`

Elementary
Elementary

Learning Strand 2
Scientific and Critical Thinking
FOOD CHAIN AND FOOD WEB:
Skills
HOW DO THEY WORK?

Accreditation and Equivalency (A&E) Program

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 Elementary

Learning Strand 2
SCIENTIFIC AND CRITICAL
THINKING SKILLS (SCIENCE)
FOOD CHAIN AND FOOD WEB:
HOW DO THEY WORK?

Accreditation and Equivalency (A&E) Program

Module
Learning Strand 2 – Elementary
Alternative Learning System
FOOD CHAIN AND FOOD WEB: HOW DO THEY WORK?
First Edition, 2023
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Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Sara Z. Duterte-Carpio
Undersecretary: Gina O. Gonong

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Jaysan L. Dela Cruz-Añon

Editor: Mary Anne M. Lagulao

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Content Evaluator: Jeffrey Q. Apat
Content, Language, layout, and Format Evaluator: Ruth C. Cuesta
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Josita B. Carmen
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User’s Guide
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About? This part includes an activity that aims to check
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real-life situations or concerns.
Let’s See What You This contains key concepts taken from all the
Have Learned lessons covered in every module.

Let’s Remember and

Review

iii

Explore More
 This is an activity in a form that increases the
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What Have You
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Learned?

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Answer Key competency.

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of the specialized words used in the module.
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Iv

Contents

What Is This Module About? ...................................................................... 1

Let’s See What You Already Know .............................................................. 1
Lesson 1 .................................................................................................... 5
What Will You Learn from This Module? .................................................... 5
Let’s Do This ............................................................................................. 5
Let’s Study and Analyze ............................................................................. 7
Let’s Try This ............................................................................................. 9
Let’s See What You Have Learned .............................................................. 9
Lesson 2 ...................................................................................................10
What Will You Learn from This Module? ...................................................10
Let’s Do This ............................................................................................10
Let’s Study and Analyze ............................................................................11
Let’s Try This ............................................................................................13
Let’s See What You Have Learned .............................................................14
Let’s Remember and Review...................................................................... 15
Explore More …………………………………………………………………………… 16
What Have You Learned? ......................................................................... 17
Answer Key ............................................................................................. 20
Glossary .................................................................................................. 22
References ............................................................................................... 23

v
 What Is This Module About?
Describing the flow of energy within an ecosystem essentially
answers this question “Why one must eat?” and that’s to get
energy. Food chains and webs describe the transfer of energy within
an ecosystem, from one organism to another. In other words, they
show who eats whom. They are important conceptual tools in
illustrating the feeding relationships among species within a
community, revealing species interactions and community
structure, and understanding the dynamics of energy transfer in an
ecosystem.

So, let’s discover the amazing relationships in the amazing

earth where we live. Get ready to be amazed and fascinated by the
wonders of the Earth's relationships.

The module is developed into two lessons, namely:

● Lesson 1 – Illustrate feeding relationships through the food chain

and
food web (LS2SC-AS-PSBBL/LE/AE/LS-19.31)

● Lesson 2 – Describe the transfer of energy through the trophic

levels
(LS2SC-AS-PSBBL/LE/AE-19.32)

Let’s See What You Already Know

ACTIVITY
Directions: Read the questions carefully and comprehensively. Select the
letter of the correct answer. Write your answer on separate
sheet
of paper.
1. Which show a path of food energy?

A. bear fish tiger plant

1
 B. fish plant bear tiger

C. plant fish bear tiger

D. tiger fish bear plant

2. Which do decomposers provide for plants?

A. Nutrients

B. Protection

C. Shade

D. Shelter

3. What will happen to the remaining life in the lake if the sun was
completely blocked that it could no longer provided energy to the plants
in
a lake?
A. Only the plants would die.

