UDFCD Pipe Material Tech Memo 2010 PDF

Storm Sewer Pipe Material
Technical Memorandum
3rd Edition
for
Urban Drainage and Flood Control District
July 13, 2010
Project No. 52425
Storm Sewer Pipe Material Technical Manual

3rd Edition
prepared for
July 13, 2010
Project No. 52425
prepared by
Burns & McDonnell Engineering Company, Inc.

Centennial, Colorado
COPYRIGHT 2009 BURNS & McDONNELL ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC.
MEMORANDUM
TO:
User
FROM:
SUBJECT:
Purpose of Pipe Material Technical Memorandum
DATE:
September 21, 2010
The purpose of this technical memorandum is to provide a quick reference guide to the pipe
material available for storm sewer design in the Denver area that have an AASHTO and an
ASTM standard, at the time of publication of this document. This memorandum is not meant to
be criteria or a standard for the Denver area. It is a source to find regional information, other
available resources including CDOT, and the local agencies.
The District always recommends designers to use their knowledge and judgment to evaluate each
project individually and develop design drawings and specifications accordingly. The local
agencies accept projects based on standards and criteria for their jurisdiction.
The District does not have plans to update this memorandum in the future, and understands that
new products will be introduced in the area that will have an AASHTO and an ASTM standard.
The District encourages agencies to look at new products and keep the marketplace competitive.
It will be up to the designers to research and work with the reviewing agency to determine if a
new material is a good fit for the project and what level of risk is assumed.
Dcm\Laura\Pipe Memorandum Preface.docx
Storm Sewer Pipe Material Technical Memorandum 3rd Edition

July 13, 2010
Table of Contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page No.
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................ 1-1

Purpose..........................................................................................................................................1-1
General Disclaimer .......................................................................................................................1-1
Technical Memorandum History ..................................................................................................1-1
Pipe Materials Evaluation .............................................................................................................1-2
Data Collection .............................................................................................................................1-2
Pipe Material Selection Guide ......................................................................................................1-2
Standard Specification and Trench Details ...................................................................................1-5
Installation Guide ..........................................................................................................................1-5
2.0
2.1
2.2
INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 2-1

Purpose..........................................................................................................................................2-1
Scope .............................................................................................................................................2-1
3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
3.10
DATA COLLECTION ............................................................................................................... 3-1

Previous Evaluation ......................................................................................................................3-1
Published Material ........................................................................................................................3-1
Storm Sewer Pipe Materials Inspection and Maintenance Survey ...............................................3-2
Storm Sewer Pipe Rehabilitation (In-Place/No Dig) Practices Survey ........................................3-2
Field Site Visits .............................................................................................................................3-2
CCTV Review of Storm Sewers ...................................................................................................3-3
Pipe Manufacturer Storm Sewer Material Presentation ................................................................3-4
Pipe Manufacturers Rehabilitation Presentations .........................................................................3-4
Design Engineer Focus Group ......................................................................................................3-4
Inspector and Contractor Focus Group .........................................................................................3-5
4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
PIPE MATERIAL EVALUATION .......................................................................................... 4-1

General ..........................................................................................................................................4-1
Reinforced Concrete Pipe (RCP) ..................................................................................................4-1
Aluminized Steel Pipe (ASP)........................................................................................................4-1
Polymer Coated Steel PIpe (PCSP) ..............................................................................................4-1
Corrugated aluminum pipe (CAP) ................................................................................................4-1
Polyvinyl Chloride Pipe (PVC) ....................................................................................................4-1
High Density Polyethylene Pipe (HDPE) .....................................................................................4-2
5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
PIPE MATERIAL SELECTION GUIDE ................................................................................ 5-1

Total System Evaluation ...............................................................................................................5-1
Design and Performance Checklist ...............................................................................................5-2
Submittal Requirements ................................................................................................................5-2
Pipe Material Selection .................................................................................................................5-3
TOC-1

July 13, 2010
Table of Contents
6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
REINFORCED CONCRETE PIPE (RCP) .............................................................................. 6-1

Material General ...........................................................................................................................6-1
Structural Design ..........................................................................................................................6-1
Joints .............................................................................................................................................6-3
Service Life and Durability ...........................................................................................................6-3
Discharge Into Waterways ............................................................................................................6-3
Standard Specifications .................................................................................................................6-4
Standard Details ............................................................................................................................6-4
7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
ALUMINIZED STEEL PIPE .................................................................................................... 7-1

Joints .............................................................................................................................................7-2
Service Life ...................................................................................................................................7-2
Durability ......................................................................................................................................7-4
Discharge into Waterways ............................................................................................................7-5
8.0
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
POLYMER COATED STEEL PIPE ........................................................................................ 8-1

Joints .............................................................................................................................................8-2
Service Life ...................................................................................................................................8-2
Durability ......................................................................................................................................8-3
9.0
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
CORRUGATED ALUMINUM PIPE ....................................................................................... 9-1

Joints .............................................................................................................................................9-3
Service Life ...................................................................................................................................9-3
Durability ......................................................................................................................................9-4
10.0
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5
10.6
10.7
POLYVINYL CHLORIDE PIPE (PVC) ................................................................................ 10-1

Material General .........................................................................................................................10-1
Structural Design ........................................................................................................................10-1
Joints ...........................................................................................................................................10-2
Service Life and Durability .........................................................................................................10-2
Discharge Into Waterways ..........................................................................................................10-3
Standard Specifications ...............................................................................................................10-3
Standard Details ..........................................................................................................................10-3
TOC-2

July 13, 2010
Table of Contents
11.0
11.1
11.2
11.3
11.4
11.5
11.6
11.7
HIGH DENSITY POLYETHYLENE PIPE (HDPE) ............................................................ 11-1

Material General .........................................................................................................................11-1
Joints ...........................................................................................................................................11-2
Discharge into Waterways ..........................................................................................................11-3
Standard Details ..........................................................................................................................11-3
12.0
12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4
12.5
12.6
12.7
12.8
INSTALLATION GUIDE ........................................................................................................ 12-1

Handling......................................................................................................................................12-1
Storage ........................................................................................................................................12-1
Excavation ..................................................................................................................................12-1
Bedding and Embedment ............................................................................................................12-2
Placement ....................................................................................................................................12-3
Backfill and Compaction ............................................................................................................12-3
Inspection and Testing ................................................................................................................12-3
Connections to Existing Storm Sewer Systems ..........................................................................12-4
13.0
13.1
13.2
13.3
13.4
13.5
INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCE PROGRAMS .......................................................... 13-1

Introduction .................................................................................................................................13-1
Inspection and Preventive Maintenance .....................................................................................13-1
Inspection Frequency ..................................................................................................................13-1
Storm Sewer Inspection ..............................................................................................................13-1
Storm Sewer Maintenance (Cleaning and Repair) ......................................................................13-2
14.0
14.1
14.2
14.3
14.4
14.5
14.6
EXISTING PIPELINE REHABILITATION ........................................................................ 14-1

Materials - General .....................................................................................................................14-1
Joints ...........................................................................................................................................14-2
Discharge Into Waterways ..........................................................................................................14-3
15.0
BIBLIOGRAPHY ..................................................................................................................... 15-1
TOC-3

