Haloragaceae

Parrot's feather Myriophyllum aquaticum, copyright Harry Rose.

Belongs within: Hamamelidaceae.

The Haloragaceae are a group of often aquatic plants that are most diverse in the Southern Hemisphere (Hickman 1993).

Characters (from Hickman 1993): Annuals, perennials or shrubs, generally monoecious, generally aquatic. Leaves cauline, opposite, alternate, or whorled; submersed blades with pinnate, thread-like divisions; aerial leaves simple, entire to divided. Inflorescence a panicle, raceme, or spike; flowers 1 or clustered, short-pedicelled to more or less sessile. Flowers generally unisexual, small, biradial; calyx tube short, fused to ovary, lobes 2-4; petals generally 2-4; stamens 4 or 8, filaments generally short; ovary inferior, chambers 1-4, styles 2-4, separate, stigmas generally plumose. Fruit fleshy or nut-like, dehiscent or not. Seeds generally 1 per chamber.

Haloragaceae [Haloragales]
    |--Laurembergia YY22
    |--Haloragodendron glandulosum G04b
    |--Hippuridella stacheana Edwards 1932 CBH93
    |--Proserpinaca palustris CBH93, M83
    |--Glischrocaryon RL05
    |    |--G. aureum RL05
    |    |    |--G. a. var. aureum G04b
    |    |    `--G. a. var. angustifolium G04b
    |    `--G. flavescens G04a
    |--Gonocarpus LK14
    |    |--G. aggregatus W91
    |    |--G. chinensis LK14
    |    |--G. cordiger GK00
    |    |--G. hexandrus GK00
    |    |    |--G. h. ssp. hexandrus GK00
    |    |    `--G. h. ssp. integrifolius GK00
    |    |--G. implexus LK14
    |    |--G. leptothecus LK14
    |    |--G. nodulosus G04a
    |    |--G. paniculatus GK00
    |    `--G. pithyoides GK00
    |--Myriophyllum Linnaeus 1753 A61
    |    |--M. alterniflorum C55
    |    |--M. aquaticum [incl. M. brasiliense] H93
    |    |--M. callitrichoides LK14
    |    |    |--M. c. ssp. callitrichoides LK14
    |    |    `--M. c. ssp. striatum LK14
    |    |--M. costatum LK14
    |    |--M. crispatum LK14
    |    |--M. dicoccum LK14
    |    |--M. drummondii GK00
    |    |--M. elatinoides Gaud. 1825 A61
    |    |--M. exalbescens B97
    |    |--M. filiforme LK14
    |    |--M. heterophyllum H63
    |    |--M. hippuroides H93
    |    |--M. limnophilum GK00
    |    |--M. pedunculatum Hook. f. 1847 A61
    |    |--M. propinquum Cunn. 1839 (see below for synonymy) A61
    |    |--M. robustum Hook. f. 1864 A61
    |    |--M. sibiricum H93
    |    |--M. spicatum H06
    |    |--M. tenellum V72
    |    |--M. tillaeoides GK00
    |    |--M. trachycarpum LK14
    |    |--M. verrucosum LK14
    |    |--M. verticillatum D03
    |    `--M. votschii Schindler 1905 A61
    `--Haloragis Forster & Forster 1776 A61
         |  i. s.: H. aspera NDA05
         |         H. asperrima A61
         |         H. brownii GK00
         |         H. depressa (Cunn.) Walp. 1843 (see below for synonymy) A61
         |           |--H. d. var. depressa C06
         |           `--H. d. var. serpyllifolia [=Gonicarpus serpyllifolius; incl. G. vernicosus] C06
         |         H. exalata A61
         |         H. gossei KM08
         |         H. incana (Cunn.) Walp. 1843 (see below for synonymy) A61
         |         H. laevis A61
         |         H. masafuerana Skottsberg 1922 A61
         |         H. masatierrana Skottsberg 1922 A61
         |         H. micrantha (Thunb.) Br. ex Siebold & Zucc. 1843 (see below for synonymy) A61
         |         H. procumbens Cheesem. 1910 (see below for synonymy) A61
         |         H. salsoloides H87
         |         H. serra NDA05
         |         H. tetragyna A61 [=Goniocarpus tetragynus C06]
         |         H. trigonocarpa A61
         `--H. subsect. Cercodia A61
              |--H. cartilaginea Cheesem. 1897 [=H. alata var. cartilaginea Cheesem. 1906] A61
              |--H. colensoi Skottsberg 1922 A61
              `--H. erecta (Banks ex Murr.) Eichl. 1878 (see below for synonymy) A61

Haloragis depressa (Cunn.) Walp. 1843 [=Goniocarpus depressus Cunn. 1839; incl. H. aggregata Buchan. 1872, H. depressa var. aggregata (Buchan.) Kirk 1899, H. bibracteolata Col. 1890, H. uniflora var. bibracteolata (Col.) Schindler 1905, H. spicata Petrie 1887, H. depressa var. spicata (Petrie) Schindler 1905, H. uniflora Kirk 1877, H. depressa var. uniflora (Kirk) Cheesem. 1910] A61

Haloragis erecta (Banks ex Murr.) Eichl. 1878 [=Cercodia erecta Banks ex Murr. 1781; incl. H. alata Jacquin 1781, C. alternifolia Cunn. 1839, H. caprae Chiovenda & Vaccari 1933] A61

Haloragis incana (Cunn.) Walp. 1843 [=Cercodia incana Cunn. 1839, H. tetragyna var. incana Kirk 1899] A61