B. All of the carnivores would die.

C. Most of the organisms in the lake would die.

D. Only the animals that eat the plants would die.

4. Which of the following describe consumers?

A. Organisms that must eat other animals for energy.

B. Organisms that break down dead bodies and waste.

C. Organisms which are able to make sugars for energy.

D. Organisms that must eat other plant or animals for energy.

5. What group do bacteria, fungi, and earthworms belong?

A. Consumers

B. Decomposers

C. Producers

D. Secondary Consumer

2
For items 6-10, refer to the food web below.

Source: https://www.edrawmax.com/article/a-guide-to-understand-food-web-with-diagram.html

6. Where does the green plant belong?

A. Consumers

B. Decomposers

C. Producers

D. Secondary Consumer

7. Which are considered to be the primary consumers in the food web?

3
 A. goat, mouse, rabbit

B. kite, lion, jackal

C. owl, jackal, lion

D. owl, snake, wild cat

8. How many trophic level will this food web makes?

A. 1

B. 2

C. 3

D. 4

9. What do you call the organisms that eat only plants like mouse, rabbit,
and
goat?
A. Carnivores

B. Herbivores

C. Omnivores

D. Producers

10. What will happen to the rabbit if the jackal were taken out of the food
web?
A. The number of owls would increase.

B. The number of rabbits would increase.

C. The number of mouse would increase.

D. The number of rabbits would decrease.

4
 Lesso FOOD CHAIN
n 1 AND FOOD WEB
What Will You Learn from This Module?

At the end of the lesson, you will be able to illustrate feeding

relationships through the food chain and food web
(LS2SC-AS-PSBBL/LE/AE/LS-19.31). This reveals how each organism
depends on someone else for survival. Food chains also display what
happens when a problem occurs, and a producer or consumer is lost. The
food web is an important conceptual tool for illustrating the feeding
relationships among species within a community, revealing species
connections and community structure, and understanding the dynamics of
energy transfer in an ecosystem.

Let’s Do This

Directions: Recite the song “Food Chain Song” and answer the questions
that follow.

Food Chain Song

Who eats what?
And what eats who?
Who eats me? And what eats you?

5
 I got some news, It’s not a game,
We’re all just links, In the food chain!
Where do we get, Our Energy,
By eating food we catch and see…

Plants and meat,

They both contain,
Energy for the food chain!

Mama said, you better watch out,

Brown bear is hungry and he’s prancing all about…
Mama said, you better watch out,
Brown bear is hungry and he’s prancing all about…

But I went outside anyway

And I met the bear that very day,
Yes, I went outside anyway,
And the bear wasn’t really hungry that day…

‘Cause the bear ate the fox,

And the fox ate the rabbit,
And the rabbit ate a plant
That made its own food!
‘Cause the bear ate the fox,
And the fox ate the rabbit,
And the rabbit ate a plant
That made its own food! (A producer makes its own food)

Who eats what,

And what eats who?
Who eats me? And what eats you?

I got some news, It’s not a game,

We’re all just links, In the food chain! (We’re all just links, In the food
chain!)
Producers Like things we sow,
Those use Sun and water to grow!
What they do? We can conclude,
Photosynthesis to make their food…

Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Gv9yuN2Ch8

Questions

6
 1. What is the song all about?
2. What does it mean by the word producer?
3. How do plants make their food?
4. Who eats the plant? the rabbit? the fox?
5. What do you think will happen to the bear if it doesn’t have any
more animals to eat?

Let’s Study and Analyze

Plants make their own food through a process called

photosynthesis. Using the energy from the sun, water and carbon dioxide
from the atmosphere and nutrients, they chemically make their own food.
Since they make or produce their own food they are called producers.
Organisms which do not create their own food must eat either plants or
animals. They are called consumers. Some animals get their energy from
eating plants while other animals get energy indirectly from plants by
eating other animals that already ate the plants. Animals that eat only
plants are called herbivores. Animals that eat both plants and other
animals are called omnivores. Animals that eat only other animals are
called carnivores. Some animals eat only dead or decaying materials and
are called decomposers. (United States Environmental Protection Agency,
n.d)

Food Chain

7
 Food chain shows the relationships between producers, consumers,
and decomposers, showing who eats whom with arrows. The arrows show
the movement of energy through the food chain. For example, in the food
chain shown above the plant makes its own food from the energy given by
the sun. By eating the plant, the grasshoper gets its energy and by
continuing the chain the energy is pass to the frog, the snake, and the
eagle, Finally, the bacteria eats the eagle after it dies. The bacteria also
return nutrients back to the environment for use by the plants. (United
States Environmental Protection Agency, n.d)

Source: https://www.edrawmax.com/article/a-guide-to-understand-food-web-with-diagram.html

A food web is made up of interconnected food chains. It consists of all

the food chains in a single ecosystem. Each living thing in an ecosystem is
part of multiple food chains (National Geographic Organization, n.d).
Each food chain is one possible path that energy and nutrients may take as
they move through the ecosystem. It is very rare for an organism to feed

8
only on one type of food. Most of the time, carnivores eat other carnivores,
as well as herbivores. Some may even eat both animals and plants. If we
list every species that is present in an ecosystem and then draw arrows
connecting them to each of their food sources, we would see many
interlocking arrows that would give the appearance of a spider web. All of
the interconnected and overlapping food chains in an ecosystem make up
a food web.

