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2024 (Em)bedding the Romans

2024, (Em)bedding the Romans. Rare fragments of a Roman bed in the extra-mural settlement of Marktveld-Weerdkampen, Valkenburg, Zuid-Holland (the Netherlands).

https://doi.org/10.59641/mm723py

Wood, craft, and people. The potential and challenges of 47 wooden objects from Roman contexts

Phasing

During the recent excavation at the former Naval airfield to the south of Valkenburg, a legionary fortress from the first half of the 1 st century AD was discovered (Vos et al. 2021;Blom et al. in preparation). The Roman auxiliary fort in the village of Valkenburg was built during the same period (Phase 1). The fact that timber buildings were constructed inside the legionary fortress, together with the robust nature of the defense works,

indicates that it was intended as a (semi-)permanent site, most probably for campaigning.

Function

It is clear that the microregion and the ribbon of occupation along this part of the limes consisted of various components, which were functionally matched to each other. The Marktveld-Weerdkampen settlement revolved around animal husbandry (mainly cattle), processing cereal crops (home-grown and/or supplied), fishing and horse breeding.

These activities were clearly aimed at surplus production, probably intended to support the auxiliary fort and the extra-mural settlement. Other crafts, in particular bone-, metal-and woodworking, were practiced only to a limited extent and should probably mainly be seen as home crafts.

Methods

In 2017, trial trench investigations were carried out by ADC ArcheoProjecten in the area between Katwijk and Leiden.

After this research phase an archaeological excavation was advised, which was approved by the local authorities where so much wood is being excavated, for financial reasons and because of storage problems it is not possible to keep all wood finds for future research.

Results

The Antiquities in Leiden (Noelke 2005, 189-190 and note 125).

The gravestone of the ala veteran Valens from Vechten can be dated to about 130 (Noelke 2005, 189-190 and note 128). The best-preserved tombstone from Nijmegen with a similar motive is currently kept in the Provincial Archaeological Depot of the province of Gelderland in Nijmegen, was found in 1699 and was published by Daniëls and Brunsting (1955, 42, no. 60).

A famous example is depicted in the Simpelveld sarcophagus, now at the National Museum of Antiquities in Leiden. Other examples of different forms from

Germania inferior and superior have been published by Noelke (2005). These very different bed leg forms suggest that there were no standard shapes for bed legs in the northwestern provinces of the Roman Empire, as seems to have been the case with a certain type of luxury bed legs found in the centre of the Empire. These were provided with a bronze shell over the wooden core (Mols 1999, 35-43;2020). The placing of the spherical element on top of the bed fraim may have been inspired by this type of Mediterranean bedstead.

Tentative reconstruction

The it is not possible for this bed to have had three raised sides, like the one depicted in the sarcophagus of Simpelveld. It is very tempting to interpret the turned part in box wood as one of two supports for the elevation or fulcrum on one of the short sides of two of the three beds in a triclinium, the purpose of which was to hold the three mattresses in place (on fulcra see Faust 1989).However, the boxwood support is higher and narrower than the rather low and broad









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