Chrysomelidae

Scarlet lily beetle Lilioceris lilii, copyright Gilles Gonthier.

Belongs within: Phytophaga.
Contains: Donacia, Sagrinae, Colaspoides, Colasposoma, Corynodes, Nodostoma, Colaspis, Hispinae, Crioceris, Lema, Acanthoscelides, Bruchus, Cassida, Cryptocephalini, Clytrini, Galerucinae, Chrysomelini.

The Chrysomelidae, leaf beetles, are a cosmopolitan family of beetles that mostly feed on living plant tissue. Adults feed externally whereas larvae may feed either externally or internally. Subgroups of the Chrysomelidae include the Bruchinae, seed-feeding species with a somewhat rostrate head that superficially resemble weevils in appearance. The Chrysomelinae are generally ovate beetles characterised by a truncate clypeus whose larvae feed externally and are often armed with repugnatorial glands. The Cryptocephalinae usually have a strongly hypognathous head that is deeply inserted into the prothorax. The Eumolpinae have larvae that are found in soil and probably feed on plant roots (Lawrence & Britton 1991).

Chrysomelidae
    |--+--Criocerinae [Crioceridae] MT11
    |  |    |--Crioceris MW15
    |  |    |--Stethopachys formosa LB91
    |  |    |--Lema LB91
    |  |    `--Lilioceris B14
    |  |         |--L. cheni Gressit & Kimoto 1961 B14
    |  |         |--L. egena B14
    |  |         |--L. lilii B14
    |  |         `--L. nigripes LB91
    |  `--Bruchinae [Bruchidae, Lariidae, Mylabridae] MW15
    |       |--Caryedes brasiliensis GE05
    |       |--Caryoborus pallidus B88
    |       |--Acanthoscelides SJ73
    |       |--Spermophagus cardui C01
    |       |--Bruchus MW15
    |       |--Sennius morosus G05
    |       |--Mesolaria longala Zhang 1986 RJ93
    |       |--Caryedon B14
    |       |    |--C. abdominalis B14
    |       |    `--C. serratus (Olivier 1790) B14
    |       |--Rhaebus [Rhaebini] B14
    |       |    |--R. ammoni B14
    |       |    `--R. mannerheimi Motschulsky 1845 B14
    |       |--Callosobruchus LB91
    |       |    |--C. chinensis N57
    |       |    `--C. maculatus RCT07
    |       |--Stator G05
    |       |    |--S. limbatus G05
    |       |    `--S. pruininus G05
    |       |--Pachymerus RD77
    |       |    |--P. chinensis RD77
    |       |    `--P. dactris O49
    |       `--Bruchidius F05
    |            |--B. incarnatus TG96
    |            |--B. lyndhurstensis LB91
    |            `--B. niger Anton 2004 F05
    `--+--+--Cassidinae [Cassidini] MW15
       |  |    |--Cassida B88
       |  |    |--Hemisphaerota cyanea (Say 1824) B14
       |  |    |--Meroscalcis selecta LB91
       |  |    |--Aspidomorpha LB91
       |  |    |--Brontispa B14
       |  |    |    |--B. longissima (Gestro 1885) B14
       |  |    |    `--B. simonthomasi Gressitt 1960 B14
       |  |    |--Dicladispa B14
       |  |    |    |--D. armigera (Olivier 1808) B14
       |  |    |    `--D. birendra Maulik 1919 B14
       |  |    |--Acromis B14
       |  |    |    |--A. sparsa (Boheman 1854) B14
       |  |    |    |--A. spinifex B14
       |  |    |    `--A. venosa B14
       |  |    `--Cephaloleia belti B14
       |  `--Cryptocephalinae [Camptosomata, Clytrinae] MW15
       |       |  i. s.: Aporocera ZS10
       |       |         Fulcidax monstrosa (Fabricius 1798) B14
       |       |         Leasia LB91
       |       |         Neochlamisus bebbiana MW15
       |       |         Lachnabothra QI93
       |       |         Prasonotus QI93
       |       |         Loxopleurus B70
       |       |--Cryptocephalini SW07
       |       |--Clytrini SW07
       |       `--Chlamisus [Chlamisini] LB91
       `--+--Galerucinae MW15
          `--Chrysomelinae MW15
               |  i. s.: Leptinotarsa B14
               |           |--L. decemlineata Say 1824 B14
               |           `--L. juncta B14
               |         Sterromela trimaculata LB91
               |         Phratora B14
               |           |  i. s.: P. frosti B14
               |           |         P. hudsonica B14
               |           `--P. (Phyllodecta) B14
               |                |--‘Phyllodecta’ longula C01
               |                |--P. (P.) polaris (Schneider 1886) B14
               |                |--‘Phyllodecta’ vitellinae C01
               |                `--‘Phyllodecta’ vulgatissima [incl. P. vulgatissima var. obscura] C01
               |         Chlamys L02
               |           |--C. cristata [=Cryptocephalus (Chlamys) cristatus] G20
               |           |--C. formosana Bates 1866 B66
               |           |--C. gibba [=Clythra gibba] L02
               |           |--C. monstrosa [=Clythra monstrosa] L02
               |           |--C. plicata [=Clythra plicata] L02
               |           `--C. tuberosa L02
               |         Orina RD77
               |         Phaedon RD77
               |           |--P. armoraciae C01
               |           `--P. cochleariae H91
               |         Phytodecta RD77
               |           |--P. chrysomeloides Jacoby 1889 J89a
               |           |--P. formicata R13
               |           |--P. linnaeana (see below for synonymy) C01
               |           |--P. rufipes C01
               |           `--P. viminalis R13
               |         Zygogramma piceicollis Stål 1859 Lu89
               |--Chrysomelini MW15
               `--Timarcha [Timarchini] B14
                    |--T. punica Lucas 1847 E12
                    `--T. tenebricosa (Fabricius 1775) B14

