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    Ion Reference Updated 19-20

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    The document discusses different types of ions including monatomic and polyatomic ions. It provides examples of common polyatomic ions with different charges and lists many monovalent and multivalent monatomic ions. It also discusses how to determine the charge of multivalent ions.

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    Ion Reference Updated 19-20

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    The document discusses different types of ions including monatomic and polyatomic ions. It provides examples of common polyatomic ions with different charges and lists many monovalent and multivalent monatomic ions. It also discusses how to determine the charge of multivalent ions.

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    The document discusses different types of ions including monatomic and polyatomic ions. It provides examples of common polyatomic ions with different charges and lists many monovalent and multivalent monatomic ions. It also discusses how to determine the charge of multivalent ions.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    5 views2 pages

    Ion Reference Updated 19-20

    Uploaded by

    waxove1775
    The document discusses different types of ions including monatomic and polyatomic ions. It provides examples of common polyatomic ions with different charges and lists many monovalent and multivalent monatomic ions. It also discusses how to determine the charge of multivalent ions.

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    Ion Reference

    Pre-AP Chemistry
     Ion: An atom or group of atoms that has a charge (+ or -)
     Charge: atoms develop a charge when electrons are lost or gained. Present in ionic substances.
     Oxidation number: atoms take on an oxidation number when electrons are shared unequally in
    covalent/molecular substances. In an ionic substance, charge = oxidation number.
     Monatomic ion: An ion made from a single atom (example: Na+ , sodium ion)
     Polyatomic ion: An ion made from more than one atom (example: NO 3– , nitrate ion)

    Common Polyatomic Ions


    ~to be memorized~

    Ions with 1+ charge Ions with 1- charge Ions with 2- charge Ions with 3- charge
    Symbol Name Symbol Name Symbol Name Symbol Name
    NH4 + ammonium C2H3O2– acetate CO32– carbonate PO33– phosphite
    H3O + hydronium ClO– hypochlorite CrO42–
    chromate PO43–
    phosphate
    ClO2– chlorite Cr2O72– dichromate
    –
    ClO3 chlorate HPO42– hydrogen phosphate
    ClO4– perchlorate O22— peroxide
    – 2–
    Ion with 2+ charge CN cyanide SO3 sulfite
    Hg 2 2+ mercury (I) HCO3– hydrogen carbonate
    SO42– sulfate
    (bicarbonate)
    HSO4– hydrogen sulfate (bisulfate)
    HSO3– hydrogen sulfite (bisulfite)
    H2PO4– dihydrogen phosphate
    (biphosphate)
    MnO4– permanganate
    NO2– nitrite
    NO3– nitrate
    OH– hydroxide

    Other Polyatomic Ions


    ~for reference only; not to be memorized~

    Symbol Name Symbol Name Symbol Name


    FO3– fluorate SiF62– hexafluorosilicate AsO43– arsenate
    BrO3– bromate TeO42– tellurate C6H5O73– citrate
    N 3– azide S2O32– thiosulfate BO33– borate
    SCN– thiocyanate Si2O32– silicate
    IO3– iodate C2O42– oxalate
    OCN– cyanate SeO42– selenate
    C4H4O62– tartarate
    MoO42– molybdate
    Monovalent Monatomic Ions
    • Monovalent: Describes ion having only one possible charge (oxidation #)

     Elements (unshaded) in groups (columns) of the Periodic Table labeled: 1+, 2+, 3+, 3 –, 2 –, 1 – and 0) above
    always* take on the charge indicated above the column when they become ions. Memorize this pattern!

    o Examples: Calcium ions (Ca2+) have a 2+ charge; fluoride ions (F –) (from fluorine) have a 1– charge.
    o *Exception: Hydrogen can also form a 1– ion (less common than 1+). In this case, H – is called the hydride ion.

     Memorize these monovalent ions not in one of the above columns: Silver: Ag + Zinc: Zn 2+ Cadmium: Cd 2+

    Memorize Everything Above This Line


    Multivalent Monoatomic Ions
     Multivalent: Describes a monatomic ion having more than one possible charge (oxidation #)
     With the exception of Zn, Cd and Ag, other metals not found in one of the above labeled columns of the Periodic
    Table can be assumed to have variable charge. This means that the charge for these ions is not always the same;
    they are multivalent. Roman numerals are used to indicate the charge in the written chemical name of the ion.
     For example: copper: can be 1+ (Cu+, copper (I) ion) or 2+ (Cu2+, copper (II) ion).

     Group 14 elements can form multivalent cations (positive ions) and/or anions (negative ions).
    More examples of common multivalent ions:
     Iron: Fe2+ , iron (II) and Fe3+ , iron (III)
     Lead: Pb2+ lead (II) and Pb4+ , lead (IV)
     Tin: Sn2+ tin (II) and Sn4+ , tin (IV)

    A special note about mercury ions:


    Mercury can be: Hg 2+, (mercury (II) ion) or a polyatomic ion (see list at front),Hg22+, (mercury (I) ion)

    Note: The charge (oxidation #) on a multivalent ion found in a chemical formula, such as CuCl 2 , can be determined
    quickly and easily. Your teacher will instruct you on determination of charge for these metals in the Chemical
    Nomenclature unit.

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