Let’s Try This

Directions: Construct a simple food chain based on the given situation

below. Label it with producer, consumer, decomposer.

The rabbit eats carrot. The fox eats the rabbit. When the fox dies, it is
decomposed by a bacteria.

Let’s See What You Have Learned

Directions: Use the food chain below to answer questions a-c.

a.

What type of organism is the grass according to the major categorization in

the food web?__________________________________________________________

b. Which animal is a herbivore?

_____________________________________________

c. What would happen to the population of rats, if the population of snakes

increased (got bigger)? Why?
____________________________________________________________________________

9
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

Lesso
n
TROPHIC LEVEL
2
What Will You Learn from This
Module?

At the end of the lesson, you will be able to describe the transfer of
energy through the trophic levels (LS2SC-AS-PSBBL/LE/AE-19.32). The
concept of a trophic level is intended to simplify and explain the dynamic
interactions between organisms throughout a food chain. Understanding
these interactions can lead to useful applications for sustainability,
ecosystem function, and human health.

Let’s Do This
Directions: Read the poem “Why Can’t I Be on the Top” and answer the
questions that follow.

Why Can’t I Be On The Top?

by: Stephen Swinburne

I don’t like the bottom,

I want to be at the top.
I’m tired of being crushed and stomped
and chewed into slop.
Why can’t I be the tiger
with claws as sharp as shears,
10
 With a roar as loud as thunder
To threaten trembling ears?
Who designed this food chain?
Is there a chance I can opt out?
At least I’m not a plankton
Floating all about.

Adapted from: https://www.nonfictionminute.org/the-nonfiction-minute/food-chain-poems

Questions:

1. What does the author want to happen in the poem?

2. Why does he want to be on the top?
3. What animal was mentioned in the poem that he wants to become?
4. Why does he want to be on the top like a tiger?
5. Do you think the author is happy where he is in his life?
6. What is the implication of the last stanza “at least I’m not a plankton,
floating all about”?

Let’s Study and Analyze

Trophic pyramid, also called an energy pyramid, shows the

progression of food energy. The pyramid base contains producers
(autotrophs), organisms that make their own food from inorganic
substances. All other organisms in the pyramid are consumers
(heterotrophs). The consumers at each level feed on organisms from
the level below and are themselves consumed by organisms at the level
above. Most of the food energy that enters a trophic level is "lost" as heat
when it is used by organisms to power the normal activities of life. Thus,
the higher the trophic level on the pyramid, the lower the amount of
available energy.
All food chains and webs have at least two or three trophic levels.
Generally, there are a maximum of four trophic levels. The feeding
positions in a food chain or web are called trophic levels. (see the table
below)

Where It Gets
Trophic Level Example
Food

11
 grass getting
energy from the
1st trophic level:
makes its own food sun and nutrients
Producer
from the soil
2nd Trophic Level: Consumes
mice eating rice
Primary Consumer producers or plants
rd
3 Trophic Level:
consumes primary snakes eating
Secondary
consumers mice
Consumer
Consumes
4th Trophic Level: hawks eating
secondary
Tertiary Consumer snakes
consumers
Many consumers feed at more than one trophic level. Humans, for
example, are primary consumers when they eat plants such as vegetables.
They are secondary consumers when they eat cows. They are tertiary
consumers when they eat salmon.

Trophic Levels and Energy

Energy is passed up a food chain or web from lower to higher

trophic levels. However, generally only about 10 percent of the
energy at one level is available to the next level (Libretext, 2021).
This is represented by the ecological pyramid shown below.