Chrysomelidae incertae sedis:
  Pseudomegamerus grandis GE05, P02
  Eucolaspis brunnea WFS04
  Oreina cacaliae AM07
  Arnomus brouni T27
  Nesaecrepidia BHM08
  Protoscelis GE05
  Protosceloides GE05
  Eurydemus oculatus Chap. 1879 G89
  Physimera DL99
  Cheilotoma musciformis F05
    |--C. m. musciformis F05
    `--C. m. hispanica Medvedev 2004 F05
  Haemonia WP99
  Gastrophysa viridula V09
  Pachybrachys C01
    |--P. fimbriolatus C01
    `--P. hieroghyphicus [incl. P. hieroghyphicus var. tristis] C01
  Stylosomus flavus C01
  Adoxus C01
    |--A. obscurus C01
    `--A. villosulus C01
  Gastroidea C01
    |--G. polygoni [incl. G. polygoni var. ruficollis] C01
    `--G. viridula C01
  Entomoscelis C01
    |--E. adonidis C01
    `--E. orinalis F92
  Xenomela heydeni C01
  Paropsides C01
    |--P. duodecimpustulatus C01
    `--P. nigrofasciatus Jac. 1888 F89
  Hydrothassa glabra C01
  Sternoplatys weisei Csiki 1901 C01
  Melasoma C01
    |--M. collaris [incl. M. collaris var. daurica] C01
    |--M. lapponica C01
    |--M. populi C01
    `--M. tremulae R13
  Malacosoma Chv. 1846 [incl. Exocera] FS90
    |--M. collaris C01
    `--M. detritum Fab. 1801 [incl. M. guadeloupense, M. pallidicorne] FS90
  Phyllobrotica C01
    |--P. quadrimaculata B56
    |--P. signata C01
    `--P. unicolor J89a
  Lochmaea C01
    |--L. birmanica Jacoby 1889 J89a
    |--L. capreae C01
    |--L. rugosa [=Galerucella rugosa] J89a
    `--L. suturalis F92
  Adimonia C01
    |--A. incisicollis C01
    |--A. mongolica Csiki 1901 C01
    |--A. pomonae C01
    |--A. sedakovi C01
    |--A. tanaceti C01
    `--A. violacea Lucas 1849 E12
  Pallasia absinthii C01
  Ochrosis salicariae C01
  Chalcoides C01
    |--C. aurata C01
    |--C. cyanea C01
    |--C. helxines [incl. C. helxines var. fulvicornis] C01
    `--C. metallica C01
  Mantura rustica [incl. M. rustica var. suturalis] C01
  Capraita B14
  Platymela sticticollis B14
  Spilopyra [Spilopyrinae] B14
    `--S. sumptuosa Baly 1860 B14
  Syneta [Synetinae] B14
    |--S. adamsi B14
    `--S. betulae (Fabricius 1792) B14
  Zeugophora [Zeugophorinae] B14
    |  i. s.: Z. flavicollis C01
    `--Z. (Zeugophora) B14
         |--Z. (Z.) scutellaris Suffrian 1840 B14
         `--Z. (Z.) subspinosa B14
  Lamprosomatinae [Lamprosomatini] B14
    |--Oomorphus B14
    |    |--O. concolor (Sturm 1807) B14
    |    `--O. japanus B14
    `--Lamprosoma B66
         |--L. alienum Bates 1866 B66
         |--L. concolor B66
         `--L. cupricolle L90a
  Donacia B14
  Sagrinae B14
  Eumolpinae [Eumolpidae, Pseudocolaspides] MT11
    |--Eka M30
    |--Trichochrysea hirta (Fabricius 1801) MT11
    |--Malegia Lefevre 1883 MT11
    |--Colaspoides MT11
    |--Cleorina aeneomicans (Baly 1867) [=Nodostoma aeneomicans; incl. C. aulica Lef. 1885] Le89a
    |--Colasposoma MT11
    |--Phytorus dilatatus Jacoby 1884 MT11
    |--Apolepis MT11
    |--Lepidocolaspis MT11
    |--Chloropterus B14
    |--Edusella abdominalis LB91
    |--Geloptera LB91
    |--Tomyris LB91
    |--Cleoporus badius Lefèvre 1889 Le89a
    |--Corynodes Le89a
    |--Nodostoma Le89a
    |--Dicolectes aulicus Lef. 1886 Le89b
    |--Eryxia baikiei Baly 1865 Le89b
    |--Colaspis L90a
    |--Sphaeropis humeralis Lef. 1878 L90a
    |--Phanaeta ruficollis Lef. 1878 L90a
    |--Iphimeis L90b
    |--Chalcophana cyanipennis Lefèvre 1890 L90b
    |--Agbalus violaceus [=Corysthea violacea] L90b
    |--‘Nephus’ Jacoby 1889 non Mulsant 1846 J89b
    |    `--*N. femoratus Jacoby 1889 J89b
    |--Chalcolema Jacoby 1890 MT11
    |    `--C. fulvicornis (Jacoby 1889) [=Platycorynus fulvicornis] MT11
    |--Osnaparis Fairmaire 1889 F89
    |    `--*O. nucea Fairmaire 1889 F89
    |--Leprotoides MT11
    |    |--L. flavipes Jacoby 1896 MT11
    |    `--L. hitamtitik Medvedev & Takizawa 2011 MT11
    |--Tricliona MT11
    |    |--T. oculata Medvedev & Takizawa 2011 MT11
    |    `--T. sulcatipennis Jacoby 1896 MT11
    |--Pagria MT11
    |    |--P. flavopustulata Baly 1874 MT11
    |    `--P. sumatrensis Lefevre 1887 MT11
    |--Aulacolepis Le89a
    |    |--A. decorata J89a
    |    `--A. mouhoti Baly 1863 Le89a
    |--Mouhotina Le89a
    |    |--M. rufipes Lefèvre 1889 Le89a
    |    `--M. tibialis (Lef. 1885) [=Stethotes tibialis] Le89a
    |--Nerissus Le89b
    |    |--N. affinis Lefèvre 1889 Le89b
    |    `--N. strigosus Chap. 1874 Le89b
    |--Syagrus Le89b
    |    |--S. alluaudi Lefèvre 1889 Le89b
    |    `--S. calcaratus (Fabr. 1775) (see below for synonymy) Le89b
    |--Menius Le89b
    |    |--M. aeratus [=Syagrus aeratus] Le89b
    |    `--M. tarsalis Lef. 1887 Le89b
    |--Lamprosphaerus L90a
    |    |--L. caeruleatus Lef. 1877 L90a
    |    `--L. minutus [=Chrysodina minuta] L90a
    |--Alethaxius L90b
    |    |--A. brevis Lefèvre 1890 L90b
    |    |--A. parvulus Lefèvre 1889 Le89c
    |    `--A. tuberculifer Lefèvre 1890 L90b
    |--Corysthea L90b
    |    |--C. ruficollis Lefèvre 1890 L90b
    |    `--C. rugulosa Lefèvre 1890 L90b
    |--Endocephalus L90b
    |    |--E. fasciatus Lefèvre 1890 L90b
    |    `--E. lefevrei Harold 1874 L90b
    |--Xanthonia Baly 1863 [incl. Icogramma Weise 1922] MT11
    |    |--X. insularis Medvedev & Takizawa 2011 MT11
    |    |--X. lineigera (Weise 1922) MT11
    |    `--X. minuta Pic 1929 MT11
    |--Aulexis MT11
    |    |--A. elongata J89a
    |    |--A. pallida (Lefevre 1887) MT11
    |    `--A. tibialis Jacoby 1889 J89a
    |--Basilepta MT11
    |    |--B. flavescens (Motschulsky 1866) [incl. Nodostoma beccarii Jacoby 1884] MT11
    |    |--B. nigromarginata (Jacoby 1896) MT11
    |    `--B. simplex (Jacoby 1884) MT11
    |--Pseudocolaspis Le89b
    |    |--P. albostriata G89
    |    |--P. setosa Lucas 1846 E12
    |    `--P. setulosa Lef. 1887 Le89b
    |--Choris Lefèvre 1877 [incl. Mevania Harold 1874 non Stäl 1865] L90a
    |    |--C. kirschi (Har. 1874) [=Mevania kirschi] L90a
    |    |--C. lateralis Lef. 1877 L90a
    |    `--C. nucea Lef. 1877 L90a
    |--Rhabdopterus L90a
    |    |--R. circumdatus Lefèvre 1889 Le89c
    |    |--R. cuprinus Lefèvre 1890 L90a
    |    |--R. fulvipes L90a
    |    `--R. obsitus Lef. 1885 L90a
    |--Typophorus L90a
    |    |--T. annulatus Lef. 1877 L90a
    |    |--T. exilis Lef. 1878 L90a
    |    `--T. viridicyaneus (Crotch 1873) [=Paria viridicyanea; incl. T. sturmi Lef. 1877] L90a
    |--Abirus MT11
    |    |--A. flavopilosus Jacoby 1884 MT11
    |    |--A. fortunei (Baly 1861) [=Dermorhytis fortunei] F89
    |    |--A. harmandi Lef. 1876 Le89a
    |    `--A. piceipes J89b
    |--Scelodonta MT11
    |    |--S. dillwyni (Stephens 1831) MT11
    |    |--S. nitidula Baly 1864 Le89a
    |    |--S. strigicollis J89a
    |    `--S. vittata [=Eumolpus vittatus, Heteraspis vittata] Le89a
    |--Chrysochus B14
    |    |--C. asclepiadeus C01
    |    |--C. auratus (Fabricius 1775) B14
    |    |--C. cobaltinus B14
    |    `--C. pulcher J89a
    |--Chrysodina L90a
    |    |--C. cribricollis Lefèvre 1890 L90a
    |    |--C. laevicollis Lefèvre 1885 L90a
    |    |--C. parvula Lef. 1885 L90a
    |    `--C. tibialis Lefèvre 1890 L90a
    |--Nodonota L90a
    |    |--N. laeta Lef. 1878 L90a
    |    |--N. simoni Lefèvre 1890 L90a
    |    |--N. singularis Lefèvre 1890 L90a
    |    `--N. tuberculata Lef. 1875 L90a
    |--Ephyraea Lefèvre 1890 L90a
    |    |--E. castanea Lefèvre 1890 L90a
    |    |--E. chapuisi (Har. 1874) [=Chrysodina chapuisi] L90a
    |    |--E. glaucescens Lefèvre 1890 L90a
    |    `--E. hypomelas Lefèvre 1890 L90a
    |--Talurus Lefèvre 1890 L90b
    |    |--*T. rugosus [=Rhabdopterus rugosus] L90b
    |    |--T. fulgens Lefèvre 1890 L90b
    |    |--T. picitarsis Lefèvre 1890 L90b
    |    `--T. salvini [=Rhabdopterus salvini] L90b
    |--Aoria Baly 1863 MT11
    |    |--A. bowringii (Baly 1860) [=Adoxus bowringii] Le89a
    |    |--A. nigripes (Baly 1860) [=Adoxus nigripes] Le89a
    |    |--A. pusilla Lefèvre 1889 Le89a
    |    |--A. quinquemaculata Bates 1866 B66
    |    `--A. rufotestacea Fairmaire 1889 F89
    |--Nodina MT11
    |    |--N. baliana Medvedev & Takizawa 2011 MT11
    |    |--N. chalcosoma J89a
    |    |--N. fulvitarsis Jacoby 1896 MT11
    |    |--N. pusilla Motsch. 1858 Le89a
    |    `--N. rotundata Motsch. 1858 Le89a
    |--Rhyparida MT11
    |    |--R. armata Jacoby 1889 J89b
    |    |--R. bimaculata Jacoby 1889 J89a
    |    |--R. microdentata Medvedev & Takizawa 2011 MT11
    |    |--R. morosa B70
    |    `--R. nigrosignata Jacoby 1884 MT11
    |--Callisina MT11
    |    |--C. fasciata Baly 1860 MT11
    |    |    |--C. f. fasciata MT11
    |    |    |--C. f. baliana Medvedev & Takizawa 2011 MT11
    |    |    `--C. f. javana Medvedev & Takizawa 2011 MT11
    |    `--C. quadripustulata J89a
    |--Eumolpus L02
    |    |--E. cyanellus Dejean in Boisduval 1835 B35
    |    |--E. pictus Perty 1832 [incl. Balya quadrimaculata Jacoby 1882] L90b
    |    |--E. pretiosus L02
    |    |--E. quattuorpunctatus L02
    |    |--E. surinamensis Fabr. 1775 L90a
    |    `--E. vitis [=Cryptocephalus (Eumolpus) vitis] G20
    |--Pachnephorus MT11
    |    |--P. canus B14
    |    |--P. cylindricus Lucas 1846 E12
    |    |--P. porosus Baly 1878 MT11
    |    |--P. seriatus Lef. 1887 Le89a
    |    |--P. tessellatus (Duftschmid 1825) B14
    |    `--P. variegatus Lef. 1887 Le89a
    |--Platycorynus Chevrolat 1837 MT11
    |    |--P. approximans Baly 1864 MT11
    |    |--P. fraternus (Baly 1964) MT11
    |    |--P. hijau Medvedev & Takizawa 2011 MT11
    |    |--P. lefevrei (Jacoby 1895) MT11
    |    |--P. rufescens Medvedev & Takizawa 2011 MT11
    |    `--P. rufipennis Pic 1934 MT11
    |--Myochrous Le89c
    |    |--M. armatus Le89c
    |    `--M. curculionoides Lefèvre 1889 Le89c
    `--Euryope hoehneli Lefèvre 1890 L90c
  ‘Aletes’ Chapuis 1874 nec Rafinesque 1815 nec Carpenter 1857 N47
  Systena lherminieri [incl. S. pallida] FS90
  Oxygona Chv. 1847 FS90
    `--O. pallens Fab. 1792 [incl. O. modesta] FS90
  Pseudodisonycha turquinensis Blake 1956 B56
  Griburius larvatus AT01
  Bassareus croceipennis AT01
  Metachroma gracile Black 1937 B37
  Megistops B37
    |--M. adulta B37
    |--M. fictor B37
    |--M. lugubrina B37
    |--M. ornatus B37
    |--M. pretiosus B37
    |--M. quattuornotata B37
    |--M. rubropustulata B37
    `--M. tabebuiae Blake 1937 B37
  Paratrikona Spaeth 1923 B37
    |--P. lerouxi [=Trikona lerouxi] B37
    |--P. ovata Blake 1938 B38
    |--P. turrifera [=Trikona turrifera] B37
    `--P. turritella Blake 1937 B37
  Batonota Hope 1839 B37
  Akantaka Maulik 1916 B37
  Trikona Maulik 1916 B37
    `--T. humeralis B37
  Elytrogona nigrodorsata Blake 1937 B37
  Chalcosicya B38
    |--C. costata Blake 1938 B38
    |--C. ditrichota Blake 1938 B38
    |--C. maestrensis B38
    |--C. nana B38
    `--C. rotunda Blake 1938 B38
  Anisodera P92
  Chalepus praeustus [=Odontota praeusta] FS90
  Criocerina P92
  Electrolema P92
  Hadroscelus P92
  Inclusus P92
  Oposispa P92
  Protanisodera P92
  Sucinagonia P92
  Profidia Gresset 1963 P92
    `--*P. nitida Gresset 1963 P92
  Palaeothona Jac. 1885 FS90
    `--P. semifulva Jac. 1885 [incl. P. smaragdipennis] FS90
  Euplectroscelis Crotch 1873 FS90
    `--E. variabilis Jac. 1885 [incl. E. variabilis var. rubra Fleutiaux & Sallé 1890] FS90
  Homophyla Har. 1877 FS90
    `--H. krugi Weise 1885 FS90
  Homophoeta Er. 1847 FS90
    `--H. aequinoctialis Linné 1758 [incl. H. aequinoctialis var. albicollis Fab. 1787, H. leucospila] FS90
  Cerotoma Chv. 1843 FS90
    |--C. ruficornis Ol. 1791 [incl. C. decorata, C. denticornis] FS90
    `--C. trifurcata WR-SG01
  Melanispa Baly 1858 FS90
    `--M. truncata Baly 1858 FS90
  Mesomphalia Hope 1838 FS90
    |--M. aenea Ol. 1790 FS90
    `--M. exclamationis Linné 1767 FS90
  Chelymorpha Boh. 1854 FS90
    |--C. argus G17
    |--C. cribraria Fab. 1775 [incl. C. apiata, C. multipunctata] FS90
    `--C. polysticha Boh. 1854 FS90
  Selenis Hope 1839 FS90
    `--S. spinifex Linné 1763 [incl. S. cerastes] FS90
  Omoplata Hope 1840 FS90
    `--O. distincta Boh. 1854 FS90
  Coptocycla Boh. 1855 FS90
    |--C. bistripunctata Ol. 1790 [incl. C. aurichalcea, C. sexpunctata] FS90
    |--C. cruciata Linné 1767 [incl. C. crux, C. cruciata var. fuliginosa, C. vicina] FS90
    `--C. guadeloupensis Boh. 1855 [incl. C. gemmea] FS90
  Anomalonyx Weise 1903 BP02
  Hispinae MT11