July 13, 2010
Table of Contents
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX A STORM SEWER PIPE MATERIALS INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCE
SURVEY SUMMARY
APPENDIX B STORM SEWER PIPE REHABILITATION (IN PLACE/NO DIG) PRACTICES
SURVEY SUMMARY
APPENDIX C SUMMARY OF FIELD SITE VISITS
APPENDIX D SUMMARY OF CCTV STORM SEWER REVIEW
APPENDIX E DESIGN ENGINEER WORKSHOP MEETING MINUTES
APPENDIX F INSPECTOR/CONTRACTOR STORM SEWER WORKSHOP MEETING MINUTES
APPENDIX G STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
SECTION 33 41 00 REINFORCED CONCRETE PIPE
SECTION 33 41 00.20 STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEM HIGH DENSITY
POLYETHYLENE PIPE
SECTION 33 41 00.40 STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEM SPIRAL RIBBED
ALUMINIZED PIPE
SECTION 33 41 00.43 STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEM POLYMER COATED
STEEL PIPE
SECTION 33 41 00.45 CORRUGATED ALUMINUM PIPE
SECTION 33 41 00.60 STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEM POLYVINYL
CHLORIDE PIPE
TOC-4

July 13, 2010
Table of Contents
LIST OF TABLES
Page No.
Table No.
1-1
Comparative Evaluation Summary of Pipeline Materials............................................................. 1-4
3-1
3-2
Field Site Visits ......................................................................................................................... 3-3

CCTV Review of Storm Sewers ................................................................................................... 3-3
5-1
5-2
Design and Performance Checklist. .................................................................................. 5-2

Comparative Evaluation Summary of Pipeline . ................................................................... 5-4
6-1
6-2
Minimum Pipe Classes and Fill Heights for Reinforced Concrete Pipe ................................... 6-2
Maximum Fill Heights for Reinforced Concrete Pipe .................................................................. 6-2
7-1
7-2
7-3
Minimum Fill and Thickness Table for Spiral Rib Aluminized Steel Pipe .............................. 7-1
Maximum Fill Heights for Spiral Rib Aluminized Steel Pipe ...................................................... 7-2
Abrasion Levels for Aluminized Steel Pipe .................................................................................. 7-4
8-1
8-2
8-3
Minimum Fill and Thickness Table for Polymer Coated Steel Pipe ........................................ 8-1
Maximum Fill Heights for Polymer Coated Steel Pipe ................................................................ 8-2
Abrasion Levels for Polymer Coated Steel Pipe ........................................................................... 8-4
9-1
9-2
9-3
9-4
9-5
Minimum Fill and Thickness Table for Corrugated Aluminum Pipe ....................................... 9-1
Maximum Fill Heights for Corrugated Aluminum Pipe ............................................................... 9-2
Estimated Service Life vs. pH and Resistivity for Corrugated Aluminum Pipe ........................... 9-3
Service Life Multiplication Factor for Corrugated Aluminum Pipe ............................................ 9-4
Abrasion Levels for Corrugated Aluminum Pipe ......................................................................... 9-5
10-1
Maximum Fill Heights for PVC Pipe ......................................................................................... 10-2
11-1
11-2
Minimum Fill Heights for HDPE .............................................................................................. 11-1

Maximum Fill Heights for HDPE .............................................................................................. 11-2
12-1
12-2
Bedding and Embedment Material Guide................................................................................... 12-2

ASTM C-33 No. 67 Aggregate Gradation .................................................................................. 12-3
13-1
Commonly Associated Maintenance for Different Pipe Types .................................................. 13-2
TOC-5

July 13, 2010
Table of Contents
LIST OF FIGURES
After Page No.
Figure No.
5-1
5-2
5-3
5-4
5-5
5-6
Pipe Material Selection Chart Reinforced Concrete Pipe ............................................................. 5-5

Pipe Material Selection Chart Aluminized Steel Pipe .................................................................. 5-5
Pipe Material Selection Chart Polymer Coated Steel Pipe ........................................................... 5-5
Pipe Material Selection Chart Corrugated Aluminum Pipe .......................................................... 5-5
Pipe Material Selection Chart Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) pipe .................................................... 5-5
Pipe Material Selection Chart High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) Pipe ..................................... 5-5
6-1
Trench Detail Reinforced Concrete Pipe ................................................................................... 6-4
7-1
7-2
AISI Chart for Estimating Average Invert Life for Galvanized CSP ........................................... 7-3
Trench Detail Aluminized Steel Pipe......................................................................................... 7-5
8-1
Trench Detail Polymer Coated Steel Pipe ................................................................................. 8-4
9-1
Trench Detail Corrugated Aluminum Pipe .............................................................................. 9-5
10-1
Trench Detail - Polyvinyl Chloride Pipe..................................................................................... 10-3
11-1
Trench Detail High Density Polyethylene Pipe ...................................................................... 11-3
TOC-6

July 13, 2010
1.0
1.1
Executive Summary
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
PURPOSE
This Technical Memorandum provides guidance to local jurisdictions, Developers, Contractors,

Inspectors, and Consultants in selecting, designing and installing pipe used for storm sewers. This
memorandum provides the minimum guided criteria based on the National Standards of AASHTO and
ASTM. Providing for facilities that go beyond the minimum recommendations provided is encouraged.
In addition, there may other more specific or stringent local, state, and/or federal requirements that may
also have to be met.
This Technical Memorandum is a revision to the Update to Storm Sewer Pipe Material Technical
Memorandum prepared for the Urban Drainage and Flood Control District (District) and nine
participating local governments in 1998 by Burns & McDonnell Engineering, Inc. The District along
with thirteen local governments and agencies selected Burns & McDonnell Engineers to evaluate storm
sewer pipe materials currently on the market in the Metro Denver area. An evaluation of current
reference data was also performed for pipe materials reviewed in the 1998 update. The local governments
and agencies participating in this update include:
Adams County
Arapahoe County
City of Arvada
City of Aurora
City of Commerce City
City and County of Denver
Douglas County
City of Golden
City of Lakewood
Colorado Department of Transportation (CDOT)
Town of Parker
City of Westminster
Southeast Metro Storm Water Authority (SEMSWA)
Urban Drainage and Flood Control District (UDFCD)
The Technical Memorandum provides background information and in ground history for selected pipe
materials, pipe material selection guides, specific design and service characteristics for each material,
standard specifications and details, and an installation guide with inspection checklists.
1.2
GENERAL DISCLAIMER
This Technical Memorandum is intended to serve as a general guideline for the selection and installation
of storm sewer pipe. It is the responsibility of the designer to evaluate each project individually to ensure
that the specific project conditions are addressed, and local government standards are met.
1.3
TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM HISTORY
The Technical Memorandum has been updated several times in the last 23 years. The following is a
listing of the history of the Storm Sewer Pipe Material Technical Memorandum from the most recent
edition to the original:
Storm Sewer Pipe Material Technical Memorandum 3rd Edition (2010)
July 2010, Burns & McDonnell Engineering, Inc.
Update to Storm Sewer Pipe Material Technical Memorandum
March 1998, Burns & McDonnell Engineering, Inc.
Storm Sewer Pipe Material Technical Memorandum
1-1