Source: https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/trophic-level-diagram/

12
 What happens to the other 90 percent of energy? It is used for
metabolic processes or given off to the environment as heat. This
loss of energy explains why there are rarely more than four trophic
levels in a food chain or web. Sometimes there may be a fifth trophic
level, but usually it does not have enough energy left to support any
additional levels. Ecological pyramids can demonstrate the decrease
in energy, biomass, or numbers within an ecosystem. With less
energy at higher trophic levels, there are usually fewer organisms as
well. Organisms tend to be larger in size at higher trophic levels, but
their smaller numbers result in less biomass. Biomass is the total
mass of organisms at a trophic level (CK-12 Foundation. (n.d.).

Let’s Try This

Directions: Place the organisms in each trophic level. Write the name of
the organism to the correct location on the pyramid.

13
Source: https://shorturl.at/luHUW

Let’s See What You Have Learned

Directions: Read the questions carefully and write the letter of the correct
answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Which of the following trophic levels contains organisms that

consume plant materials?
A. Primary Consumers
B. Primary Producers
C. Secondary Consumers
D. Tertiary Consumer

2. Which of the following trophic levels contains species that are top
predators?
A. Primary Consumers
B. Primary Producers
C. Secondary Consumers
D. Tertiary Consumers

3. What is the basic structure of interaction in all biological

communities characterized by the manner in which food energy is

14
 passed from one trophic level to the next along the food chain.
A. Energy chain
B. Food cycle
C. Trophic pyramid
D. Water cycle

4. How much energy is generally lost at each trophic level?

A. 60 %
B. 70 %
C. 80 %
D. 90 %

5. What happens to some energy as the trophic level increases?

A. Energy doubles.
B. Energy decreases.
C. Energy increases.
D. Energy stays the same.

Let’s Remember and Review

Food chain shows the relationships between producers, consumers, and

decomposers, showing who eats whom with arrows. The arrows show the
movement of energy through the food chain.

A food web is made up of interconnected food chains. It consists of all

the food chains in a single ecosystem. Each living thing in an ecosystem is
part of multiple food chains.

The different feeding positions in a food chain or web are called trophic
levels. If there are no producers (such as a plant), you cannot see any
primary consumers in trophic level. That is why trophic levels are important.
They show availability of food/energy in a defined ecosystem, complexity of
"who eats what", dependency of anyone to others, etc. Like economics,
supply and demand must be balanced. Otherwise, economic crises might be
seen. In ecology, if there are producers in a defined area, there are
consumers (as well as decomposers). Even in low biodiversity areas,
creatures depend on each other.

15
Generally, there are no more than four trophic levels because energy and
biomass decrease from lower to higher levels.

Explore More
Activity A
Directions: Look at this food web. Then answer the questions.

Source: https://www.crooksville.k12.oh.us/

a. Name two producers in the food web. _____________________________

b. Name three consumers in the food web. ___________________________

16
c. Make a food chain from this food web with four trophic levels.
_____________________________________________________________________

d. Name the animals that the small fish eats.

_____________________________________________________________________

e. Name the animals that eat the small fish.

_____________________________________________________________________

f. Explain what could happen to the community if all the frogs suddenly
died. _____________________________________________________________________

e. How are food webs different to food chains? Explain why food webs are
more useful.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

Activity B
Directions: Label the different trophic level of the illustration below. Then,
write the available energy that pass at each level.

Source: https://shorturl.at/sHM89

17
 What Have You Learned?

Activity A
Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answer on
a separate sheet of paper.

1. _____ is the process where plants make their own food.

A. Consumer
B. Decomposer
C. Photosynthesis
D. Producer

2. ___________ are organisms which do not create their own food and
must
eat either plants or animals.
A. Autotrophs
B. Consumer
C. Decomposer
D. Producer

3. ________________ are animals that eat only plants.

A. Carnivores
B. Herbivores
C. Omnivores
D. Producers

4. ______________ are animals that eat both plants and other animals.
A. Carnivores
B. Herbivores
C. Omnivores
D. Producers

5. ___________shows a relationship between producers, consumers, and

decomposers showing who eats whom with arrows.
A. Food Chain
B. Food Pyramid

18
 C. Food Web
D. Trophic Level

Activity B
Directions: Identify whether the following definition is a food chain, food
web, or trophic level.
________1. It is an interconnected food chain.
________2. It shows a simple relationship between producers and
consumers.
________3. It shows the progression of food energy from one level to
another.
________4. It displays overlapping relationships of each organism in an
ecosystem.
________5. It indicates how much energy producers have compared to
the
consumers
Activity C
Directions: Write True if the statement is correct and False if not.