Haloragis micrantha (Thunb.) Br. ex Siebold & Zucc. 1843 [=Gonocarpus micranthus Thunb. 1783; incl. G. citriodorus Cunn. 18739, Haloragis minima Colenso 1886, H. tenella Brong. 1829 (preoc.)] A61

Haloragis procumbens Cheesem. 1910 [incl. H. tetragyna var. diffusa Hook. f. 1852, H. diffusa (Hook. f.) Ckn. 1909 non Diels 1904] A61

Myriophyllum propinquum Cunn. 1839 [=M. propinquum var. tenuifolium Schindler 1905; incl. M. propinquum var. genuinum Schindler 1905, M. intermedium Kirk 1899 (preoc.), M. variaefolium Hook. f. 1840] A61

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[B97] Brown, K. M. 1997. Temporal and spatial patterns of abundance in the gastropod assemblage of a macrophyte bed. American Malacological Bulletin 14 (1): 27–33.

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.

[CBH93] Collinson, M. E., M. C. Boulter & P. L. Holmes. 1993. Magnoliophyta (‘Angiospermae’). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 809–841. Chapman & Hall: London.

[D03] Dusén, P. 1903. The vegetation of western Patagonia. In: Scott, W. B. (ed.) Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896–1899 vol. 8. Botany pp. 1–34. The University: Princeton (New Jersey).

[G04a] Gibson, N. 2004a. Flora and vegetation of the Eastern Goldfields Ranges: part 6. Mt Manning Range. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (2): 35–47.

[G04b] Gibson, N. 2004b. Flora and vegetation of the Eastern Goldfields Ranges: part 7. Middle and South Ironcap, Digger Rock and Hatter Hill. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (2): 49–62.

[GK00] Gibson, N., & G. J. Keighery. 2000. Flora and vegetation of the Byenup-Muir reserve system, south-west Western Australia. CALMScience 3 (3): 323–402.

[H87] Haviland, E. 1887. Flowering seasons of Australian plants. No. I—List of plants indigenous in the neighbourhood of Sydney, flowering during July. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (4): 1049–1051.

[H63] Heard, W. H. 1963. Reproductive features of Valvata. Nautilus 77 (2): 64–68.

[H06] Henderson, L. 2006. Comparisons of invasive plants in southern Africa originating from southern temperate, northern temperate and tropical regions. Bothalia 36 (2): 201–222.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[KM08] Keighery, G. J., & W. Muir. 2008. Vegetation and vascular flora of Faure Island, Shark Bay, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 75: 11–19.

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[M83] Myers, R. L. 1983. Site susceptibility to invasion by the exotic tree Melaleuca quinquenervia in southern Florida. Journal of Applied Ecology 20: 645–658.

[NDA05] Nickrent, D. L., J. P. Der & F. E. Anderson. 2005. Discovery of the photosynthetic relatives of the "Maltese mushroom" Cynomorium. BMC Evolutionary Biology 5: 38.

[RL05] Rafferty, C., & B. B. Lamont. 2005. Selective feeding by macropods on vegetation regenerating following fire. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 88 (4): 155–165.

[V72] Voss, E. G. 1972. Michigan Flora. Part I. Gymnosperms and Monocots. Cranbrook Institute of Science and University of Michigan Herbarium.

[YY22] Yampolsky, C., & H. Yampolsky. 1922. Distribution of sex forms in the phanerogamic flora. Bibliotheca Genetica 3: 1–62.

Saxifragaceae

Iowa golden saxifrage Chrysosplenium iowense, copyright Tab Tannery.

Belongs within: Hamamelidaceae.
Contains: Heuchera, Saxifraga.

The Saxifragaceae are a diverse group of perennial herbs and subshrubs that are most diverse in temperate and boreal regions.

Characters (from Hickman 1993): Perennial or subshrub from caudex or rhizome, generally more or less hairy. Stem often more or less leafy on lower half, rarely trailing and leafy throughout. Leaves generally simple, basal or sometimes cauline, generally alternate, generally petioled; veins more or less palmate. Inflorescence a panicle, generally more or less scapose. Flowers generally bisexual, generally radial; hypanthium free to more or less fused to ovary; calyx lobes generally 5: petals generally 5, free, generally clawed, generally white; stamens generally 5 or 10; pistils 2 and simple or 1 and compound (chambers 1-2, placentas 2-4, axile or parietal), ovary superior to inferior, sometimes more superior in fruit, styles generally 2. Fruit 2 follicles or 2—4-valved capsule. Seeds generally many, small.