July 13, 2010
Executive Summary
1987, Wright Water Engineers, Inc.
1.4
PIPE MATERIALS EVALUATION
The pipe materials evaluated for use in storm sewer applications were limited to materials that are
typically used in the Denver Metropolitan area and are cost-competitive for storm sewer applications.
The pipe materials evaluated include Reinforced Concrete Pipe (RCP), Aluminized Steel Pipe (ASP),
Polymer Coated Steel Pipe (PCSP), Corrugated Aluminum Pipe (CAP), Polyvinyl Chloride Pipe (PVC),
and High Density Polyethylene Pipe (HDPE). Most local governments specify 18-inches as the minimum
diameter for a storm sewer; therefore the pipe materials evaluated were limited to 18-inches and larger.
1.5
DATA COLLECTION
A Storm Sewer Pipe Materials Inspection and Maintenance Practices Survey and a Storm Sewer Pipe
Rehabilitation (In-Place/No Dig) Practices Survey were developed and distributed to solicit input from
each of the forty one member entities of the Urban Drainage & Flood Control District.
Field inspections were conducted to gather information on existing storm sewer installations of different
materials.
Videos of existing storm sewer installations were evaluated in order to understand the in field service of
different storm sewer materials.
Specific product information was obtained from the pipe manufacturers during a presentation for each
pipe material.
Specific product information was also obtained from Pipe Manufacturers and Contractors during a
presentation on storm sewer rehabilitation materials.
Technical memorandum comments and input along with design information and pipe material selection
information were gathered at a Design Engineer Focus workshop which was attended by reputable storm
sewer designers from the Denver area.
Technical memorandum comments regarding the pipe inspection guide, inspection and maintenance, and
rehabilitation were gathered at the Inspection Contractor Focus workshop which was attended by
Inspectors and Contractors from the Denver area.
1.6
PIPE MATERIAL SELECTION GUIDE
Each pipe material performs differently during installation and while in service, therefore individual
installation procedures and trench details are required. Included within this memorandum are Design and
Performance Checklists, Submittal Requirements, and a Pipe Materials Selection Guide. The following is
a summary of each:
Design and Performance Checklist

The design and performance checklist is provided to facilitate the designer in making sure that
consideration has been given to the critical issues associated with storm sewer design. A checklist is
presented that provides a minimum listing of items to be considered in the structural design of a storm
sewer system. Hydrology and hydraulic requirements are not included in the checklist.
Submittal Requirements
1-2

July 13, 2010
Executive Summary
A list of information that may be required to be submitted with the design of a storm sewer system to
local governments is presented. General information includes:
Soils characteristics
Design depth of cover
Groundwater level
Bedding class and factor (minimum/maximum)
Embedment material specification
Design loads
Buoyancy calculations (when applicable)
Typical trench detail
Trench bottom stabilization detail when required
Information to be submitted for pipe material is stated in the specifications
Hydrology, hydraulic, and area drainage characteristics
Pipe Material Selection

A pipe material selection process is presented that provides several items of comparison for the
designer/reviewer to consider.
1-3

July 13, 2010
Item
Executive Summary
Table 1-1
Comparative Evaluation Summary of Pipeline Materials
Reinforced
Aluminized
Polymer
Corrugated
Polyvinyl
Concrete Pipe
Steel Pipe
Coated
Aluminum
Chloride
(RCP)
(ASP)
Steel Pipe
Pipe
Pipe (PVC)
High Density
Polyethylene
Pipe (HDPE)
Minimum
Maximum
Pipe Size
(Inches)
AASHTO
Standard
ASTM
Standard
Mannings
n Value
18-144
18-144
18-102
18-84
M170 M242
M36 M274
M36 M245
M246
M196 M197
C76 C655
A760 A929
A760 A762
B744 B745
0.013
0.013
0.013
0.013
0.011
0.012
Joints
Watertight
Rubber Gasket
Watertight
Band Strip
with O-ring
Gasket
Watertight
Band Strip
with O-ring
or Gasket
Watertight
Band Strip
with O-ring
or Gasket
Watertight
Rubber
Gasket
Watertight
Rubber Gasket
Typical
Manufactured
Length (feet)
7.5-8
20-40
20-40
20-40
13 & 22
20
Minimum
Stiffness (psi)
Rigid (Class
III min)
See Table
7-1 and
Table 7-2
See Table
8-1 and
Table 8-2
See Table
9-1 and 9-2
Varies with
diameter
Varies with
diameter
Minimum
Bury Depth
(Feet)
Class III-I-1
Class IR-R0
Varies(1-2)
See Table
7-1
Varies(1-2)
See Table
8-1
Varies(1-1.2)
See Table
9-1
2.0 or 1
pipe Dia.
(ASTM
D2321)
2.0 or 1 pipe
Dia
(ASTM
D2321)
See Table
6-2
See Table
7-2
See Table
8-2
See Table
9-2
See Table
10-1
See Table
11-2
Moderate
Low
High
High
High
High
Moderate
See Section
7-5
High
Moderate
High
High
Moderate
Low
High
Moderate
High
High
Grouted or
Insert Tee
Saddle or
Branch
Saddle or
Branch
Saddle or
Branch
Insert Tee
Insert Tee
Maximum
Bury Depth
(feet)
Chemical
Resistance
Abrasion
Resistance
Corrosion
Resistance
Connection
*
18-54*
M304
M278
F697 F794
F949
18-60*
M252 M294
F894 F2306
Maximum diameter that is indicated in both the most recent AASHTO and ASTM standard. If the
diameter is increased through a revision to the existing AASHTO or ASTM standard then the future
user may consider using a larger pipe diameter size.
Pipe material selection charts to aid in the selection of pipe materials for use in a storm drainage system
are also presented in this memorandum. These charts present several conditions for each material which
can easily be followed in a logical step-by-step flow chart manner to determine the applicability of each
pipeline material for a particular installation. In general, Reinforced Concrete Pipe (RCP) is generally
1-4

July 13, 2010
Executive Summary
limited by wall thickness requirements, pH, sulfate levels, and minimum bury depth. Aluminized Steel
Pipe (ASP), Polymer Coated Steel Pipe (PCSP) and Corrugated Aluminum Pipe (CAP) are generally
limited by pH, soil resistivity, flotation, corrosive agents, abrasive flows, and minimum cover. Polyvinyl
Chloride Pipe (PVC) is generally limited by size, ultraviolet degradation, flotation, pipe stiffness, and
minimum cover depth. High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) Pipe is limited by UV degradation (although
the addition of 2% carbon black is improving this for the exposed material), flotation, and maximum and
minimum trench depth conditions. See specific sections in this memorandum on each pipe material and
refer to the referenced standards for each material if the conditions or design criteria vary from those
presented herein.
1.7
STANDARD SPECIFICATION AND TRENCH DETAILS
Standard specifications and trench details were developed to maintain consistency among the local
government entities. In addition, it is anticipated that overall design and construction efficiency of future
projects will be increased as a result of the standardized specifications. Standard specifications for each
pipe material and a pipe installation specification is included in Appendix D of this memorandum and
standard trench details for each pipe material are included in Chapters 5 through 11 of this memorandum.
1.8
INSTALLATION GUIDE
An installation guide is presented that provides a general overview of installation parameters. Included
are specific installation checklists to serve as a guide for designers and inspectors to monitor in the field
as construction progresses. Specific sections include summaries on the following topics:
Handling
Storage
Excavation
Bedding and Embedment
Placement
Backfill and Compaction
Inspection and Testing
Connections to Existing Storm Sewer Systems
Installation checklists are provided for the following:
Pipe Inspection Checklist