Phytodecta linnaeana [incl. P. linnaeana var. decostigma, P. linnaeana var. nigricollis, P. linnaeana var. orientalis] C01

Syagrus calcaratus (Fabr. 1775) [=Cryptocephalus calcaratus, Eumolpus calcaratus; incl. Typophorus buqueti Dej. 1837, Syagrus buqueti, Brevicolaspis ruficollis Thomson 1858] Le89b

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AM07] Acosta, L. E., & G. Machado. 2007. Diet and foraging. In: Pinto-da-Rocha, R., G. Machado & G. Giribet (eds) Harvestmen: The Biology of Opiliones pp. 309–338. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[AT01] Arnett, R. H., Jr & M. C. Thomas (eds) 2001. American Beetles vol. 1. Archostemata, Myxophaga, Adephaga, Polyphaga: Staphyliniformia. CRC Press: Boca Raton.

[BHM08] Baert, L., F. Hendrickx & J.-P. Maelfait. 2008. Allozyme characterization of Hogna species (Araneae, Lycosidae) of the Galápagos Archipelago. Journal of Arachnology 36 (2): 411–417.

[B66] Bates, H. W. 1866. On a collection of Coleoptera from Formosa sent home by R. Swinhoe, Esq., H. B. M. Consul, Formosa. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 339–355.

[B37] Blake, D. H. 1937. Ten new species of West Indian Chrysomelidae (Coleoptera). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 39 (4): 67–78.

[B38] Blake, D. H. 1938. Eight new species of West Indian Chrysomelidae. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 40 (2): 44–52.

[B56] Blake, D. H. 1956. Three new Neotropical flea beetles. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 46 (5): 142–144.

[B35] Boisduval, J. B. 1835. Voyage de Découvertes de l’Astrolabe. Exécuté par ordre du Roi, pendant les années 1826–1827–1828–1829, sous le commandement de M. J. Dumont d'Urville. Faune entomologique de l'océan Pacifique, avec l'illustration des insectes nouveaux recueillis pendant le voyage vol. 2. Coléoptères et autres ordres. J. Tastu: Paris.

[BP02] Bologna, M. A., & J. D. Pinto. 2002. The Old World genera of Meloidae (Coleoptera): a key and synopsis. Journal of Natural History 36 (17): 2013–2102.