Saxifragaceae [Saxifragoideae]
    |--Saxifragella albowiana NDA05
    `--+--+--Astilbe [Astilboideae] NDA05
       |  |    `--A. taquetii NDA05
       |  `--+--+--Tanakaea radicans NDA05
       |     |  `--Leptarrhena pyrifolia NDA05
       |     `--+--+--Telesonix heucheriformis NDA05
       |        |  `--Jepsonia NDA05
       |        |       |--J. heterandra [=J. parryi var. heterandra] H93
       |        |       |--J. malvifolia H93
       |        |       `--J. parryi NDA05
       |        `--+--Sullivantia oregana NDA05
       |           `--+--Bolandra NDA05
       |              |    |--B. californica H93
       |              |    `--B. oregana NDA05
       |              `--Boykinia NDA05
       |                   |--B. intermedia NDA05
       |                   |--B. major H93
       |                   |--B. occidentalis [incl. B. elata] H93
       |                   `--B. rotundifolia NDA05
       `--+--+--+--Tolmiea menziesii NDA05
          |  |  `--Bensoniella oregona NDA05 [=Bensonia oregana H93]
          |  `--+--Elmera racemosa NDA05
          |     `--+--Tiarella NDA05
          |        |    |--T. polyphylla O88
          |        |    `--T. trifoliata H93
          |        |         |--T. t. var. trifoliata H93
          |        |         `--T. t. var. unifoliata H93
          |        `--+--Heuchera NDA05
          |           `--+--Tellima grandiflora NDA05
          |              `--Mitella NDA05
          |                   |--M. breweri H93
          |                   |--M. caulescens H93
          |                   |--M. diversifolia NDA05
          |                   |--M. nuda NDA05
          |                   |--M. ovalis H93
          |                   |--M. pentandra NDA05
          |                   `--M. trifida H93
          `--+--+--+--Astilboides tabularis NDA05
             |  |  |--Darmera peltata NDA05 [=Peltiphyllum peltatum H93]
             |  |  `--Rodgersia pinnata NDA05
             |  `--+--Mukdenia rosii NDA05
             |     `--Bergenia NDA05
             |          |--B. cordifolia JK80
             |          `--B. purpurascens O88
             `--+--Saxifraga NDA05
                `--+--Peltoboykinia tellimoides NDA05
                   `--Chrysosplenium Linnaeus 1753 NDA05, KC01
                        |--C. carnosum O88
                        |--C. forrestii O88
                        |--C. glechomifolium H93
                        |--C. iowense NDA05
                        |--C. nepalense O88
                        |--C. nudicaule O88
                        |    |--C. n. var. nudicaule O88
                        |    `--C. n. var. intermedium O88
                        |--C. tenellum O88
                        `--C. uniflorum O88

Saxifragaceae incertae sedis:
  Broussaissia YY22
  Jurraniodendron YY22
  Dedea YY22
  Suksdorfia ranunculifolia H93
  Lithophragma H93
    |--L. affine [incl. L. affine ssp. mixtum, L. tripartita] H93
    |--L. bolanderi [incl. L. scabrella] H93
    |--L. cymbalaria H93
    |--L. glabrum [incl. L. bulbiferum] H93
    |--L. heterophyllum H93
    |--L. maximum H93
    |--L. parviflorum H93
    |    |--L. p. var. parviflorum H93
    |    `--L. p. var. trifoliatum H93
    `--L. tenellum [incl. L. breviloba, L. rupicola] H93
  Saxifragopsis fragarioides [=Saxifraga fragarioides] H93
  Saxifragispermum spinosissimum Reid & Chandler 1933 CBH93
  Elmeria Ridl. 1905 KC01
  Adenanthemum P92
  Stephanostemon P92
  Micranthes BGS05
    |--M. engleri (Dalla Torre) Galasso, Banfi & Soldano in Banfi, Galasso & Soldano 2005 (see below for synonymy) BGS05
    |--‘Saxifraga’ gageana WO88
    |--‘Saxifraga’ pallida WO88
    `--M. stellaris (L.) Galasso, Banfi & Soldano in Banfi, Galasso & Soldano 2005 (see below for synonymy) BGS05
  Cascadia BGS05
  Oresitrophe BGS05

Micranthes engleri (Dalla Torre) Galasso, Banfi & Soldano in Banfi, Galasso & Soldano 2005 [=Saxifraga engleri Dalla Torre 1882, S. stellaris ssp. engleri; incl. S. stellaris ssp. alpigena, S. stellaris ssp. robusta] BGS05

Micranthes stellaris (L.) Galasso, Banfi & Soldano in Banfi, Galasso & Soldano 2005 [=Saxifraga stellaris L. 1753] BGS05

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BGS05] Banfi, E., G. Galasso & A. Soldano. 2005. Notes on systematics and taxonomy for the Italian vascular flora. 1. Atti Soc. It. Sci. Nat. Museo Civ. Stor. Nat. Milano 146 (2): 219–244.

[CBH93] Collinson, M. E., M. C. Boulter & P. L. Holmes. 1993. Magnoliophyta (‘Angiospermae’). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 809–841. Chapman & Hall: London.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[JK80] John, J., & K.-P. Kolbe. 1980. The systematic position of the “Theales” from the viewpoint of serology. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 8: 241–248.

[KC01] Kirk, P. M., P. F. Cannon, J. C. David & J. A. Stalpers. 2001. Ainsworth & Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi 9^th ed. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[NDA05] Nickrent, D. L., J. P. Der & F. E. Anderson. 2005. Discovery of the photosynthetic relatives of the "Maltese mushroom" Cynomorium. BMC Evolutionary Biology 5: 38.

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: an introductory note. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19–46.

[P92] Poinar, G. O., Jr. 1992. Life in Amber. Stanford University Press: Stanford.

[YY22] Yampolsky, C., & H. Yampolsky. 1922. Distribution of sex forms in the phanerogamic flora. Bibliotheca Genetica 3: 1–62.

Rhodiola

Himalayan rhodiola Rhodiola himalensis, copyright Thingnam Girija.

Belongs within: Crassulaceae.

Rhodiola is a genus of perennial, fleshy herbs found in high altitudes and frigid regions of the Northern Hemisphere.