Trench Excavation Checklist
Pipe Installation Checklist
Trench Backfill Checklist
These installation parameters and checklists are not all encompassing, so specific project conditions must
be evaluated individually; however, these general guidelines provide consistency in inspection
requirements and also provide checklists that new inspectors can use as a baseline for inspections.
*****
1-5

July 13, 2010
2.0
2.1
Introduction
INTRODUCTION
PURPOSE
This Technical Memorandum is a revision to the Update to Storm Sewer Pipe Material Technical
Memorandum prepared for the Urban Drainage and Flood Control District (District) and nine
participating local governments in 1998 by Burns & McDonnell Engineering, Inc. The District along
with thirteen local governments and agencies selected Burns & McDonnell Engineers to evaluate storm
sewer pipe materials currently on the market in the Metro Denver area. An evaluation of current
reference data was also performed for pipe materials reviewed in the 1998 update. The local governments
and agencies participating in this update include:
Adams County
Arapahoe County
City of Arvada
City of Aurora
City of Commerce City
Douglas County
City of Golden
City of Lakewood
Colorado Department of Transportation (CDOT)
Town of Parker
City of Westminster
Southeast Metro Storm Water Authority (SEMSWA)
Urban Drainage and Flood Control District (UDFCD)
This Technical Memorandum provides a systematic approach for designers, inspectors, review agencies,
and other local government staff. The Technical Memorandum provides background information and in
ground history for selected pipe materials, pipe material selection guides, specific design and service
characteristics for each material, standard specifications and details, and an installation guide with
inspection checklists.
This Technical Memorandum update is for storm sewers only and does not include culverts. Storm
sewers are defined as pipes used to convey storm water runoff along, or parallel to, streets or highways.
Culverts are defined as pipes used to convey water under or generally perpendicular to highways,
railroads, streets, embankments, or canals. Storm sewers typically have intermediate manholes, where
culverts do not.
2.2
SCOPE
The pipe materials evaluated in this update were limited to the following:
Reinforced Concrete Pipe (RCP)

Aluminized Steel Pipe (ASP)
Polymer Coated Steel Pipe (PCSP)
Corrugated Aluminum Pipe (CAP)
Polyvinyl Chloride Pipe (PVC)
High Density Polyethylene Pipe (HDPE)
The pipe sizes evaluated were limited to 18-inches in diameter and larger. Smaller pipes were not
included as part of this pipe materials update.
2-1

July 13, 2010
Introduction
Specific tasks performed included the following:
Preparation and evaluation of a Storm Sewer Pipe Materials Inspection and Maintenance Practices
Survey and a Storm Sewer Pipe Rehabilitation (In-Place/No Dig) Practices Survey to obtain input and
feedback from each of the forty one member entities of the Urban Drainage & Flood Control District..
Field inspection of local storm sewer projects using the pipe materials to be evaluated.
Review of videos of existing storm sewer installations of different materials
Presentations by pipe Manufacturers and Contractors regarding pipe material, rehabilitation material
and rehabilitation installation.
Design Engineer Focus Workshop was held to obtain insight into the materials currently used and
design practices regarding the Storm Sewer Pipe Material Technical Memorandum.
An Inspector and Contractor Workshop was held to gather comments regarding pipe inspection guide,
inspection and maintenance, and rehabilitation of storm sewers.
In addition, the scope of this update included the following technical analyses:
Preparation of a Pipe Materials Selection Guide that defines the limits for each pipe material. Limits
include minimum and maximum fill heights, soil and water parameters, abrasion, and other factors
that affect the performance of the pipe.
Preparation of detailed specifications for each pipe material.
Revision and preparation of detailed installation specifications and an installation guide to assist
engineers and inspectors.
Revision and preparation of standard trench details to be used for each pipe installation.
This pipe materials update presents the consensus of the project sponsors regarding each pipe material
and recommended installation methods and materials for the Metropolitan Denver area and the local
governments within the Districts boundaries. References for detailed design criteria, standards,
guidelines, and manufacturers recommendations should also be used if a particular application does not
fit the criteria and guidelines recommended herein. In addition, the engineer should contact the District,
or the particular local government, regarding deviations and extenuating circumstances.
*****
2-2

July 13, 2010
3.0
3.1
Data Collection
DATA COLLECTION
PREVIOUS EVALUATION
In early 1987, the District, in coordination with Arapahoe County and the City of Littleton, selected
Wright Water Engineers, Inc. of Denver, Colorado to develop design and technical criteria for various
storm sewer pipe materials. The Study, titled Storm Sewer Pipe Material Technical Memorandum was
developed to allow the project sponsors to permit orderly, cost-effective, selection of storm sewer pipe
materials.
The Study was limited to the following pipe materials:
Reinforced Concrete Pipe with various cement types

Corrugated steel pipe, bituminous coated corrugated steel pipe, and fiber bonded coated corrugated
steel pipe
Corrugated aluminum pipe and coated corrugated aluminum pipe
Various types of plastic pipe
The Study was limited to storm sewer applications and specifically excluded culverts. A storm sewer was
defined as a pipe used to convey storm water runoff along streets or highways. A culvert was defined as a
closed conduit for passing water under a highway, railroad, canal, or embankment.
The 1987 Study included a literature search and life cycle cost analysis, identified material selection
factors, provided a material overview, and provided information on coatings, structural design,
installation, durability, and rehabilitation for each material identified. In addition, a survey of storm
sewer pipe material practices was sent to a number of Colorado Front Range cities and counties, and to
major cities and counties in the Midwest to Western United States. The survey requested information on
material types, soil/environment conditions, construction quality control, maintenance, and rehabilitation
methods.
In March of 1988, a supplement to the original Study was completed that provided additional discussion
on construction materials, including brief discussions on pipe embedment, backfill/compaction, and
inspection/testing. The supplement also provided discussion on the structural design of each of the pipe
materials evaluated.
3.2
PUBLISHED MATERIAL
A comprehensive approach was developed to compile data and information for the memorandum.
Published material was provided by various pipe trade associations, manufacturers, and suppliers of pipe
materials for information on their products. A literature search was also conducted in 1988 that included
articles, reports, memorandums, and other material from a variety of sources, including the U. S. Army
Corps of Engineers, state departments of transportation, universities, American Society of Civil
Engineers, Federal Highway Administration, American Association of State Highway and Transportation
Officials, American Society for Testing and Materials, and private consultants. A comprehensive
bibliography of the research literature is provided in the Section 15 of this Memorandum.
3-1

July 13, 2010
3.3
Data Collection
STORM SEWER PIPE MATERIALS INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCE

SURVEY
A Storm Sewer Pipe Materials Inspection and Maintenance Survey was developed to solicit input from
each of the forty one member entities of the Urban Drainage & Flood Control District in July 2009. The
Storm Sewer Pipe Material Inspection and Maintenance Survey requested information on storm sewer
maintenance and storm sewer inspection post construction. A total of 24 of 41 surveys were returned. A
summary of responses to the survey are presented in Appendix A.
In summary, 10 of the 25 respondents have their storm sewer system on a regular inspection program.
The rest of the respondents either maintain their system based on historical performance or as problems
occur. Typically, the storm sewer system is inspected via CCTV or by visual inspection. The most
commonly occurring pipe defects were sedimentation and joint separation. High pressure water jetting
and vacuum removal of sediment are the most frequent activities regarding storm sewer maintenance.
3.4
STORM SEWER PIPE REHABILITATION (IN-PLACE/NO DIG) PRACTICES

SURVEY
A Storm Sewer Pipe Rehabilitation (In-Place/No Dig) Practices Survey was developed to solicit input
from each of the forty one member entities of Urban Drainage & Flood Control District in July 2009. The
Storm Sewer Pipe Rehabilitation (In-Place/No Dig) Practices Survey requested information on storm
sewer rehabilitation. A total of 16 of 41 surveys were returned and two entities indicated that they did not
currently perform rehabilitation on storm sewers. A summary of the responses to the survey are presented
in Appendix B.
In summary, 5 of the 16 respondents have used sliplining methods for storm sewer rehabilitation. The
materials used were PVC and ASP. No respondents indicated that Cured in Place Pipe is currently being
utilized for storm sewer rehabilitation.
3.5
FIELD SITE VISITS
Field site visits were conducted in the initial stages of the Study to evaluate existing storm sewer
installations. During a progress meeting it was decided that field site visits would take place for ASP,
HDPE and RCP pipe. The locations where the site visits took place were some of the same locations that
were visited during the 1998 review. This was deliberate so that investigation would determine if any
noticeable changes had occurred in the 10 year period of time since last inspection. Field Site Visits were
conducted on August 5, 2009 and August 17, 2009. Attendees were permitted to pass through the storm
sewer and inspect the condition of the pipeline. During and after each inspection, participants discussed
their observations and provided comments on the apparent performance of the storm sewer pipe material,
condition of the pipeline, noted problems or deficiencies in the pipeline, installation, and other general
observations. Photographs were taken at each of the field inspection sites of pipeline interiors and items
of significance that were noted. Following is a short summary of the field inspections, including sites,
locations, material data, and size of the storm sewer. A comprehensive memorandum of field trip
observations is included in Appendix C.
3-2

July 13, 2010
Data Collection
Table 3-1
Field Site Visits
Storm Sewer Name
West Woods Golf

Course
Slaughter House
Gulch Phase IV
Washington Street
Improvements
Soundtrack (Ultimate
Electronics)
3.6
Location
Material
August 5, 2009
Quaker Street at the entrance
Aluminized CMP
to the Golf course
S. Grant Street and E.
Maplewood Drive, E.
RCP
Maplewood Drive and S.
Pennsylvania Street
August 17, 2009
th
E 120 Avenue and
HDPE
Washington Street
84th Avenue and I-25
HDPE
Size
(Inches)
Date of
Installation
72 and 80
~1994
48 to 76
elliptical
1994
48
1995
48
1995
CCTV REVIEW OF STORM SEWERS
CCTV reviews were preformed on a number of the storm sewer sites that were visited and walked
through during the 1998 update. The following is a short summary of the CCTV review of the storm
sewer including sites, locations, material data, and size of the storm sewer. A comprehensive summary of
the CCTV review is included in Appendix D.
Table 3-2
CCTV Review of Storm Sewers
Storm Sewer Name
Knoxville Storm Sewer
Summer Valley Ranch
4B
Summer Valley Ranch
4A
Women Creek
Reservoir Drain
Knox Court Storm
Sewer
Saddle Rock Golf
Course
Virginia Village Phase
II
Location
S. Lamar Street between Dartmouth
Avenue and Yale Avenue
In easement between houses south of
S. Reservoir Road between Biscay
Road and S. Catha Way
S. Reservoir Road between Biscay
Road and S. Cathay Way
West of 112th Avenue and Simms
Street
Knox Court and Hampden Avenue
North of Arapahoe Road and 1800
feet east of S. Liverpool Street (near
clubhouse)
East Minnesota Drive and South
Jasmine Street
3-3
Material
Size
(Inches)
Date of
Installation
RCP
15- 42
1994
RCP
42
1991
HDPE
36
1993
HDPE
24
1995
ASP
36
1995
ASP
18-48
1996
CMP
24-42
2000

July 13, 2010
3.7
Data Collection
PIPE MANUFACTURER STORM SEWER MATERIAL PRESENTATION
On July 10, 2009 a manufacturers presentation on existing and new storm sewer products was held at the
offices of UDFCD. Pipe manufacturers were encouraged to be present for their competitors
presentations. Presentations were scheduled for each of the local pipe manufacturers showing interest in
the project for the pipe materials to be included in the evaluation. The presentations were attended by
UDFCD, project sponsors, Burns & McDonnell, and the pipe manufacturers. Presentations provided
product information and allowed participants the opportunity for questions and answers. Information
presented included the following:
Existing Storm Sewer Products
Newer Storm Sewer Products
Joints
End Section
Installation Issues and Solutions
Preferred Bedding Material
Items the manufacturers would like to see included in the updated Technical Memorandum
Presentations were made by the following:
Mountain States Concrete Pipe Association and Rinker Materials (RCP)
KWH Pipe (HDPE)
Advanced Drainage Solutions/Hancor (HDPE)
Contech (ASP)
3.8
PIPE MANUFACTURERS REHABILITATION PRESENTATIONS
On August 19, 2009 a manufacturers presentation on rehabilitation products was held at the offices of
UDFCD. Presentations were scheduled for each of the local pipe manufacturers showing an interest in
the project. The presentations were attended by UDFCD, project sponsors, Burns & McDonnell, pipe
manufacturer of rehabilitation products, and a contractor who has installed many rehabilitation products
for storm sewers. Presentations provided product information and allowed participants the opportunity
for questions and answers. Information presented included the following:
Storm Sewer Rehabilitation Products
Joints
Termination at End Sections
Filling of Voids Between Host Pipe and Rehabilitation Product
Presentations were made by the following:
KWH Pipe (Sliplining)
Advanced Drainage Solutions/Hancor (Sliplining)
Contech (Sliplining)
Wildcat (Cured in Place Pipe)
C&L Water Solutions (Cured in Place Pipe)
American West Contractors (Storm Sewer Rehabilitation Product Installers)
3.9
DESIGN ENGINEER FOCUS GROUP
On August 12, 2009 a meeting with local storm sewer designers that have worked with UDFCD on past
projects was held to discuss the technical manual and proposed updates to the manual. Attendees
included representatives from the following entities: Urban Drainage & Flood Control District; Burns &
McDonnell; and storm sewer designers. Discussion included storm sewer piping material, factors
3-4

