radius,

εH = 42 × 10−6 εR = −36.6 × 10−6 𝜐 = 0.33 𝐸 = 73 𝐺 𝑃𝑎

Radius (mm) Theoretical Stress (𝑴𝑵 𝒎−𝟐 )

18.5 5.25 -4.65

Hoop Stress ( Derived)

0 Radial Stress (Derived)

When cylinder internally pressurized,

𝑃𝑖 𝑟𝑖2 −𝑃𝑜 𝑟𝑜2

𝑟𝑖2 𝑟𝑜2 (𝑃𝑜 − 𝑃𝑖 )

0.01852 ×0.0752 ×4.65

Sample strain calculation at 28 mm radii,

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