Characters (from Flora of China): Herbs perennial, with some dimorphism. Rhizome a fleshy caudex, thick or slender, apex usually at or slightly above ground level. Caudex leaves present, usually reduced and scalelike, but sometimes with well-developed leaf blade. Flowering stems one to many, arising from axils of caudex leaves, annual, simple, leafy; dried remains of old stems sometimes persisting. Stem leaves usually alternate, occasionally verticillate or opposite, simple, fleshy. Inflorescences terminal, a simply or compoundly corymbiform or dichotomous cyme, less often 1-flowered, rarely a helicoid cyme or with additional axillary inflorescences arising from distal leaf axils, usually bracteate and pedunculate. Flowers usually bisexual, sometimes unisexual. Calyx (3 or)4- or 5(or 6)-parted. Petals ± free, as many as sepals. Stamens in 2 series, usually 2 × as many as petals; antepetalous stamens adnate to basal part of petals; anthers mostly purple before anthesis, later turning yellow, basifixed or less often dorsifixed, 2-loculed. Nectar scales linear, oblong, suborbicular, or quadrangular. Ovary superior; carpels as many as petals. Follicles few to many seeded.

<==Rhodiola
    |--R. amabilis O88
    |--R. bupleuroides O88
    |    |--R. b. var. bupleuroides KO88
    |    `--R. b. var. parva KO88
    |--R. calliantha O88
    |--R. coccinea O88
    |--R. crenulata O88
    |--R. cretinii O88
    |--R. discolor O88
    |--R. fastigiata O88
    |--R. heterodonta O88
    |--R. himalensis O88
    |    |--R. h. ssp. himalensis O88
    |    `--R. h. ssp. bouvieri O88
    |--R. humilis O88
    |--R. imbricata O88
    |--R. lobulata O88
    |--R. nepalica O88
    |--R. pamiroalaica O88
    |--R. prainii O88
    |--R. purpureoviridis O88
    |    |--R. p. ssp. purpureoviridis O88
    |    `--R. p. ssp. phariensis O88
    |--R. smithii O88
    `--R. wallichiana O88

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[KO88] Kikuchi, T., & H. Ohba. 1988. Preliminary study of alpine vegetation of the Himalayas, with special reference to the small-scale distribution patterns of plant communities. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 47–70.

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: an introductory note. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19-46.

Crassulaceae

Mossy stonecrop Crassula tillaea, copyright Krzysztof Ziarnek, Kenraiz.

Belongs within: Hamamelidaceae.
Contains: Rhodiola, Tillaea, Dudleya, Sedum.

The Crassulaceae are a family of succulent plants found nearly worldwide but most diverse in north-temperate regions and South Africa. In members of the genus Crassula, the leaves typically bear numerous hydathodes (water-exuding pores); in other genera, forming the subfamily Sempervivoideae, the leaves have only a single apical or subapical hydathode. In species of the genus Bryophyllum, new individuals may be produced vegetatively as plantlets forming along the edges of the parent plant's leaves, later breaking off and taking root.

Characters (from Hickman 1993): Annuals to subshrubs, fleshy. Leaves generally simple, generally basal and cauline, alternate or opposite, generally reduced upward. Inflorescence generally a cyme, generally bracted. Flower with sepals generally 3-5, generally more or less free; petals generally 3-5, more or less free or fused; stamens equal to or more numerous than sepals, free or epipetalous; pistils generally 3-5, simple (sometimes fused at base), ovary 1-chambered, placenta 1, parietal, ovules 1-many, style 1. Fruit follicles generally 3-5. Seeds 1-many, small

Crassulaceae
    |--Sempervivoideae [Cotyledonoideae, Echeverieae, Sedoideae] T00
    |    |  i. s.: Sempervivum KC83
    |    |           |--S. arachnoideum S96
    |    |           |--S. montanum KC83
    |    |           `--S. tectorum C55
    |    |         Cotyledon orbiculata H93
    |    |           |--C. o. var. orbiculata H93
    |    |           `--C. o. var. oblonga H93
    |    |--+--Dudleya NDA05
    |    |  `--Sedum NDA05
    |    `--Kalanchoe [Kalanchoeae] NDA05
    |         |--K. blossfeldiana MH98
    |         |--K. daigremontiana NDA05 [=Bryophyllum daigremontiana H90]
    |         |--K. longiflora H90
    |         `--K. spathulata LK14
    `--Crassula JB99 [Crassuloideae T00]
         |  i. s.: C. aquatica [=Tillaea aquatica; incl. C. saginoides] H93
         |         C. aurusbergensis CV06
         |         C. ausensis CV06
         |           |--C. a. ssp. ausensis CV06
         |           |--C. a. ssp. giessii CV06
         |           `--C. a. ssp. titanopsis CV06
         |         C. colorata OS04
         |           |--C. c. var. colorata H90
         |           `--C. c. var. acuminata H90
         |         C. connata [incl. Tillaea erecta] H93
         |         C. decumbens [incl. C. macrantha] H90
         |         C. elegans CV06
         |           |--C. e. ssp. elegans CV06
         |           `--C. e. ssp. namibensis CV06
         |         C. exserta OS04
         |         C. falcata JB99
         |         C. helmsii (Kirk) Berger 1930 H90, A61 [=Tillaea helmsii Kirk 1899 A61]
         |         C. luederitzii CV06
         |         C. lycopodioides BT72
         |         C. marnierana NDA05
         |         C. multicava H90
         |         C. natans GK00
         |         C. numaisensis CV06
         |         C. paludosa D03
         |         C. pedicellosa GK00
         |         C. peduncularis GK00 (see below for synonymy)
         |         C. perforata NDA05
         |         C. sarmentosa H90
         |         C. sieberiana (Schult.) Druce 1917 H90, A61 (see below for synonymy)
         |         C. solieri H93
         |         C. tetragona H93
         |           |--C. t. ssp. tetragona H90
         |           `--C. t. ssp. robusta H90
         `--C. sect. Glomeratae BC98
              |--C. basaltica BC98
              |--C. campestris (Ecklon & Zeyh.) Endlicher in Walpers 1843 (see below for synonymy) BC98
              `--C. tillaea BC98