July 13, 2010
Data Collection
considered in choosing storm sewer material, evaluation of Design Documents currently in the Technical
Manual, inspection and maintenance considerations, and storm sewer rehabilitation. General discussion
and comments are presented in Appendix E.
3.10
INSPECTOR AND CONTRACTOR FOCUS GROUP
On September 9, 2009 a meeting with local Inspectors and Contractors that have worked with storm
sewers to discuss storm sewer pipe materials. Attendees included representatives from the following
entities: Urban Drainage & Flood Control District; City and County of Denver, Town of Parker, City of
Westminster, City of Arvada, City of Aurora, Arapahoe Utility and Infrastructure Construction, and
Burns & McDonnell. Discussion included the technical manual and use of the technical manual for
inspection and construction, pipe installation guide, inspection, maintenance and storm sewer
rehabilitation. General discussion and comments are presented in Appendix F.
*****
3-5

July 13, 2010
4.0
4.1
Pipe Material Evaluation
PIPE MATERIAL EVALUATION
GENERAL
Pipe materials evaluated for use in storm sewer applications were limited to materials that are typically
used in the Denver area and are cost-competitive for storm sewer applications. The pipe materials
evaluated include Reinforced Concrete Pipe (RCP), Aluminized Steel Pipe (Spiral Ribbed Aluminized
Steel Pipe [ASP]), Polymer Coated Steel Pipe (PCSP), Corrugated Aluminum Pipe (CAP), Polyvinyl
Chloride Pipe (PVC), and High Density Polyethylene Pipe (HDPE).
4.2
REINFORCED CONCRETE PIPE (RCP)
Reinforced Concrete Pipe has provided service as a storm sewer piping material for many years. RCP is
produced locally by Rinker Materials, Precast Concepts, and Oldcastle Precast. RCP has an excellent
performance history in excess of 75 years of service for this application. Reinforced Concrete Pipe offers
pipe sizes up to 144-inches in diameter. The wall thickness and reinforcement requirements are
determined by the pipe diameter and required bury depth in the structural design of the pipe. Rubber
gaskets provide a water tight joint. AASHTO M170 and M242 and ASTM C76, C361, C443, and C655
are the standards for this pipe.
4.3
ALUMINIZED STEEL PIPE (ASP)
Spiral ribbed Aluminized Steel Pipe (ASP) was introduced in 1984 as an alternative to conventional
Corrugated Metal Pipe for storm sewer applications. Test reports indicate that the aluminized Type 2
coating offers higher resistance to corrosion than galvanized steel. Pipe is available up to 144-inches in
diameter and 40-foot laying lengths. Hugger type coupling bands with rubber O-ring gaskets are used to
join the pipe. ASP is produced locally by Contech Construction Products, Inc. AASHTO M274 and
ASTM A929 are the standards for this pipe.
4.4
POLYMER COATED STEEL PIPE (PCSP)
Polymer Coated Steel Pipe (PCSP) was introduced as an alternative to conventional Corrugated Metal
Pipe for storm sewer applications. Polymer coated steel pipe can be used in areas that required additional
protection against corrosion and abrasion. It can handle lower pH ranges and lower resistivity than ASP
pipe. The polymer coating has the ability to handle heavy scour environments under high bed loading.
The polymer coated steel pipe is available in both spiral rib pipe (Type 1R) and corrugated exterior
profile with a smooth interior liner (Type 1A). AASHTO M36 and M246 and ASTM A762 are the
standards for this pipe. The pipe is acceptable in the standards from 18-inch to 102-inch.
4.5
CORRUGATED ALUMINUM PIPE (CAP)
Corrugated Aluminum Pipe (CAP) was introduced as an alternative to conventional Corrugated Metal
Pipe for storm sewer applications. Spiral ribbed aluminum pipe can be used in areas that require
additional protection against corrosion and abrasion. It can handle lower pH ranges and has even
been tested in salt water environments. AASHTO M196 and ASTM A745 are the standards for
this pipe. The pipe is acceptable in the standards from 18-inch to 84-inch.
4.6
POLYVINYL CHLORIDE PIPE (PVC)
Polyvinyl Chloride Pipe is available in solid wall and profile wall designs that include open profile (i.e.
ribbed exterior with smooth interior) and closed profile (smooth exterior and interior). PVC is available
4-1

July 13, 2010
Pipe Material Evaluation
in various diameters, but is limited to 54-inches in diameter for storm sewers. The material is lightweight
and offers excellent corrosion and abrasion resistance. Pipe is available in 13 or 22-foot laying lengths
with rubber gasketed bell and spigot joints. The material is susceptible to ultraviolet degradation. PVC is
available locally from several suppliers. AASHTO M304 and ASTM F679, F794, F949, and F1803 are
the standards for this pipe.
4.7
HIGH DENSITY POLYETHYLENE PIPE (HDPE)
High Density Polyethylene Pipe (HDPE) is produced in single wall corrugated interior pipe and dual wall
corrugated pipe with a smooth interior. This product is limited to corrugated pipe with a smooth interior
and is limited to a maximum size of 60-inches in diameter (based on current AASHTO M294), although
larger diameters are manufactured. The material is lightweight and offers excellent corrosion and
abrasion resistance. HDPE is available from Advanced Drainage System Inc. and KWH Pipe. AASHTO
M252 and M294 and ASTM F894 and F2306 are the standards for this pipe.
*****
4-2

July 13, 2010
5.0
5.1
Pipe Material Selection Guide
PIPE MATERIAL SELECTION GUIDE
TOTAL SYSTEM EVALUATION
A total system evaluation requires that area drainage characteristics are defined and subsurface
investigations be performed to collect samples and perform laboratory analysis to provide comprehensive
design information for the storm drainage system. These investigations may be obtained from other
subsurface investigations performed for roadway, sanitary sewer, or other utility designs, or a projectspecific geotechnical investigation may be required. Subsurface investigations for the purpose of the
storm drainage system design should be performed at locations along the alignment that will provide the
designer with representative conditions throughout the project area. In order to provide a comprehensive
design, extreme existing conditions should be located, sampled, and reported to assure the integrity of the
completed system. The following is a list of the basic elements required for the design:
Subsurface investigations
Soils sampling
Water table information
Groundwater fluctuations due to dry and wet weather conditions
Moisture content
Compactibility
Soil Classification
Stability
Industrial waste products (Hydrocarbons)
Organic contaminants
pH
Sulphate (total as SO3)
Subsidence
Soil resistivity
Area drainage characteristics
Anticipated trench condition
Pipe structural requirements

Loading conditions
Earth load
Live load (i.e., H20, E80, etc.)
Buoyancy
Bedding requirements
Pipe location with respect to other utilities
5-1

July 13, 2010
5.2
DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE CHECKLIST
The design and performance checklist is provided to facilitate the designer in consideration of critical
issues associated with storm sewer design. The checklist presented in Table 5-I provides a minimum
listing of items to be considered in the structural design of a storm sewer system. Hydrology and
hydraulic requirements are not included in the checklist.
Table 5-1
Design and Performance Checklist
Criteria
Yes
Does the material provide service life established for the project?
Is the size of the storm sewer based on the established storm frequency/intensity
period?
Is the velocity, based on the established storm frequency/intensity period, acceptable?
Have the soils analysis and sampling been incorporated in the design?
Does the structural design of the pipe meet the anticipated trench load conditions?
Is the pipe manufactured in the required size range under present material specification
standards?
Will the pipe be subjected to organic or petroleum contaminants?
Is the pipe material applicable for installation in contaminated areas?
Is the installation subject to flotation?
Are the pipe joints water tight?
Are the structural characteristics compatible with the proposed design depth of the
sewer minimum/maximum?
Are the trench conditions compatible with the material to be installed?
Is the pipe material compatible with the existing soil characteristics?
Are changing trench conditions anticipated for the system life?
Will installation of parallel utilities affect the pipeline integrity?
Is bedding material acceptable if subsurface flow is present?
5.3
SUBMITTAL REQUIREMENTS
The following list of information may be required to be submitted with the design of a storm sewer
system.
Moisture content
pH
Compactibility
Sulphate (total as SO3)
Soil Classification
Subsidence
Stability
Soil resistivity
5-2
No