[B88] Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[B14] Bouchard, P. (ed.) 2014. The Book of Beetles: A lifesize guide to six hundred of nature's gems. Ivy Press: Lewes (United Kingdom).

[B70] Britton, E. B. 1970. Coleoptera (beetles). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 495–621. Melbourne University Press.

[C01] Csiki, E. 1901. Bogarak [Coleopteren]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 75–120. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[DL99] Dyer, L. A., & D. K. Letourneau. 1999. Relative strengths of top-down and bottom-up forces in a tropical forest community. Oecologia 119: 265–274.

[E12] Evenhuis, N. L. 2012. Publication and dating of the Exploration Scientifique de l’Algérie: Histoire Naturelle des Animaux Articulés (1846–1849) by Pierre Hippolyte Lucas. Zootaxa 3448: 1–61.

[F89] Fairmaire, L. 1889. Coléoptères de l'intérieur de la Chine. 5^e partie. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 6^e série 9: 5–84.

[F92] Fan Z. 1992. Key to the Common Flies of China 2^nd ed. Science Press: Beijing.

[F05] Fernández, J. 2005. Noticia de nuevos táxones para la ciencia en el ámbito Íbero-Balear y Macaronésico. Nuevos táxones animales descritos en la península Ibérica y Macaronesia desde 1994 (IX). Graellsia 61 (2): 261–282.

[FS90] Fleutiaux, E., & A. Sallé. 1890. Liste des coléoptères de la Guadeloupe et descriptions d’espèces nouvelles. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 6^e série 9: 351–484.

[G89] Gestro, R. 1889. Viaggio ab Assab nel Mar Rosso dei signori G. Doria ed O. Beccari con il R. Avviso “Esploratore” dal 16 Novembre 1879 al 26 Febbraio 1880.—IV. Coleotteri. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2^a, 7: 5–72.

[G17] Girault, A. A. 1917. Descriptiones hymenopterorum chalcidoidicarum variorum cum observationibus. III. Privately published (reprinted in: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 102–111).

[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[G05] Grissell, E. E. 2005. A review of North American species of Microdontomerus Crawford (Torymidae: Hymenoptera). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 14 (1): 22–65.

[H91] Hokkanen, H. M. T. 1991. Trap cropping in pest management. Annual Review of Entomology 36: 119–138.

[J89a] Jacoby, M. 1889a. Viaggio di Leonardo Fea in Birmania e regioni vicine. XVII.—List of the phytophagous Coleoptera obtained by Signor L. Fea at Burmah and Tenasserim, with descriptions of the new species. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2^a, 7: 147–237.

[J89b] Jacoby, M. 1889b. List of the phytophagous Coleoptera collected by Signor Modigliani at Nias and Sumatra, with descriptions of the new species. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2^a, 7: 278–287.

[L02] Latreille, P. A. 1802. Histoire Naturelle, générale et particulière des crustacés et des insectes vol. 3. Familles naturelles des genres. F. Dufart: Paris.

[LB91] Lawrence, J. F., & E. B. Britton. 1991. Coleoptera (beetles). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 543–683. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[Le89a] Lefèvre, É. 1889a. Contribution a la faune Indo-Chinoise. 4^e mémoire. Cryptocéphalides, clytrides et eumolpides. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 6^e série 9: 287–299.

[Le89b] Lefèvre, É. 1889b. Voyage de M. Ch. Alluaud dans le territoire d'Assinie (Afrique occidentale) en juillet et août 1886. 5^e mémoire. Eumolpides. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 6^e série 9: 300–302.

[Le89c] Lefèvre, É. 1889c. Diagnoses suivantes de trois nouvelles espèces d'eumolpides. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 6^e série 9: xx–xxi.

[L90a] Lefèvre, É. 1890a. Voyage de M. E. Simon au Venezuela (Décembre 1887–Avril 1888). 6^e mémoire. Clytrides, lamprosomides et eumolpides. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 6^e série 9: 329–336.

[L90b] Lefèvre, É. 1890b. Descriptions d'un genre nouveau et de plusieurs nouvelles espèces de coléoptères phytophages de la famille des Eumolpídes. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 6^e série 9: 337–340.

[L90c] Lefèvre, É. 1890c. Description d'une nouvelle espèce de coléoptère de la famille des eumolpides. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 6^e série 9: clix–clx.

[Lu89] Lucas, H. 1889. Notes suivantes. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 6^e série 9: xc–xci.

[M30] Maulik, S. 1930. Chrysomelid Coleoptera of the subfamilies Eumolpinae, Galerucinae, and Halticinae from the Seychelles and other islands of the western Indian Ocean. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London 141: 21–22.

[MW15] McKenna, D. D., A. L. Wild, K. Kanda, C. L. Bellamy, R. G. Beutel, M. S. Caterino, C. W. Farnum, D. C. Hawks, M. A. Ivie, M. L. Jameson, R. A. B. Leschen, A. E. Marvaldi, J. V. McHugh, A. F. Newton, J. A. Robertson, M. K. Thayer, M. F. Whiting, J. F. Lawrence, A. Ślipiński, D. R. Maddison & B. D. Farrell. 2015. The beetle tree of life reveals that Coleoptera survived end-Permian mass extinction to diversify during the Cretaceous terrestrial revolution. Systematic Entomology 40 (4): 835–880.

[MT11] Medvedev, L. N., & H. Takizawa. 2011. Leaf beetles of the subfamily Eumolpinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) from Bali, Indonesia. Serangga 16 (1): 7–27.

[N47] Newell, I. M. 1947. A systematic and ecological study of the Halacaridae of eastern North America. Bulletin of the Bingham Oceanographic Collection 10 (3): 1–232.

[N57] Nicholson, A. J. 1957. The self-adjustment of populations to change. Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology 22: 153–172.

[O49] Oliver, A. P. 1949. The fatty acid composition of Hemideina thoracica White. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand 77 (3): 321–324.

[P92] Poinar, G. O., Jr. 1992. Life in Amber. Stanford University Press: Stanford.

[P02] Ponomarenko, A. G. 2002. Superorder Scarabaeidea Laicharting, 1781. Order Coleoptera Linné, 1758. The beetles. In: Rasnitsyn, A. P., & D. L. J. Quicke (eds) History of Insects pp. 164–176. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.

[QI93] Quicke, D. L. J., & S. N. Ingram. 1993. Braconine wasps of Australia. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 33 (1): 299–336.

[RCT07] Ragusa Di Chiara, S., H. Tsolakis, E. Ragusa, G. Alonzo & F. Saiano. 2007. Effects of some botanical pesticides on Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acariformes, Tetranychidae) and its predator Cydnodromus californicus (McGregor) (Parasitiformes, Phytoseiidae) in laboratory trials. In: Morales-Malacara, J. B., V. M. Behan-Pelletier, E. Ueckermann, T. M. Pérez, E. G. Estrada-Venegas & M. Badii (eds) Acarology XI: Proceedings of the International Congress pp. 347–354. Instituto de Biología and Faculdad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Sociedad Latinoamericana de Acarología: México.

[R13] Reuter, O. M. 1913. Lebensgewohnheiten und Instinkte der Insekten bis zum Erwachen der sozialen Instinkte. R. Friedländer & Sohn: Berlin.

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10^th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

[RJ93] Ross, A. J., & E. A. Jarzembowski. 1993. Arthropoda (Hexapoda; Insecta). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 363–426. Chapman & Hall: London.

[SW07] Schöller, M., & V. Witte. 2007. A review of the genus Clytrasoma Jacoby 1908, with description of a new species collected within a Camponotus sp. ant-nest (Insecta: Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae; Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 87 (1): 51–61.

[SJ73] Slobodchikoff, C. W., & C. D. Johnson. 1973. A phenetic and a phylogenetic approach to the classification of a genus of seed beetles (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). Systematic Zoology 22 (3): 280–294.

[TG96] Tadros, M. S., & B. B. A. Gobrial. 1996. Ecological studies of mites infesting grains, legumes, and their by-products in Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt. In: Mitchell, R., D. J. Horn, G. R. Needham & W. C. Welbourn (eds) Acarology IX vol. 1. Proceedings pp. 651–655. Ohio Biological Survey: Columbus (Ohio).

[T27] Thomson, G. M. 1927. The pollination of New Zealand flowers by birds and insects. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 106–125.

[V09] Verdcourt, B. (ed.) 2009. Additions to the Wild Fauna and Flora of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. XXVI. Miscellaneous records. Kew Bulletin 64 (1): 183–194.