Crassulaceae incertae sedis:
  Rhodiola O88
  Rosularia O88
    |--R. marnieri O88
    `--R. semiensis B06
  Aeonium H93
    |--A. arboreum Y98
    `--A. haworthii H93
  Umbilicus PL04
    |--U. horizontalis PT98
    `--U. rupestris (Salisbury) Dandy 1948 PL04
  Andromischus schuldtianus CV06
    |--A. s. ssp. schuldtianus CV06
    |--A. s. ssp. brandbergensis CV06
    `--A. s. ssp. juttae CV06
  Tylecodon CV06
    |--T. aridimontanus CV06
    `--T. aurusbergensis CV06
  Bryophyllum H06
    |--B. delagoense [=Kalanchoe delagoense; incl. B. tubiflorum, K. tubiflora] H90
    `--B. pinnatum [=Kalanchoe pinnata; incl. B. calycinum] H90
  Tillaea A61
  Parvisedum H93
    |--P. congdonii H93
    |--P. leiocarpum H93
    |--P. pentandrum H93
    `--P. pumilum H93
  Bulliarda DC. 1801 KC01

Crassula campestris (Ecklon & Zeyh.) Endlicher in Walpers 1843 [=Tetraphyle campestre Ecklon & Zeyh. 1837; incl. C. pentandra ssp. catalaunica Vigo & Terradas 1969] BC98

Crassula peduncularis GK00 [incl. Tillaea purpurata Hook. f. 1847 A61, C. purpurata (Hook. f.) Domin 1925 H90, A61]

Crassula sieberiana (Schult.) Druce 1917 H90, A61 [=Tillaea sieberiana Schult. 1827 A61; incl. T. muscosa Forst. f. 1786 non Linnaeus 1753 A61, T. verticillaris DC. 1828 A61]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[BT72] Baker, E. W., & D. M. Tuttle. 1972. New species and further notes on the Tetranychoidea mostly from the southwestern United States (Acarina: Tetranychidae and Tenuipalpidae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 116: 1–37.

[BC98] Brullo, S., G. Campo, C. Marcenò, S. Romano & G. Siracusa. 1998. Crassula campestris (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Endl. (Crassulaceae), a new record for the Italian flora. Willdenowia 28: 53–58.

[B06] Burgoyne, P. M. 2006. Review: Plants of the Simen. A flora of the Simen Mountains and surroundings, northern Ethiopia. Bothalia 36 (2): 253.

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[CV06] Craven, P., & P. Vorster. 2006. Patterns of plant diversity and endemism in Namibia. Bothalia 36 (2): 175–189.

[D03] Dusén, P. 1903. The vegetation of western Patagonia. In: Scott, W. B. (ed.) Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896–1899 vol. 8. Botany pp. 1–34. The University: Princeton (New Jersey).

[GK00] Gibson, N., & G. J. Keighery. 2000. Flora and vegetation of the Byenup-Muir reserve system, south-west Western Australia. CALMScience 3 (3): 323–402.

[H90] Harden, G. J. (ed.) 1990. Flora of New South Wales vol. 1. New South Wales University Press.

[H06] Henderson, L. 2006. Comparisons of invasive plants in southern Africa originating from southern temperate, northern temperate and tropical regions. Bothalia 36 (2): 201–222.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[JB99] Johansson, J., R. Berg, A. Pifferi, S. Svenberg & L. O. Bjorn. 1999. Time-resolved studies of light propagation in Crassula and Phaseolus leaves. Photochemistry and Photobiology 69: 242–247.

[KC01] Kirk, P. M., P. F. Cannon, J. C. David & J. A. Stalpers. 2001. Ainsworth & Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi 9^th ed. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[KC83] Körner, C., & P. Cochrane. 1983. Influence of plant physiognomy on leaf temperature on clear midsummer days in the Snowy Mountains, south-eastern Australia. Acta Œcologica Œcologiae Plantae 4 (2): 117–124.

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[MH98] Morikawa, H., A. Higaki, M. Nohno, M. Takahashi, M. Kamada, M. Nakata, G. Toyohara, Y. Okamura, K. Matsui, S. Kitani, K. Fujita, K. Irifune & N. Goshima. 1998. More than a 600-fold variation in nitrogen dioxide assimilation among 217 plant taxa. Plant, Cell and Environment 21: 180–190.

[NDA05] Nickrent, D. L., J. P. Der & F. E. Anderson. 2005. Discovery of the photosynthetic relatives of the "Maltese mushroom" Cynomorium. BMC Evolutionary Biology 5: 38.

[OS04] Obbens, F. J., & L. W. Sage. 2004. Vegetation and flora of a diverse upland remnant of the Western Australian wheatbelt (Nature Reserve A21064). Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (1): 19–28.

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: an introductory note. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19–46.

[PT98] Panitsa, M., & D. Tzanoudakis. 1998. Contribution to the study of the Greek flora: flora and vegetation of the E Aegean islands Agathonisi and Pharmakonisi. Willdenowia 28: 95–116.

[PL04] Pohl, G., & I. Lenski. 2004. Zur Verbreitung und Vergesellschaftung von Pennisetum orientale Rich. in Nordeuböa (Griechenland) (Poaceae, Paniceae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 83 (2): 209–223.