July 13, 2010
5.4
Hydrocarbons/organic contaminants
Design depth of cover
Groundwater level
Bedding class and factor (minimum/maximum)
Embedment material specification
Design loads
Earth load
Live load (H20/E80)
Buoyancy calculations (when applicable)
Typical trench detail
Trench bottom stabilization detail when required
Information to be submitted for pipe material is stated in the specifications
Hydrology, hydraulic, and area drainage characteristics
PIPE MATERIAL SELECTION
The material selection process provides several items of comparison for the designer to consider.
Following is a comparative evaluation summary of the pipeline materials:
5-3

July 13, 2010
Item
Table 5-2
Comparative Evaluation Summary of Pipeline Materials
Reinforced
Aluminized
Polymer
Polyvinyl
Aluminum
Concrete Pipe
Steel Pipe
Coated
Chloride
Pipe
(RCP)
(ASP)
Steel Pipe
Pipe (PVC)
High Density
Polyethylene
Pipe (HDPE)
Minimum
Maximum
Pipe Size
(Inches)
AASHTO
Standard
ASTM
Standard
Mannings
n Value
18-144
18-144
18-102
18-84
M170 M242
M36 M274
M36 M245
M246
M196 M197
C76 C655
A760 A929
A760 A762
B744 B745
0.013
0.013
0.013
0.013
0.011
0.012
Joints
Watertight
Rubber Gasket
Watertight
Band Strip
with O-ring
Gasket
Watertight
Band Strip
with O-ring
or Gasket
Watertight
Band Strip
with O-ring
or Gasket
Watertight
Rubber
Gasket
Watertight
Rubber Gasket
Typical
Manufactured
Length (feet)
7.5-8
20-40
20-40
20-40
13 & 22
20
Minimum
Stiffness (psi)
Rigid (Class
III min)
See Table
7-1 and
Table 7-2
See Table
8-1 and
Table 8-2
See Table
9-1 and 9-2
Varies with
diameter
Varies with
diameter
Minimum
Bury Depth
(Feet)
Class III-I -1
Class IR-R0
Varies(1-2)
See Table
7-1
Varies(1-2)
See Table
8-1
Varies(1-1.2)
See Table
9-1
2.0 or
1 pipe Dia.
(ASTM
D2321)
2.0 or
1 pipe Dia.
(ASTM
D2321)
See Table
6-2
See Table
7-2
See Table
8-2
See Table
9-2
See Table
10-1
See Table
11-2
Moderate
Low
High
High
High
High
Moderate
See Section
7-5
High
Moderate
High
High
Moderate
Low
High
Moderate
High
High
Maximum
Bury Depth
(feet)
Chemical
Resistance
Abrasion
Resistance
Corrosion
Resistance
M304
M278
F697 F794
F949
18-60*
M252 M294
F894 F2306
Grouted or
Saddle or
Saddle or
Saddle or
Insert Tee
Insert Tee
Insert Tee
Branch
Branch
Branch
Maximum diameter that is indicated in both the most recent AASHTO and ASTM standard. If the
diameter is increased through a revision to the existing AASHTO or ASTM standard then the future
user may consider using the larger pipe diameter size.
Connection
*
18-54*
5-4

July 13, 2010
Pipe material selection charts to aid in the selection of pipe materials for use in a storm drainage systems
are presented in Figures 5-1, 5-2, 5-3, 5-4, 5-5 and 5-6. These charts present several conditions for each
material which can easily be followed in a logical step-by-step flow chart manner to determine the
applicability of each pipeline material for a particular installation. In general:
Reinforced Concrete Pipe (RCP) is generally limited by wall thickness requirements, pH, sulfate
levels, and minimum bury depth.
Aluminized Steel Pipe (ASP), Polymer Coated Steel Pipe and Corrugated Aluminum Pipe are
generally limited by pH, soil resistivity, flotation, corrosive agents, abrasive flows, and minimum
cover.
Polyvinyl Chloride Pipe (PVC) is generally limited by size, ultraviolet (UV) degradation,
flotation, pipe stiffness, and minimum cover depth.
High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) Pipe is limited by UV degradation, flotation, and maximum
and minimum trench depth conditions.
See specific sections in this memorandum on each pipe material and refer to the referenced standards for
each material if the conditions or design criteria vary from those presented herein.
*****
5-5

Is pipe size greater than 144"
diameter?
YES
NO
YES
Determine controlling fill Height

Range in feet and determine class
NO
YES
Is maximum pipe thickness

required greater than pipe
NO
YES
Is soil pH less than 5?
NO
Are soil sulfate levels > 0.20%?
YES
NO
Use Type
V cement
YES
Is minimum cover height less than

1 foot or is this acceptable by
NO
Is flow velocity in the pipe greater
than 20 ft/sec?
YES
NO
Increasing concrete
strength and
Increasing specific
hardness of the
aggregate will be
required
Reinforced concrete pipe is not

an acceptable alternative for
this installation
Reinforcedconcretepipeisan
acceptablealternativeforthis
installationbasedonASTMand
AASHTOstandards
Selection of this alternate is complete.

Proceed to the next pipe type selection.
Figure 5-1
Pipe Material Selection Chart
Reinforced Concrete Pipe
ALUMINIZED STEEL PIPE (ASP)

YES
Is pipe size greater than 102" in

diameter?
NO
Determine controlling fill height in feet
and determine gauge of pipe
NO
Is maximum fill height permitted by

maximum wall thickness pipe less than
actual fill heights?
YES
YES
Is soil moisture content greater than

17.5%?
NO
NO
Is soil pH range between 5 to 9?
YES
NO
NO
Is resistivity greater than 1000

ohm-cm and pH between 5.0 and
9.0?
YES
Dewatering
activities will be
required during
construction
activities
Is resistivity greater than or equal to

1000 ohm-cm?
YES
YES
Is there a high groundwater table

where floating may be a problem?
NO
Deicing chemicals (corrosive to
Alumized steel), agricultural, or other
corrosive agents may be flushed into
the Storm Sewer?
YES
NO
YES
Is bed load heavy and velocity greater

than 15 feet per second? (See Table
7-3)
NO
YES

Table 7-1
NO
Aluminized Steel Pipe is not an

acceptable alternative for this
installation
Aluminized Steel Pipe is an

installation based on ASTM and
AASHTO standards

Figure 5-2
Aluminized Steel Pipe
POLYMER COATED STEEL PIPE (PCSP)

YES

diameter?

