Lecture 1 & 2

Mechanics of Materials.
Mechanics of materials is a branch of applied mechanics

that deals with the behavior of solid bodies subjected to
various types of loading.
Other names for this field of study are strength of materials
and mechanics of deformable bodies.
The solid bodies considered are bars with axial loads,
shafts in torsion, beams in bending, and columns in
compression.
An understanding of mechanical behavior is essential for
the safe design of all types of structures, such as
airplanes, buildings and bridges, machines and motors, or
ships and spacecraft. That is why mechanics of materials
is a basic subject in so many engineering fields.
Mechanics of Materials.
Statics and dynamics deal primarily with the forces and
motions associated with particles and rigid bodies.
In mechanics of materials we go one step further by

examining the stresses and strains inside real bodies.
To determine the stresses and strains, we use the
physical properties of the materials as well as theoretical
laws and concepts.
Concept of Stress
On January 16th, 1943 a world war II tanker fractured and broke into two on
Swan Island in Oregon. The fracture started as a small crack in the weld
and propagated rapidly overcoming the strength of the material.
But what is strength?
How do we analyze it?
To answer these questions we introduce the concept of stress. Defining
this variable is the first step toward developing formulas that can be used
in strength analysis and design of structural Members
Normal stress
The fundamental concept in mechanics of materials is stress This concept can
be explained by considering a prismatic bar subjected to axial forces.
A prismatic bar is a straight structural member having the same cross section
throughout its length, and an axial force is a load directed along the axis of the
member, resulting in either tension or compression in the bar.
Examples are shown in the Figure 1, where the tow bar is a prismatic member
in tension and the landing gear strut is a member in compression.
Figure 1
What is stress
Other examples are the members of a bridge truss, connecting rods in
automobile engines, spokes of bicycle wheels, and columns in buildings.
Normal stress
Consider the tow bar of Figure 1 and isolate a segment of it as a free body
Figure 2.
Figure 2
To draw this free-body diagram, we disregard the weight of the bar itself
and assume that the axial forces P at the ends are the only active forces .
Stress is defined as force per unit area and is denoted by the Greek letter σ
(sigma).
In general, the stresses σ acting on a plane surface may be uniform

throughout the area or may vary in intensity from one point to another. Let us
assume that the stresses acting on cross section mn are uniformly distributed
over the area. Then the resultant of those stresses must be equal to the
magnitude of the stress times the cross-sectional area A of the bar, that is,
P = σA. Therefore, we obtain the following expression for the magnitude of
the stresses:
Normal stress
The column supporting the building is shown in Figure 2. The column
must be strong enough to support the weight of the building. If we make
an imaginary cut and draw the free body diagrams we conclude that the
forces normal to imaginary cut are needed to balance the weight. The
internal normal force F divided by the cross sectional area A exposed by
imaginary cut gives us the average intensity of an internal normal force
distribution. This is called average normal stress, σ.
Normal Stress
Stress distributions at different sections

along axially loaded member .
Shearing stress
Figure 4
Shearing stress
Shearing stress in Connection
Bolts subjected to double Shear
Bearing Stress in Connections
Bolts, pins, and rivets create stresses in the members they

connect, along the bearing surface, or surface of contact.
Consider again the two plates A and B connected by a bolt

CD. The bolt exerts a force P on plate A which is equal and
opposite to the force F exerted by the plate on the bolt.
The bearing stress, obtained by dividing the load P by the

area of the rectangle representing the projection of the bolt
on the plate section Since this area is equal to td, where t is
the plate thickness and d the diameter of the bolt, we have
NORMAL STRAIN UNDER AXIAL LOADING
Let us consider a rod BC, of length L and uniform cross-sectional area A,

which is suspended from B (Figure. 1a). If we apply a load P to end C, the
rod elongates (Figure. 1b). Plotting the magnitude P of the load against the
deformation (Greek letter delta), we obtain a certain load-deformation
diagram (Figure. 2). This diagram contains information useful to the analysis
of the rod under consideration, it cannot be used directly to predict the
deformation of a rod of the same material but of different dimensions.
Figure 1 Deformation of axially-loaded rod. Figure 2 Load-deformation diagram.

NORMAL STRAIN UNDER AXIAL LOADING
A load of 2P is required to cause the same deformation in a rod B’C’

of the same length L, but of cross-sectional area 2A (Figure. 3). We
note that, in both cases, the value of the stress is the same:
Figure 3 Deformation of axially-loaded rod.

Hooke’s law
• The linear relationship between stress and
strain for a bar in simple tension or
compression is expressed by the equation
𝝈 = E𝜺
• Where 𝝈 is the axial stress, 𝜺 is the axial strain
and E is constant of proportionality known as
modulus of elasticity for the material. The
modulus of elasticity is the slope of stress strain
diagram in linear elastic region

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Mechanics of Materials.

Mechanics of materials is a branch of applied mechanics

In mechanics of materials we go one step further by

In general, the stresses σ acting on a plane surface may be uniform

Stress distributions at different sections

Bolts, pins, and rivets create stresses in the members they

Consider again the two plates A and B connected by a bolt

The bearing stress, obtained by dividing the load P by the

Let us consider a rod BC, of length L and uniform cross-sectional area A,

Figure 1 Deformation of axially-loaded rod. Figure 2 Load-deformation diagram.

A load of 2P is required to cause the same deformation in a rod B’C’

Figure 3 Deformation of axially-loaded rod.

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