[S96] Schatz, H. 1996. Oribatid mites (Oribatida) in alpine dry meadows (Austria, central Alps). In: Mitchell, R., D. J. Horn, G. R. Needham & W. C. Welbourn (eds) Acarology IX vol. 1. Proceedings pp. 633–635. Ohio Biological Survey: Columbus (Ohio).

[T00] Thorne, R. F. 2000. The classification and geography of the flowering plants: dicotyledons of the class Angiospermae (subclasses Magnoliidae, Ranunculidae, Caryophyllidae, Dilleniidae, Rosidae, Asteridae, and Lamiidae). The Botanical Review 66: 441–647.

[Y98] Yannitsaros, A. 1998. Additions to the flora of Kithira (Greece) I. Willdenowia 28: 77–94.

Last updated: 27 March 2022.

Saxifragales

American sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua, from here.

Belongs within: Gunneridae.
Contains: Hamamelidaceae.

The Saxifragales are a clade of flowering plants supported by molecular analyses. Members of the clade are morphologically very diverse including both herbaceous taxa (e.g. Saxifragaceae, Crassulaceae) and the wind-pollinated hamamelid taxa (e.g. Hamamelidaceae, Altingiaceae). The Altingiaceae are wind-pollinated trees found in Asia and North America, of which the American sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua is a widely grown ornamental.

<==Saxifragales [Hamamelidales, Hamamelidineae] APG16
    |--Cercidiphyllaceae NDA05
    |    |--Cercidiphyllum japonicum WM09
    |    |--Cercidiphylloxylon kadanense Prakash et al. 1971 [=C. kadanende] CBH93
    |    |--Joffrea CBH93
    |    |--Nyssidium CBH93
    |    `--Cercidiphyllites brevicolpatus CBH93
    `--+--Hamamelidaceae NDA05
       `--+--+--Daphniphyllum [Daphniphyllaceae, Daphniphyllales] NDA05
          |  |    |--D. glaucescens B81
          |  |    |--D. gracile Gage 1918 [incl. D. papuanum Hallier 1918] B81
          |  |    |    |--D. g. var. gracile B81
          |  |    |    `--D. g. var. tuberculatum Huang 1966 B81
          |  |    |--D. himalense SN88
          |  |    |--D. macropodum MH98
          |  |    `--D. protomacropodum CBH93
          |  `--+--Medusandra [Medusandraceae, Medusandrales] XR12
          |     `--+--Peridiscaceae T00
          |        |    |--Peridiscus lucidus NDA05
          |        |    `--Whittonia T00
          |        `--Soyauxia XR12
          |             |--S. floribunda XR12
          |             `--S. talbotii XR12
          `--+--Microaltingia PI-BW04
             `--Altingiaceae [Altingioideae, Liquidambaroideae] NDA05
                  |--Altingia excelsa NDA05
                  |--Semiliquidambar PI-BW04
                  |--Evacarpa polysperma PI-BW04
                  |--Steinhauera subglobosa Presl 1838 PI-BW04
                  |--Ambaroxylon PI-BW04
                  |--Liquidambaroxylon PI-BW04
                  `--Liquidambar [=L. sect. Liquidambar] PI-BW04
                       |  i. s.: L. pachyphyllum PI-BW04
                       |--+--L. (sect. Cathayambar) formosana PI-BW04 [incl. L. maximowiczii LO98]
                       |  `--+--L. acalycina PI-BW04
                       |     `--L. changii Pigg, Ickert-Bond & Wen 2004 PI-BW04
                       `--+--L. orientalis PI-BW04
                          `--+--*L. styraciflua Linnaeus 1753 PI-BW04, CD07
                             |    |--L. s. var. styraciflua PI-BW04
                             |    `--L. s. var. mexicana PI-BW04
                             `--L. macrocarpa PI-BW04

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[APG16] Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. 2016. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 1–20.

[B81] Barker, W. R. 1981. Daphniphyllaceae. In: Henty, E. E. (ed.) Handbooks of the Flora of Papua New Guinea vol. 2 pp. 34–37. Melbourne University Press.

[CD07] Cantino, P. D., J. A. Doyle, S. W. Graham, W. S. Judd, R. G. Olmstead, D. E. Soltis, P. S. Soltis & M. J. Donoghue. 2007. Towards a phylogenetic nomenclature of Tracheophyta. Taxon 56 (3): E1–E44.

[CBH93] Collinson, M. E., M. C. Boulter & P. L. Holmes. 1993. Magnoliophyta (‘Angiospermae’). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 809–841. Chapman & Hall: London.

[LO98] Lack, H. W., & H. Ohba. 1998. Die Xylothek des Chikusai Kato. Willdenowia 28: 263–276.

[MH98] Morikawa, H., A. Higaki, M. Nohno, M. Takahashi, M. Kamada, M. Nakata, G. Toyohara, Y. Okamura, K. Matsui, S. Kitani, K. Fujita, K. Irifune & N. Goshima. 1998. More than a 600-fold variation in nitrogen dioxide assimilation among 217 plant taxa. Plant, Cell and Environment 21: 180–190.

[NDA05] Nickrent, D. L., J. P. Der & F. E. Anderson. 2005. Discovery of the photosynthetic relatives of the "Maltese mushroom" Cynomorium. BMC Evolutionary Biology 5: 38.