[WP99] Walter, D. E. & H. C. Proctor. 1999. Mites: Ecology, Evolution and Behaviour. CABI Publishing: Wallingford (UK).

[WR-SG01] Wang, S. F., T. J. Ridsdill-Smith & E. L. Ghisalberti. 2001. Resistance in pasture legumes to redlegged earth mite Halotydeus destructor (Tucker) (Acari: Penthaleidae). In: Halliday, R. B., D. E. Walter, H. C. Proctor, R. A. Norton & M. J. Colloff (eds) Acarology: Proceedings of the 10^th International Congress pp. 328–341. CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.

[WFS04] Winks, C. J., S. V. Fowler & L. A. Smith. 2004. Invertebrate fauna of boneseed, Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. monilifera (L.) T. Norl. (Asteraceae: Calenduleae), an invasive weed in New Zealand. New Zealand Entomologist 27: 61–72.

[ZS10] Zborowski, P., & R. Storey. 2010. A Field Guide to Insects in Australia 3^rd ed. Reed New Holland: Sydney.

Byrrhoidea

Heterocerus fenestratus, copyright Udo Schmidt.

Belongs within: Elateriformia.
Contains: Dryopidae, Ptilodactylidae, Psephenidae, Elmidae, Limnichidae.

The Byrrhoidea are a clade of often aquatic or riparian beetles that commonly have a specialised mode of wing-folding (Lawrence & Britton 1991).

<==Byrrhoidea [Dryopoidea, Psephenoidea] MW15
    |  i. s.: Sinodryopites Hong 2002 [Sinodryopitidae] H02
    |           `--*S. ovalifemorales Hong 2002 H02
    |         Expansifemoria Hong 2002 H02
    |           `--*E. orientalis Hong 2002 H02
    |         Brachypodites Hong 2002 H02
    |           `--*B. liaoningensis Hong 2002 H02
    |         Actinocerites Hong 2002 H02
    |           `--*A. punctatus Hong 2002 H02
    |--Byrrhidae MW15
    |    |  i. s.: Notolioon gemmatus (Lea 1920) [=Pedilophorus gemmatus] B14
    |    |         Cytilus B14
    |    |           |--C. alternatus (Say 1825) B14
    |    |           |--C. avunculus F89
    |    |           `--C. mimicus B14
    |    |--Byrrhinae MW15
    |    |    |--Byrrhus KB11
    |    |    |    |--B. australis B35
    |    |    |    |--B. pilula L02
    |    |    |    |--B. raucus Blackb. 1891 M96
    |    |    |    `--B. torrensensis Blackb. 1889 M96
    |    |    `--Simplocaria semistriata MW15
    |    `--Syncalyptinae KB11
    |         |--Chaetophora spinosa KB11
    |         |--Curimopsis setigera KB11
    |         |--Syncalypta P92
    |         `--Microchaetes MW15
    `--+--+--+--Dryopidae MW15
       |  |  `--Lutrochus [Lutrochidae] MW15
       |  |       |--L. arizonicus MW15
       |  |       `--L. germari Grouvelle 1889 B14
       |  `--Callirhipidae MW15
       |       |--Horatocera B14
       |       |--Zenoa picea B14
       |       |--Ennometes lacordairei LB91, M86
       |       |--Celadonia laportei (Hope 1846) B14
       |       |    |--C. l. laportei B14
       |       |    `--C. l. nigroimpressa B14
       |       `--Callirrhipis Latr. 1829 FS90
       |            |--C. cardwellensis LB91
       |            |--C. dejeanii B35
       |            |--C. insularis Cast. 1835 FS90
       |            |--C. lacordairei Cast. 1834 FS90
       |            |--C. lherminieri Cast. 1834 [incl. C. brunnea Cast. 1834] FS90
       |            `--C. ruficornis M86
       `--+--+--+--Ptilodactylidae MW15
          |  |  `--Podabrocephalus [Podabrocephalidae] MW15
          |  |       `--P. sinuaticollis Pic 1913 B14
          |  `--+--Anchycteis [Anchytarsinae] MW15
          |     |    `--A. velutina MW15
          |     `--Cneoglossa [Cneoglossidae] MW15
          |          |--C. edsoni B14
          |          `--C. lampyroides Champion 1897 B14
          `--+--+--Psephenidae MW15
             |  `--+--Elmidae MW15
             |     `--Eulichadidae MW15
             |          |--Stenocolus scutellaris MW15
             |          `--Eulichas B14
             |               |--E. sausai B14
             |               `--E. serricornis Hájek 2009 B14
             `--+--Chelonariidae MW15
                |    |--Brounia thoracica LE04
                |    `--+--Pseudochelonarium LE04
                |       `--Chelonarium Fab. 1801 LE04, FS90
                |            |--C. atrum L02
                |            |--C. australicum LB91
                |            |--C. ornatum Klug 1825 B14
                |            |--C. pilosellum Chv. 1880 FS90
                |            `--C. signatum B14
                `--+--Limnichidae MW15
                   `--Heteroceridae MW15
                        |--Elythomerus elongatulus LB91
                        |--Lanternarius gemmatus C91
                        |--Augyles maritimus KB11
                        |--Heterocerites kobdoensis Ponomarenko 1986 RJ93
                        `--Heterocerus MW15 [incl. Neoheterocerus B14; Heterocerinae]
                             |--H. angustatus B14
                             |--H. fenestratus MW15
                             |--H. flindersi Blackb. 1887 M96
                             |--H. gnatho LeConte 1863 B14
                             |--H. indistinctus Blackb. 1891 M96
                             |--H. lituratus G89
                             |--H. marginatus L02
                             |--H. multimaculatus Blackb. 1887 M96
                             |--H. salinus C01
                             `--H. victoriae Blackb. 1891 M96

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B35] Boisduval, J. B. 1835. Voyage de Découvertes de l’Astrolabe. Exécuté par ordre du Roi, pendant les années 1826–1827–1828–1829, sous le commandement de M. J. Dumont d'Urville. Faune entomologique de l'océan Pacifique, avec l'illustration des insectes nouveaux recueillis pendant le voyage vol. 2. Coléoptères et autres ordres. J. Tastu: Paris.

[B14] Bouchard, P. (ed.) 2014. The Book of Beetles: A lifesize guide to six hundred of nature's gems. Ivy Press: Lewes (United Kingdom).

[C91] Chapman, R. F. 1991. General anatomy and function. In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 1 pp. 33–67. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[C01] Csiki, E. 1901. Bogarak [Coleopteren]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 75–120. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[F89] Fairmaire, L. 1889. Coléoptères de l'intérieur de la Chine. 5^e partie. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 6^e série 9: 5–84.

[FS90] Fleutiaux, E., & A. Sallé. 1890. Liste des coléoptères de la Guadeloupe et descriptions d’espèces nouvelles. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 6^e série 9: 351–484.

[G89] Grouvelle, A. 1889. Voyage de M. E. Simon au Venezuela (Décembre 1887–Avril 1888). Coléoptéres, 2^e mémoire. Cucujidae, Rhysodidae, Dryopidae, Cyathoceridae, Heteroceridae. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 6^e série 9: 157–166, pl. 6.

[H02] Hong Y. 2002. Amber Insect of China. Beijing Scientific and Technological Publishing House.

[KB11] Kundrata, R., & L. Bocak. 2011. The phylogeny and limits of Elateridae (Insecta, Coleoptera): is there a common tendency of click beetles to soft-bodiedness and neoteny? Zoologica Scripta 40: 364–378.

[L02] Latreille, P. A. 1802. Histoire Naturelle, générale et particulière des crustacés et des insectes vol. 3. Familles naturelles des genres. F. Dufart: Paris.

[LB91] Lawrence, J. F., & E. B. Britton. 1991. Coleoptera (beetles). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers vol. 2 pp. 543–683. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[LE04] Leschen, R., & J. Early. 2004. New collection of Brounia thoracica (Coleoptera: Chelonariidae). Weta 27: 15–21.

[M86] Masters, G. 1886. Catalogue of the described Coleoptera of Australia. Part IV. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (2): 259–380.

[M96] Masters, G. 1896. Catalogue of the described Coleoptera of Australia. Supplement, part II. Dytiscidae, Gyrinidae, Hydrophyllidae, Staphylinidae, Pselaphidae, Paussidae, Silphidae, Scaphididae, Histeridae, Phalacridae, Nitidulidae, Trogositidae, Colydiidae, Cucujidae, Cryptophagidae, Lathridiidae, Mycetophagidae, Dermestidae, Byrrhidae, Parnidae, Heteroceridae. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 21 (Suppl.): 695–754.