___________1. Producers can also be called autotrophs.

___________2. Heterotrophs are organisms that can create their own
food.
___________3. The higher the trophic level on the pyramid, the lower the
amount of available energy.
___________4. Generally, about 10 percent of the energy at one level is
available for the next level of the trophic pyramid.
___________5. Humans can be a primary and secondary consumer.

Activity D
Directions: Create a trophic pyramid from the given food web below.

19
Lesson 1
Pretest
1. C
2. A
3. C
4. D
5. B
Lesson 2
6. C
7. A
Let’s Do This
8. D
1. He wanted to be on top.
9. B
2. Because he is tired of being
10. B
crushed and stomped
Source: https://shorturl.at/wHI78 3. tiger
Let’s Do This
4. because the tiger is being
1. about the process of the food
feared by other animals
chain
5. answers may vary
2. organism that creates their own
6. answers may vary
food
Answer Key
3. through photosynthesis
4. rabbit, fox, bear
Let’s Try This
Producer: grass
5. the bear will die
Primary Consumers: mouse,
grasshopper, rabbit
Let’s Try This
Secondary Consumers: fox, frog,
Carrot rabbit fox  bacteria
bird, owl
Tertiary Consumers: owl, snake,
Let’s See What Have You
hawk
Learned
a. producer
Let’s See What Have You
b. rat
Learned
c. the number of rats will decrease
1. A
2. D
3. C
4. D
5. B

20
Explore More

Activity A
a. Land plants, tiny water plants
b. Slug, frog, fox
c. (answers may vary)
d. Water fleas, diving beetle
e. Heron, perch
f. The diving beetle and slug will
increase in numbers

Activity B
answers may vary

What Have you Learned

A. 1. C
2. B
3. B
4. C
5. A

B. 1. food web
2. food chain
3. trophic level
4. food web
5. trophic level

C. 1. true
2. false
3.true
4. true
5. true

D. answers may vary

21
Glossary

Biomass total mass of an organism in a trophic level

Carnivores animals that only eat other animals

Consumers organisms which do not create their own food and

must eat either plants or animal.
decomposers organisms that only eat dead or decaying materials

Food chains show the relationships between producers,

consumers,
and decomposers, showing who eats whom with
arrows.
Food web made up of interconnected food chains. It consists of
all
the food chains in a single ecosystem.

22
Herbivores animals that only eats plants

Omnivores animals that eat both plants and other animals

Photosynthesis the process by which green plants and certain other

organisms transform light energy into chemical
energy.

Producer an organism that creates its own food or energy. A

consumer is an organism that gets its energy by
eating
plants or animal

References
Online Sources

CK12-Foundation. Accessed January 19, 2024. https://flexbooks.ck12.org/cbook/ck-12-

biology-flexbook-2.0/section/6.4/primary/lesson/trophic-levels-bio/.

Cover page. https://webstockreview.net/images/biology-clipart-ecology-10.png

“Ecological Pyramid - Definition, Types, Importance, Limitations.” GeeksforGeeks, January

12, 2024. https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/ecological-pyramid/.

Food chain and food web quiz questions and answers (no date) ProProfs. Available at:
https://www.proprofs.com/quiz-school/story.php?title=food-chainswebs-quiz (Accessed:
22 January 2024).

Food chain poems (no date) NONFICTION MINUTE. Available at:

https://www.nonfictionminute.org/the-nonfiction-minute/food-chain-poems (Accessed:
26 January 2024).

Food+Chain images – browse 46,342 stock photos, vectors, and video (no date) Adobe Stock.
Available at: https://stock.adobe.com/ph/search/images?k=food
%2Bchain&asset_id=461044721 (Accessed: 19 January 2024).

23
Food Web Diagram Template (no date) edraw. Available at:
https://www.edrawsoft.com/template-food-web-diagram.html (Accessed: 16 January
2024).

Food web (no date) Education. Available at:

https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/food-web/ (Accessed: 04 January
2024).

Gillespie, Claire. “Why Do Plants Need the Sun?” Sciencing, March 2, 2019.
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