[PI-BW04] Pigg, K. B., S. M. Ickert-Bond & J. Wen. 2004. Anatomically preserved Liquidambar (Altingiaceae) from the middle Miocene of Yakima Canyon, Washington state, USA, and its biogeographic implications. American Journal of Botany 91 (3): 499–509.

[SN88] Suzuki, M., & S. Noshiro. 1988. Wood structure of Himalayan plants. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 341–379.

[T00] Thorne, R. F. 2000. The classification and geography of the flowering plants: dicotyledons of the class Angiospermae (subclasses Magnoliidae, Ranunculidae, Caryophyllidae, Dilleniidae, Rosidae, Asteridae, and Lamiidae). The Botanical Review 66: 441–647.

[WM09] Wang, H., M. J. Moore, P. S. Soltis, C. D. Bell, S. F. Brockington, R. Alexandre, C. C. Davis, M. Latvis, S. R. Manchester & D. E. Soltis. 2009. Rosid radiation and the rapid rise of angiosperm-dominated forests. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 106 (10): 3853–3858.

[XR12] Xi, Z., B. R. Ruhfel, H. Schaefer, A. M. Amorim, M. Sugumaran, K. J. Wurdack, P. K. Endress, M. L. Matthews, P. F. Stevens, S. Mathews & C. C. Davis. 2012. Phylogenomics and a posteriori data partitioning resolve the Cretaceous angiosperm radiation Malpighiales. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 109 (43): 17519–17524.

Last updated: 29 March 2022.

Saxifraga

Bog saxifrage Saxifraga hirculus, photographed by Rolf Stange.

Belongs within: Saxifragaceae.

Saxifraga, the saxifrages, is a large genus of herbaceous plants found mostly in northern temperate and arctic regions. Most species have leaves distributed along the flowering stem; species with leaves growing as a basal rosette have recently been separated as the genus Micranthes. The strawberry-geranium S. stolonifera of eastern Asia has a branched caudex that generally produces conspicuous stolons (Hickman 1993).

Characters (from Hickman 1993): Plant generally more or less hairy, often glandular; caudex or rhizome generally not woody, generally scaly. Leaf blade oblanceolate to round, base tapered to reniform, margin entire or toothed. Inflorescence with one to many flowers; bracts scale-like. Flower with hypanthium free or more or less fused to ovary; petals sometimes spotted; stamens 10, filaments generally flat; pistil 1 (chambers 2, placentas 2, axile) or 2 (each with 1 chamber, 1 marginal placenta), ovary superior to more or less inferior (sometimes more superior in fruit), styles 2, free throughout. Fruit a capsule or 2 follicles.

<==Saxifraga
    |--S. sect. Saxifraga BGS05 [incl. Zahlbrucknera Rchb. 1832 BGS05, KC01]
    |    `--*S. granulata BGS05
    |--S. sect. Ciliatae [incl. S. sect. Hirculus] WO88
    |    |--S. amabilis Ohba & Wakabayashi 1987 WO88
    |    |--S. aristulata WO88
    |    |--S. brachypoda WO88
    |    |    |--S. b. var. brachypoda WO88
    |    |    `--S. b. var. fimbriata WO88
    |    |--S. brunonis WO88
    |    |--S. chumbiensis WO88
    |    |--S. cordigera WO88
    |    |--S. diversifolia WO88
    |    |--S. engleriana WO88
    |    |--S. glabricaulis WO88
    |    |--S. harai Ohba & Wakabayashi 1987 WO88
    |    |--S. hirculus WO88
    |    |--S. hispidula WO88
    |    |--S. hookeri WO88
    |    |--S. jacquemontiana WO88
    |    |--S. lepida WO88
    |    |--S. lychnitis WO88
    |    |--S. mallae Ohba & Wakabayashi 1987 WO88
    |    |--S. microphylla WO88
    |    |--S. montanella WO88
    |    |--S. moorcroftiana WO88
    |    |--S. nakaoi WO88
    |    |--S. nigroglandulosa WO88
    |    |--S. palpebrata WO88
    |    |--S. parnassifolia WO88
    |    |--S. pilifera WO88
    |    |--S. saginoides WO88
    |    |--S. sikkimensis WO88
    |    |--S. sphaeradena WO88
    |    |    |--S. s. ssp. sphaeradena WO88
    |    |    `--S. s. ssp. dhwojii WO88
    |    `--S. strigosa WO88
    `--S. sect. Porophyllum [incl. S. sect. Kabschia] WO88
         |--S. afghanica WO88
         |--S. andersonii WO88
         |--S. hypostoma WO88
         |--S. subsessiliflora WO88
         `--S. williamsii WO88