[MW15] McKenna, D. D., A. L. Wild, K. Kanda, C. L. Bellamy, R. G. Beutel, M. S. Caterino, C. W. Farnum, D. C. Hawks, M. A. Ivie, M. L. Jameson, R. A. B. Leschen, A. E. Marvaldi, J. V. McHugh, A. F. Newton, J. A. Robertson, M. K. Thayer, M. F. Whiting, J. F. Lawrence, A. Ślipiński, D. R. Maddison & B. D. Farrell. 2015. The beetle tree of life reveals that Coleoptera survived end-Permian mass extinction to diversify during the Cretaceous terrestrial revolution. Systematic Entomology 40 (4): 835–880.

[P92] Poinar, G. O., Jr. 1992. Life in Amber. Stanford University Press: Stanford.

[RJ93] Ross, A. J., & E. A. Jarzembowski. 1993. Arthropoda (Hexapoda; Insecta). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 363–426. Chapman & Hall: London.

Hylesininae

Black pine bark beetle Hylastes ater, copyright Aleksandrs Balodis.

Belongs within: Curculionidae.
Contains: Hylurgini, Hylesinini, Polygraphini, Crypturgini, Corthylini, Cryphalus, Xyloctonini, Hypoborini, Ipini, Dryocoetini, Xyleborini.

The name Hylesininae is available for a clade of bark beetles usually classified in recent years within the subfamily Scolytinae but suggested to be distinct by recent molecular phylogenies (e.g. Mugu et al. 2018).

<==Hylesininae W86
    |--+--+--Hylurgini MPJ18
    |  |  `--Hylastes Erichson 1836 M94 [Hylastini GC-P14, Hylastinides]
    |  |       |--*H. ater (Paykull 1800) [=Bostrichus ater, Hylesinus ater] M94
    |  |       |--H. brunneus RW02
    |  |       |--H. cunicularius RW02
    |  |       |--H. glabratus C01
    |  |       `--H. nigrinus W86
    |  `--Hylesinini GC-P14
    `--+--+--Polygraphini GC-P14
       |  `--Crypturgini GC-P14
       `--+--+--Corthylini GC-P14
          |  `--+--Cryphalus GC-P14
          |     `--Xyloctonini GC-P14
          `--+--Hypoborini GC-P14
             `--+--+--Premnobius Eichhoff 1878 W86 [incl. Premnophilus Browne 1962 W86; Premnobiini GC-P14]
                |  |    |--*P. cavipennis W86
                |  |    `--P. joveri [=Xyleborus joveri, *Premnophilus joveri] W86
                |  `--Ipini GC-P14
                `--+--Dryocoetini MPJ18
                   `--Xyleborini GC-P14

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C01] Csiki, E. 1901. Bogarak [Coleopteren]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 75–120. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[GC-P14] Gillett, C. P. D. T., A. Crampton-Platt, M. J. T. N. Timmermans, B. H. Jordal, B. C. Emerson & A. P. Vogler. 2014. Bulk de novo mitogenome assembly from pooled total DNA elucidates the phylogeny of weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea). Molecular Biology and Evolution 31 (8): 2223–2237.

[M94] May, B. M. 1994. An introduction to the immature stages of Australian Curculionoidea. In: Zimmerman, E. C. Australian Weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) vol. 2. Brentidae, Eurhynchidae, Apionidae and a chapter on immature stages by Brenda May pp. 365–728. CSIRO Australia.

[MPJ18] Mugu, S., D. Pistone & B. H. Jordal. 2018. New molecular markers resolve the phylogenetic position of the enigmatic wood-boring weevils Platypodinae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Arthropod Systematics and Phylogeny 76 (1): 45–58.

[RW02] Reay, S. D., & P. J. Walsh. 2002. Relative attractiveness of some volatiles to the introduced pine bark beetles, Hylastes ater and Hylurgus ligniperda (Curculionidae: Scolytinae). New Zealand Entomologist 25: 51–56.

[W86] Wood, S. L. 1986. A reclassification of the genera of Scolytidae (Coleoptera). Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs 10: 1–126.

Stenochiinae

Derosphaerus sp., from Matthews & Bouchard (2008).

Belongs within: Tenebrionidae.
Contains: Strongylium, Hypaulax, Omolipus, Apterotheca, Promethis.

The Stenochiinae are a group of often metallic-coloured darkling beetles that are most diverse in tropical regions.

Characters (from Matthews & Bouchard 2008): Labrum transverse, tormae with mesal extremities not or only slightly expanded, epitorma present, setal pattern symmetrical. Eye reniform. Antennae with scattered complex stellate sensoria on last 5–7 segments. Mandibular mola with fine striations. Corpotentorium present, more or less flat, sometimes sinuate. Procoxal cavities internally closed. Mesocoxal cavities closed in part by mesepimera. Elytral striae nine plus scutellary striole, sometimes effaced. Wing with large radial cell, long RP, diffuse apical flecks, often no medial fleck, with vein CuA₁ usually anastomosed with MP₃₊₄ for greater or lesser distance producing characteristic X configuration, apical field about one-quarter of wing length, wings sometimes absent. Legs not fossorial. Claws simple. Metendosternite without laminae. Dorsal edge of last abdominal ventrite with angular inner edge, or simply rounded. Defensive reservoirs usually transversely annulated by thickening of cuticle, with ample common volume, not eversible, glands draining by a single or more ducts. Ovipositor nearly always greatly modified, with coxite lobe 1 elongate and its baculus longitudinal, paraproct baculi transverse and often articulating at their outer extremities with ends of additional sclerites which articulate in turn with proctigeral baculi. Female tract often without primary bursa, although secondary bursa occasionally present, with long filamentous accessory gland apically expanded into spherical or fusiform spermatheca, without vaginal sclerites. Aedeagus with tegmen usually dorsal or lateral (rotated 60° to 90°), with median lobe adnate to tegmen, with well-developed alae formed as extensions of apical piece.

