ali
ali
means such as words, actions, signs, etc., between two or more individuals. Sender is
the person who sends a message. It could be a transmitting station from where the
signal is transmitted. Channel is the medium through which the message signals
travel to reach the destination. Receiver is the person who receives the message. It
Analog and Digital signals are further classified, as shown in the following figure.
WHY MODULATION?
Ease of radiation •The size of antenna λ/4 = c/4f –If we wish to throw a piece of paper
equation : C = B log2 (1+ SNR) • C is rate of information change per second (bit/s)
Baseband signals are incompatible for direct transmission. For such a signal, to travel
longer distances, its strength has to be increased by modulating with a high frequency
carrier wave, which doesn’t affect the parameters of the modulating signal.
ADVANTAGES OF MODULATION
1- The antenna used for transmission, had to be very large, if modulation was not
introduced. The range of communication gets limited as the wave cannot travel a
distance without getting distorted.
The amplitude of the carrier signal varies in accordance with the instantaneous
amplitude of the modulating signal.” Which means, the amplitude of the carrier signal
MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSIONS
Where, Am and Ac are the amplitude of the modulating signal and the carrier signal
respectively.
fm and fc are the frequency of the modulating signal and the carrier signal respectively.
Then, the equation of Amplitude Modulated wave will be
s(t)=[Ac+Am cos(2πfmt)]cos(2πfct)
AMPLITUDE MODULATION
What is Modulation?
accordance with the instantaneous values of the modulating signal. For a signal to be
addition and without getting faded away, it has to undergo a process called as
Modulation. It improves the strength of the signal without disturbing the parameters of
3-Carrier Signal
4-Modulated Signal
Carrier Signal: The high frequency signal, which has a certain amplitude, frequency and
phase but contains no information is called as a carrier signal. It is an empty signal and
TYPES OF MODULATION
There are many types of modulations. Depending upon the modulation techniques
used, they are classified as shown in the following figure.
CONTINUOUS-WAVE MODULATION
wave. This is further divided into amplitude and angle modulation. If the amplitude
of the high frequency carrier wave is varied in accordance with the instantaneous
Modulation.
ANGLE MODULATION.
If the angle of the carrier wave is varied, in accordance with the instantaneous
phase modulation. If the frequency of the carrier wave is varied, in accordance
with the instantaneous value of the modulating signal, then such a technique is
called as Frequency Modulation. If the phase of the high frequency carrier wave is
varied in accordance with the instantaneous value of the modulating signal, then
AMPLITUDE MODULATION
baseband message signal, which contains the information. This wave has to be
one is the carrier wave, which is a high frequency signal and contains no
information. While, the last one is the resultant modulated wave. It can be
observed that the positive and negative peaks of the carrier wave, are
interconnected with an imaginary line. This line helps recreating the exact shape of
the modulating signal. This imaginary line on the carrier wave is called as Envelope.
GENERATION OF AM WAVES
2-Switching modulator
Let the modulating and carrier signals be denoted as m(t) and Acos(2πfct) respectively.
These two signals are applied as inputs to the summer (adder) block. This summer block
produces an output, which is the addition of the modulating and the carrier signal.
Mathematically, we can write it as V1(t) =m(t) +Ac cos(2πfct) This signal V1(t) is applied
as an input to a nonlinear device like diode. The characteristics of the diode are closely
V2(t) =k1V1(t)+k2V21(t)
Term 5 k2A2c cos2 (2πfct) : Squared Carrier Out of these five terms, terms 2 and 4 are
useful whereas the remaining terms are not useful .
The last term of the above equation represents the desired AM wave and the first three
terms of the above equation are unwanted. So, with the help of band pass filter, we can
pass only AM wave and eliminate the first three terms. Therefore, the output of square
law modulator is
By comparing the output of the square law modulator with the standard
equation of AM wave, we will get the scaling factor as k1 and the amplitude
sensitivity ka as 2k2/k1.
Practical circuit using diode as a square law device and Tuned circuit as a
in the square law modulator, the diode is operated in a non-linear mode, whereas, in
the switching modulator, the diode has to operate as an ideal switch. Let the
modulating and carrier signals be denoted as m(t) and c(t)=Ac cos(2πfct) respectively.
These two signals are applied as inputs to the summer (adder) block. Summer block
This signal V1(t) is applied as an input of diode. Assume, the magnitude of the
modulating signal is very small when compared to the amplitude of carrier signal Ac.
So, the diode’s ON and OFF action is controlled by carrier signal c(t). This means, the
diode will be forward biased when c(t)>0 and it will be reverse biased when c(t)
The 1st term of the above equation represents the desired AM wave and the remaining
terms are unwanted terms. Thus, with the help of band pass filter, we can pass only
AM wave and eliminate the remaining terms. Therefore, the output of switching
modulator is
modulator with the standard equation of AM wave, we will get the scaling factor as 0.5
2- Envelope detector
SQUARE LAW DETECTOR Square law demodulator is used to demodulate low
level AM wave. Following is the block diagram of the square law demodulator
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MODULATOR AND DEMODULATOR?
The only difference between the modulation and demodulation is the output filter. In the
modulator, the multiplier output is passed through a band-pass filter tuned to ωc,
whereas in the demodulator, the multiplier O/P is passed through a low-pass filter.
Therefore, all four types of modulators discussed earlier can also be used as
demodulators, provided the band-pass filters at the O/P are replaced by low-pass filters
of bandwidth B.
During each positive cycle, the capacitor charges up to the peak voltage of the input
signal and then decays slowly until the next positive cycle. The O/P voltage thus follows
the envelope of the input. A ripple signal of frequency c , however, is caused by capacitor
discharge between positive peaks. This ripple is reduced by increasing time constant RC
so that the capacitor discharges very little between positive peaks (RC >> 1/ωc). Making
RC too large, however, would make it impossible for the capacitor voltage to follow the
envelope. Thus, RC should be large compared to 1/ ω c but should be small compared to
1/2πB, where, B is the highest frequency in m(t). This, incidentally, requires that ω c>>
2πB, a condition that is necessary for a well-defined envelop. The envelope detector O/P
is A + m(t) with a ripple of frequency ω c. The dc term A can be blocked out by a capacitor
or a simple RC high-pass filter. The ripple may be reduced further by another (low-pass)
RC filter.
ENVELOPE DETECTOR
a receiver requires knowledge of the carrier frequency and phase to extract the
message signal, then it is called coherent. Definition: If a receiver does not require
knowledge of the phase (only rough knowledge of the carrier frequency) to extract the
for standard AM
AM MODULATOR
RESULTS AM MODULATOR
AM DEMODULATOR
RESULTS AM DEMODULATOR