Saxifraga incertae sedis:
  S. adscendens C55b
  S. affinis C55b
  S. aizoides A16
  S. aizoon C55a
  S. ajugaefolia C55a
  S. alboffiana D03
  S. aprica H93
  S. asarifolia O88
  S. bicuspidata D03
  S. bryoides C55a
  S. bryophora H93
  S. bulbifera H91
  S. caesia PS98
  S. californica [incl. S. fallax] H93
  S. caveana O88
  S. cernua C55b
  S. cespitosa [incl. S. cespitosa var. emarginata] H93
  S. consanguinea O88
  S. contraria O88
  S. controversa C55a
  S. cordillerarum D03
    |--S. c. var. cordillerarum D03
    `--S. c. var. magellanica D03
  S. corymbosa H09
  S. cotyledon C55b
  S. debilis H93
  S. elegans C55b
  S. elliptica O88
  S. eriophora M69
  S. eschscholtzia YY22
  S. excellens O88
  S. ferruginea H93
  S. georgei O88
  S. geum C55b
  S. granulifera O88
  S. hemisphaerica O88
  S. hirculoides O88
  S. hirsuta C55b
  S. hirta C55b
  S. howellii H93
  S. humilis O88
  S. integrifolia NDA05
  S. kingiana O88
  S. kumaunensis O88
  S. lamninamensis O88
  S. latiflora O88
  S. llonakhensis O88
  S. lowndesii O88
  S. macrostigma YY22
  S. marshallii H93
  S. melanocentra O88
  S. mertensiana Bong. 1832 CD07
  S. mira O88
  S. montana O88
    |--S. m. f. montana O88
    `--S. m. f. rubra O88
  S. mucronulata O88
    |--S. m. ssp. mucronulata O88
    `--S. m. ssp. sikkimensis O88
  S. mutata H09
    |--S. m. ssp. mutata H09
    `--S. m. ssp. demissa H09
  S. namdoensis O88
  S. nanella O88
  S. neopropagulifera O88
  S. nidifica H93
    |--S. n. var. nidifica H93
    `--S. n. var. claytoniifolia H93
  S. nutans O88
  S. nuttallii H93
  S. odontoloma [incl. S. aestivalis] H93
  S. oppositifolia YY22
  S. oregana H93
  S. paniculata S96
  S. parva O88
  S. pensylvanica H93
  S. perpusilla O88
  S. pseudo-pallida O88
  S. pulvinaria O88
  S. punctulata O88
  S. rhodopetala O88
  S. rivularis H93
  S. rolwalingensis O88
  S. rosacea M-JT30
  S. rufidula [incl. S. aequidentata] H93
  S. sibirica O88
  S. staintonii O88
  S. stella-aurea O88
    |--S. s. var. stella-aurea O88
    `--S. s. var. polyadena O88
  S. stenophylla O88
    |--S. s. ssp. stenophylla O88
    `--S. s. ssp. hoffmeisteri O88
  S. stolitzkae O88
  S. stolonifera [incl. S. sarmentosa] H93
  S. tangutica O88
  S. tentaculata O88
  S. tolmiei H93
  S. tricuspidata H44
  S. umbrosa C55b
  S. zimmermannii O88

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

Abrams, L. 1944. Illustrated Flora of the Pacific States vol. 2. Stanford University Press.

[A16] Alexander, C. P. 1916. New or little-known crane-flies from the United States and Canada: Tipulidae, Diptera, Part 2. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 67 (3): 458–514, pls 16–21.

[BGS05] Banfi, E., G. Galasso & A. Soldano. 2005. Notes on systematics and taxonomy for the Italian vascular flora. 1. Atti Soc. It. Sci. Nat. Museo Civ. Stor. Nat. Milano 146 (2): 219–244.

[C55a] Candolle, A. de. 1855a. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 1. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C55b] Candolle, A. de. 1855b. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[CD07] Cantino, P. D., J. A. Doyle, S. W. Graham, W. S. Judd, R. G. Olmstead, D. E. Soltis, P. S. Soltis & M. J. Donoghue. 2007. Towards a phylogenetic nomenclature of Tracheophyta. Taxon 56 (3): E1–E44.

[D03] Dusén, P. 1903. The vegetation of western Patagonia. In: Scott, W. B. (ed.) Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896–1899 vol. 8. Botany pp. 1–34. The University: Princeton (New Jersey).

[H44] Hammer, M. 1944. Studies on the oribatids and collemboles of Greenland. Meddelelser om Grønland 141 (3): 1–210.

[H09] Heltmann, H. 2009. Der Königstein (Piatra Craiului), die Perle der Burzenländer Gebirge. Mauritiana 20 (3): 515–527.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[H91] Hubálek, Z. 1991. Biogeographic indication of natural foci of tick-borne infections. In: Dusbábek, F., & V. Bukva (eds) Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, held in České Budĕjovice, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 August 1990 vol. 1 pp. 255–260. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague.

[KC01] Kirk, P. M., P. F. Cannon, J. C. David & J. A. Stalpers. 2001. Ainsworth & Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi 9^th ed. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[M-JT30] Marsden-Jones, E. M., & W. B. Turrill. 1930. Hybridization in certain genera of the British flora. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London 141: 36.

[M69] Moran, R. 1969. Twelve new dicots from Baja California, Mexico. Transactions of the San Diego Society of Natural History 15 (17): 265–295.

[NDA05] Nickrent, D. L., J. P. Der & F. E. Anderson. 2005. Discovery of the photosynthetic relatives of the "Maltese mushroom" Cynomorium. BMC Evolutionary Biology 5: 38.

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: an introductory note. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19–46.

[PS98] Prosser, F., & S. Scortegagna. 1998. Primula recubariensis, a new species of Primula sect. Auricula Duby endemic to the SE Prealps, Italy. Willdenowia 28: 27–46.

[S96] Schatz, H. 1996. Oribatid mites (Oribatida) in alpine dry meadows (Austria, central Alps). In: Mitchell, R., D. J. Horn, G. R. Needham & W. C. Welbourn (eds) Acarology IX vol. 1. Proceedings pp. 633–635. Ohio Biological Survey: Columbus (Ohio).

[WO88] Wakabayashi, M., & H. Ohba. 1988. Cytotaxonomic study of the Himalayan Saxifraga. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 71–90.

[YY22] Yampolsky, C., & H. Yampolsky. 1922. Distribution of sex forms in the phanerogamic flora. Bibliotheca Genetica 3: 1–62.

Last updated: 26 March 2022.