<==Stenochiinae [Coelometopinae] B14
    |  i. s.: Polposipus herculeanus Solier 1848 B14
    |         Alobates MB08
    |         Taraxides MB08
    |--Stenochiini [Strongyliini] B14
    |    |--Strongylium MB08
    |    |--Cuphotes B14
    |    `--Eutherama Carter 1914 MB08
    |         |--*E. cyaneum Carter 1914 MB08
    |         `--E. coeruleum Carter 1939 MB08
    `--Cnodalonini [Coelometopini] B14
         |--Xylopinus B14
         |--Coelocnemis B14
         |--Coelometopus B14
         |--Hypaulax MB08
         |--Omolipus MB08
         |--Apterotheca MB08
         |--Oenopion MB08
         |--Promethis MB08
         |--Neotheca Carter 1930 MB08
         |    `--*N. fusca Carter 1930 MB08
         |--Oectosis Pascoe 1869 MB08
         |    `--*O. cylindrica (Germar 1848) [=Upis cylindrica; incl. Menephilus longicollis Carter 1920] MB08
         |--Espites Pascoe 1882 MB08
         |    `--*E. basalis Pascoe 1882 [incl. Eucyrtus aurobasalis Fairmaire 1893] MB08
         |--Cnodalon Latreille 1802 L02
         |    |--*C. amethystinum L02
         |    `--C. viride [=Bolitophagus (Cnodalon) viridis] G20
         |--Upis B14
         |    |--U. ceramboides (Linnaeus 1758) B14
         |    `--U. lottinii Dupont in Boisduval 1835 B35
         |--Hydissus Pascoe 1869 [=Hydisus Gemminger & Harold 1870] MB08
         |    |--*H. feronioides (Pascoe 1866) [=Nyctobates feronioides] MB08
         |    `--H. vulgaris (Olliff 1889) [=Meneristes vulgaris] MB08
         |--Metisopus Bates 1873 MB08
         |    |--*M. purpureipennis Bates 1873 MB08
         |    `--M. curtulus (Olliff 1889) [=Meneristes curtulus, Hydissus curtulus] MB08
         |--Cuemus Bouchard 2000 MB08
         |    |--*C. monteithi Bouchard 2000 MB08
         |    `--C. cooki Bouchard 2000 MB08
         |--Campolene Pascoe 1863 MB08
         |    |--*C. nitida Pascoe 1863 MB08
         |    |--C. cyanea Carter 1927 MB08
         |    `--C. nitidior Carter 1937 MB08
         |--Bradymerus Perroud 1864 [incl. Isostira Pascoe 1870] MB08
         |    |--*B. tuberculatus Perroud 1864 MB08
         |    |--B. crenatus (Pascoe 1870) [=*Isostira crenata; incl. B. granaticollis Fairmaire 1883] MB08
         |    `--B. raucipennis (Blackburn 1892) [=Isostira raucipennis; incl. B. seriatus Gebien 1920] MB08
         |--Kaszaba Matthews & Doyen 1989 MB08
         |    |--*K. corvina (Erichson 1842) [=Tenebrio corvinus; incl. T. cyanipennis Hope 1843] MB08
         |    |--K. coerulescens (Haag-Rutenberg 1878) [=Menephilus coerulescens] MB08
         |    |--K. laeta (Carter 1914) [=Menephilus laetus] MB08
         |    `--K. pulchra (Carter 1924) [=Menephilus pulcher] MB08
         |--Chariotheca Pascoe 1860 [=Chariothes Carter 1914, Charitotheca Agassiz 1846 (n. n.)] MB08
         |    |--*C. coruscans Pascoe 1860 MB08
         |    |--C. planicollis (Fairmaire 1849) (see below for synonymy) MB08
         |    |--C. striatopunctata (Macleay 1887) (see below for synonymy) MB08
         |    `--C. subviolacea (Carter 1914) [=Chariothes subviolacea] MB08
         |--Androsus Gebien 1920 MB08
         |    |--*A. violaceus (Pascoe 1887) [=Chariotheca violacea] MB08
         |    |--A. brevis (Carter 1914) [=Menephilus brevis] MB08
         |    |--A. hackeri Carter 1933 MB08
         |    |--A. varipennis (Carter 1925) [=Chariothes varipennis] MB08
         |    `--A. wasselli Carter 1932 MB08
         |--Scotoderus Perroud 1864 [incl. Dechius Pascoe 1866, Gonespites Gebien 1920, Pelecypalpus Hinton 1947] MB08
         |    |--*S. cancellatus (Montrouzier 1860) (see below for synonymy) MB08
         |    |--‘*Pelecypalpus’ medon Hinton 1947 MB08
         |    |--S. scissicollis (Bates 1868) [=Dechius scissicollis] MB08
         |    |--‘*Gonespites’ subcrenatus Gebien 1920 MB08
         |    `--S. torridus (Carter 1911) (see below for synonymy) MB08
         |--Zophophilus Fairmaire 1881 [incl. Sphenothorax Gebien 1906, Teremenes Carter 1914] MB08
         |    |--*Z. curticornis Fairmaire 1881 [incl. Meneristes dentipes Carter 1914, Z. raptor Gebien 1920] MB08
         |    |--Z. lobatus (Carter 1928) [=Meneristes lobatus] MB08
         |    |--Z. longipennis (Hope 1843) [=Tenebrio longipennis] MB08
         |    |--Z. nigerrimus (Boisduval 1835) (see below for synonymy) MB08
         |    |--‘Tenebrio’ nitidulus Fabricius 1801 [=*Sphenothorax nitidulus] MB08
         |    |--Z. quadratus (Carter 1928) [=Meneristes quadratus] MB08
         |    `--Z. socius (Carter 1914) [=Teremenes socius] MB08
         |--Tetragonomenes Chevrolat 1878 [=Tetragonomecus Rye 1880; incl. Obriomaia Gebien 1927] MB08
         |    |--*T. semiviridis Chevrolat 1878 MB08
         |    |--T. aeneus (Carter 1905) [=Menephilus aeneus] MB08
         |    |--T. azuripennis (Carter 1914) [=Menephilus azuripennis] MB08
         |    |--T. intercoxalis (Kulzer 1951) [=Obriomaia intercoxalis] MB08
         |    |--T. ocularis (Kulzer 1951) [=Obriomaia ocularis] MB08
         |    |--T. ruficornis (Champion 1894) (see below for synonymy) MB08
         |    `--‘Eucyrtus’ subcostatus Fairmaire 1893 [=*Obriomaia subcostata] MB08
         `--Derosphaerus Thomson 1858 MB08
              |--*D. gibbicollis Thomson 1858 MB08
              |--D. atroviridis (Macleay 1887) [=Cholipus atroviridis] MB08
              |--D. bornemisszai Kaszab 1987 MB08
              |--D. excisipes (Carter 1914) [=Encyalesthus excisipes] MB08
              |--D. lawrencei Kaszab 1987 MB08
              |--D. matthewsi Kaszab 1987 MB08
              |--D. punctipennis (Pascoe 1866) MB08 [=Cholipus punctipennis MB08, Encyalesthus punctipennis M86]
              `--D. trochantericus Kaszab 1987 MB08

Chariotheca planicollis (Fairmaire 1849) [=Thesilea planicollis; incl. Augolesthus australasiae Motschulsky 1872, Chariotheca cupripennis Pascoe 1860, Thesilea impressicollis Fairmaire 1879, Olisthaena oblonga Blanchard 1853] MB08

Chariotheca striatopunctata (Macleay 1887) [=Decialma striatopunctata; incl. Chariothes doddi Carter 1924, D. viridipennis Macleay 1887] MB08

*Scotoderus cancellatus (Montrouzier 1860) [=Tenebrio (Iphthinus) cancellatus; incl. *Dechius aphodioides Pascoe 1866] MB08

Scotoderus torridus (Carter 1911) [=Alphitobius torridus, Pseuduloma torrida, Ulomimus torridus; incl. Scotoderus ulomoides Kaszab 1973] MB08

Tetragonomenes ruficornis (Champion 1894) [=Menephilus ruficornis; incl. M. insularis Lea 1908, Daedrosis rufipes Carter 1934] MB08

Zophophilus nigerrimus (Boisduval 1835) [=Tenebrio nigerrimus; incl. T. convexiusculus Hope 1843, Meneristes servulus Pascoe 1869] MB08

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B35] Boisduval, J. B. 1835. Voyage de Découvertes de l’Astrolabe. Exécuté par ordre du Roi, pendant les années 1826–1827–1828–1829, sous le commandement de M. J. Dumont d'Urville. Faune entomologique de l'océan Pacifique, avec l'illustration des insectes nouveaux recueillis pendant le voyage vol. 2. Coléoptères et autres ordres. J. Tastu: Paris.

[B14] Bouchard, P. (ed.) 2014. The Book of Beetles: A lifesize guide to six hundred of nature's gems. Ivy Press: Lewes (United Kingdom).

[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.

[L02] Latreille, P. A. 1802. Histoire Naturelle, générale et particulière des crustacés et des insectes vol. 3. Familles naturelles des genres. F. Dufart: Paris.

[M86] Masters, G. 1886. Catalogue of the described Coleoptera of Australia. Part IV. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (2): 259–380.

[MB08] Matthews, E. G., & P. Bouchard. 2008. Tenebrionid Beetles of Australia: Descriptions of tribes, keys to genera, catalogue of species. Australian Biological Resources Study: Canberra.

Corthylini

Yellow-banded timber beetle Monarthrum fasciatum, copyright Katja Schulz.

Belongs within: Curculionidae.
Contains: Conophthorus, Pityophthorus, Corthylus.

The Corthylini are a cosmopolitan group of bark beetles (not found in Australia) characterised by emarginate eyes, a strongly flattened antennal club, and relatively slender tibiae. Members may be divided on the grounds of feeding habits between the phloeophagous Pityophthorina and the xylomycetophagous Corthylina, though the two subtribes are less clearly distinct morphologically. Phloeophagous species dominate in temperate regions whereas xylomycetophagous species are predominantly tropical (Wood 1986).

Characters (from Wood 1986): Frons usually dimorphic, either or both sexes feebly to strongly modified in sculpture and ornamentation; eye emarginate; scape usually elongate, rarely strongly flattened, funicle 1- to 5-segmented, club strongly flattened, sutures present or obsolete, frequently 1 and/or 2 septate; when present, sutures on posterior face little if any displaced toward apex; anterior slope of pronotum usually asperate, anterior margin frequently armed, lateral and basal margins frequently marked by a fine, raised line; procoxae contiguous, tibiae rather slender, their lateral margins rarely armed by more than four socketed teeth; metepisternal spine obsolete, replaced by small, transverse groove, thus making it possible for elytra in locked position to cover at least posterior two-thirds of metepisternum; vestiture usually hairlike, scales rarely present.

Corthylini [Amphicranidae, Araptidae, Corthyli, Pityophthoridae]
    |--Pityophthorina W86
    |    |  i. s.: Dacnophthorus Wood 1975 W86
    |    |           `--*D. clematis [=Gnathophthorus clematis] W86
    |    |         Mimiocurus Schedl 1957 [incl. Micracidendron Schedl 1957, Mimiophthorus Schedl 1957] W86
    |    |           |--*M. acuminatus W86
    |    |           |--M. montanus [=Brachydendrulus montanus, *Mimiophthorus montanus] W86
    |    |           `--‘*Micracidendron’ montanum non Brachydendrulus montanus W86
    |    |         Styphlosoma Blandoford 1904 W86
    |    |           `--*S. granulatum W86
    |    |         Phloeoterus Wood 1984 W86
    |    |           `--*P. burserae W86
    |    |         Araptus Eichhoff 1872 (see below for synonymy) W86
    |    |           |--*A. rufopalliatus W86
    |    |           |--A. argentiniae [=Breviophthorus argentiniae, *Gnathoborus argentiniae] W86
    |    |           |--A. costaricensis W86
    |    |           |--A. eggersi [=*Brachydendrulus eggersi] W86
    |    |           |--A. hymeneae [=*Neodryocoetes hymenaeae] W86
    |    |           |--A. laevigatus [=Pityophthorus laevigatus, *Neopityophthorus laevigatus] W86
    |    |           |--A. limax [=*Sphenoceros limax; incl. *Hypertensus reitteri (n. n.)] W86
    |    |           |--A. novateutonicus [=*Gnathocranus novateutonicus] W86
    |    |           `--A. volastos [=*Thamnophthorus volastos] W86
    |    |         Spermophthorus Costa Lima 1929 W86
    |    |           `--*S. apuleiae W86
    |    |         Pityoborus Blackman 1922 W86
    |    |           `--*P. comatus [=Crypturgus comatus] W86
    |    |         Pityotrichus Wood 1962 [=Pityophilus Blackman 1928 (preoc.)] W86
    |    |           `--*P. barbatus [=*Pityophilus barbatus] W86
    |    |         Gnatholeptus Blackman 1943 W86
    |    |           `--G. shannoni [=Pityophthorus shannoni; incl. *Gnatholeptus mandibularis]
    |    |         Pityodendron Schedl 1953 W86
    |    |           `--*P. madagascarensis W86
    |    |         Sauroptilius Browne 1970 W86
    |    |           `--*S. sauropterus [=Xyleborus sauropterus] W86
    |    |         Phelloterus Wood 1971 W86
    |    |           `--*P. tersus W86
    |    |--Pseudopityophthorus Swaine 1918 CG05, W86
    |    |    |--*P. minutissimus [=Crypturgus minutissimus] W86
    |    |    `--P. pubipennis CG05
    |    |--Dendroterus Blandford 1904 CG05, W86 [incl. Plesiophthorus Schedl 1940 W86, Xylochilus Schedl 1956 W86]
    |    |    |--*D. mexicanus W86
    |    |    |--D. perspectus [=*Plesiophthorus perspectus] W86
    |    |    |--D. sallaei [incl. *Xylochilus insularis] W86
    |    |    `--D. striatus CG05
    |    `--+--Conophthorus CG05
    |       `--Pityophthorus CG05
    `--Corthylina W86
         |--Gnatharus Wood & Yin 1986 W86
         |    `--*G. tibetensis W86
         |--Glochinocerus Blandford 1904 W86
         |    `--*G. retusipennis W86
         |--Brachyspartus Ferrari 1867 [=Thylurcos Schedl 1939] W86
         |    `--*B. moritzi [=*Thylurcos moritzi] W86
         |--Microcorthylus Ferrari 1867 W86
         |    `--*M. parvulus W86
         |--Corthycyclon Schedl 1951 W86
         |    `--*C. ustum W86
         |--Corthylocurus Wood 1966 W86
         |    `--*C. barbatus [=Brachyspartus barbatus] W86
         |--Metacorthylus Blandford 1904 W86
         |    |--*M. nigripennis W86
         |    `--M. velutinus [=*Paracorthylus velutinus] W86
         |--Amphicranus Erichson 1836 [incl. Piezorhopalus Guerin-Meneville 1838, Steganocranus Eichhoff 1878] W86
         |    |--*A. thoracicus [incl. *Piezorhopalus nitidulus] W86
         |    `--A. dohrni [=*Steganocranus dohrni] W86
         |--Tricolus Blandford 1905 [incl. Pterocyclonoides Schedl 1970] W86
         |    |--*T. ovicollis W86
         |    |--T. octodentatus [=*Pterocyclonoides octodentatus] W86
         |    `--T. peltatus W86
         |--Gnathotrichus Eichhoff 1869 (see below for synonymy) W86
         |    |--G. materiarius (see below for synonymy) W86
         |    |--G. pilosus (Leconte 1868) W86, B38 (see below for synonymy)
         |    |--G. primus [=*Prognathotrichus primus] W86
         |    |--‘Ancyloderes’ saltoni Blackman 1938 B38
         |    `--‘Cryphalus’ sulcatus [=*Gnathotrichoides sulcatus] W86
         |--Gnathotrupes Schedl 1951 (see below for synonymy) W86
         |    |--*G. bolivianus W86
         |    |--G. caliculus [=*Gnathocortus caliculus] W86
         |    |--G. impressus [=*Gnathoglochinus impressus] W86
         |    |--G. nothofagi [=*Gnathomimus nothofagi] W86
         |    `--G. terebratus [=*Gnathotrypanus terebratus] W86
         |--Monarthrum Kirsch 1866 (see below for synonymy) W86
         |    |--*M. chapuisi W86
         |    |--M. cincinnatum [=*Trypocranus cincinnatus] W86
         |    |--M. comatum [=*Eupteroxylon comatum] W86
         |    |--M. cristatum [=*Cosmocorynus cristatus] W86
         |    |--M. fasciatum W86 [=Bostrichus fasciatus W86, *Corthylomimus fasciatus W86, Pterocyclon fasciatum G38]
         |    |--M. ingens [=*Phthorius ingens] W86
         |    |--M. laterale [=*Pterocyclon laterale] W86
         |    `--M. rufipes [=*Anchonocerus rufipes] W86
         `--Corthylus W86

Araptus Eichhoff 1872 [incl. Brachydendrulus Schedl 1951, Gnathoborus Schedl 1970, Gnathocranus Schedl 1951, Hypertensus Hagedorn in Schedl 1950 (n. n.), Neodryocoetes Eggers 1933, Neopityophthorus Schedl 1938, Sphenoceros Schedl 1939, Thamnophthorus Schedl 1938] W86

Gnathotrichus Eichhoff 1869 [incl. Ancyloderes Blackman 1938, Gnathotrichoides Blackman 1931, Paraxyleborus Hoffmann 1942, Prognathotrichus Bright 1972] W86

Gnathotrichus materiarius [=Tomicus materiarius; incl. *G. corthyloides, Xyleborus duprezi, *Paraxyleborus duprezi] W86

Gnathotrichus pilosus (Leconte 1868) W86, B38 [=Cryphalus pilosus W86, *Ancyloderes pilosus W86, Cryphalus pilosulus Leconte 1868 B38, Pityophthorus pilosulus B38, Pseudopityophthorus pilosulus B38]

Gnathotrupes Schedl 1951 [incl. Gnathocortus Schedl 1975, Gnathoglochinus Schedl 1975, Gnathomimus Schedl 1975, Gnathotrypanus Wood 1968] W86

Monarthrum Kirsch 1866 [incl. Anchonocerus Eichhoff 1878, Corthylomimus Ferrari 1867, Cosmocorynus Ferrari 1867, Eupteroxylon Eggers 1936, Phthorius Eichhoff 1878, Pterocyclon Eichhoff 1869, Trypocranus Eichhoff 1878] W86

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B38] Blackman, M. W. 1938. Ancyloderes, a new genus of Scolytidae. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 40 (7): 204–206.

[CG05] Cognato, A. I., N. E. Gillette, R. C. Bolaños & F. A. H. Sperling. 2005. Mitochondrial phylogeny of pine cone beetles (Scolytinae, Conophthorus) and their affiliation with geographic area and host. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 36: 494–508.

[G38] Gurney, A. B. 1938. Minutes of the 489^th regular meeting of the Entomological Society of Washington. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 40 (4): 111–114.

[W86] Wood, S. L. 1986. A reclassification of the genera of Scolytidae (Coleoptera). Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs 10: 1–126.