NO

maximum wall thickness pipe less
NO
Is pH range > 3?
YES
NO

100 ohm-cm?
YES
YES
Dewatering
activities will be
required during
construction
activities

NO
Deicing chemicals, agricultural, or

other corrosive agents may be flushed
into the Storm Sewer?
YES
NO
YES

NO
YES

limits of Table 8-1
NO
Polymer Coated Steel Pipe is

not an acceptable alternative
for this installation
Polymer Coated Steel Pipe is an

AASHTO standards

Figure 5-3
Polymer Coated Steel Pipe
CORRUGATED ALUMINUM PIPE (CAP)

YES

diameter?

NO

maximum wall thickness pipe less
NO
Is soil pH range < 4.5

YES
NO

500 ohm-cm?
YES
YES

NO
Dewatering
activities will be
required during
construction
activities
YES
Deicing chemicals (corrosive to

Aluminized steel), agricultural, or
other corrosive agents may be flushed
into the Storm Sewer?
NO
YES

NO
YES

Table 9.1?
NO
Corrugated Aluminum Pipe is

not an acceptable alternative for
this installation
Corrugated Aluminum Pipe is an

AASHTO standards

Figure 5-4
Corrugated Aluminum Pipe
POLYVINYL CHLORIDE (PVC) PIPE

YES

diameter?
NO
YES
Will pipe be exposed to high

concentrations of
hydrocarbon/petroleum products?
NO
YES
Will pipe be exposed to long term

ultraviolet radiation?
NO
Is there a high ground water table
where floatation may be a
YES
NO
Dewatering will be
required during
construction
activities
Determine controlling fill height in

feet and determine pipe stiffness
YES
Is pipe stiffness required greater

than pipe stiffness available?
NO
YES

2 feet or one pipe diameter?
NO
Polyvinyl Chloride Pipe is not

an acceptable alternative for
this installation
Polyvinyl Chloride Pipe is an

AASHTO standards

Figure 5-5
Polyvinyl Chloride Pipe
HIGH DENSITY POLYETHYLENE (HDPE) PIPE

YES

diameter?
NO
YES
Is there a high ground water table

where floatation may be a problem?
NO
Dewatering will be
required during
construction
activities
YES
Is minimum cover height less than 2

feet or one pipe diameter?
NO
HDPE Pipe is not an acceptable

alternative for this installation
HDPE Pipe is an acceptable

alternative for this installation
based on ASTM and AASHTO
standards

Figure 5-6
High Density Polyethylene Pipe

July 13, 2010
6.0
6.1
MATERIAL GENERAL
Reinforced Concrete Pipe (RCP) is available in a variety of sizes and shapes for storm sewer systems,
including circular, elliptical, arch, precast box culvert, and circular jacking pipe. For the purpose of this
memorandum, circular Reinforced Concrete Pipe was the only product evaluated. Use of elliptical or
arched pipe for storm sewers is not recommended, when possible. Past experience and discussions with
contractors indicate the difficulty in installing and joining elliptical and arched pipe. Use only when
conditions prevent the use of circular pipe and special attention for proper installation techniques are
followed. Joints shall be watertight.
RCP, available in sizes 18-inch diameter through 144-inch diameter, can be provided in various wall
thicknesses (Classes), and can be supplied with a variety of linings and coatings. Laying lengths are
typically 7.5 feet to 8.0 feet. Portland cement should be limited to Type II Modified, which has an
improved resistance to sulfate attack. Other types of cement, including blended hydraulic cements
containing pozzolans, are also available.
Non-Reinforced Concrete Pipe is not recommended for storm sewers.
Reinforced Concrete Pipe shall be manufactured in accordance with the following standards:
AASHTO M170 - Reinforced Concrete Culvert, Storm Drain and Sewer Pipe.
AASHTO M242 - Reinforced Concrete D-Load Culvert, Storm Drain and Sewer Pipe.
ASTM C76 - Reinforced Concrete Culvert, Storm Drain and Sewer Pipe.
ASTM C361 - Reinforced Concrete Low-Head Pressure Pipe.
ASTM C443 - Joints for Concrete Pipe and Manholes, Using Rubber Gaskets.
ASTM C655 - Reinforced Concrete D-Load Culvert, Storm Drain and Sewer Pipe.
Material standards for concrete aggregates, steel reinforcing, Portland cement, and gaskets are referenced
in the above specifications.
The Mannings n value for Reinforced Concrete Pipe is typically 0.013. Independent research at Utah
State University has indicated laboratory Mannings n value of 0.010, but a value of 0.013 should be
used during design to account for actual installed conditions.
6.2
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
Reinforced Concrete Pipe should be designed for each project. Indirect design is the most common and is
presented in the Concrete Pipe Handbook (SAMM or 3EB) prepared by the American Concrete Pipe
Association. Minimum pipe classes and fill heights with the District shall meet the manufacturers
recommendations and shall be as follows:
6-1

July 13, 2010
Table 6-1
Minimum Pipe Classes and Fill Heights for
H-20 Live Load, Class B Bedding
Pipe Size
Type
Minimum Cover
18"-144"
Class II/ III
12"
18"-144"
Class IV/V
0"
Maximum cover over the pipe shall meet the following standards and shall follow the manufacturers
recommendations. Maximum fill heights for various classes of RCP installed in clay soils with Class B
bedding as shown in Figure 6-1 are presented in the following table.
Table 6-2
Maximum Fill Heights for Reinforced Concrete Pipe
in Clay Soils with Class B Bedding (As Shown in Figure 6-1)*
Soil Density = 120 lbs/ft3
Class II
Class III
Class IV
Class V
Pipe Size
(Inches)
Maximum Cover (Feet)
18
NA
14
18
33
21
NA
14
18
33
24
NA
14
18
33
30
NA
14
18
33
36
NA
14
18
33
42
10
14
18
33
48
10
14
21
32
54
10
14
21
32
60
10
14
21
32
66
10
14
21
32
72
9
13
21
32
78
9
13
21
32
84
9
13
21
32
90
9
13
21
32
96
9
13
21
32
102
9
13
21
32
108
9
13
21
32
114
9
13
21
32
120
9
13
21
32
144
9
13
21
32
For installations with greater fill heights, see Concrete Pipe Design Manual.
6-2

July 13, 2010
6.3
JOINTS
Pipe shall be bell and spigot ends with O-ring or profile rubber gaskets conforming to AASHTO M198
and ASTM C443 to provide a watertight joint.
6.4
SERVICE LIFE AND DURABILITY
The service life of RCP is affected by soil pH and sulfates. A service life of 75 years or longer can be
expected from RCP. The following conditions can have an effect on service life and durability of the
pipe.
1
Corrosion
If the soil pH is less than 5, then additional protection is needed for RCP. For sulfate levels of
1,500 ppm or higher in water samples or 0.20% water-soluble in soil, Type V cement or sulfate
resistant cement shall be used.
Abrasion
Abrasion is typically not a factor in RCP at velocities less than 20 feet per second (fps). When
determining velocities, consideration must be given to how often design velocities will be
experienced. Velocities for abrasion determination should be based on Minor Storm velocities.
If velocities are above 20 fps on a continual basis, consideration should be given to increasing the
compressive strength of the concrete, increasing the cover over the reinforcing steel, or providing
plastic lining.
Freeze-Thaw
The durability of concrete pipes may also be compromised by exposure to frequent freeze-thaw
cycles. Freeze-thaw damage is typically experienced by cast-in-place concrete pipes, but it can
be seen on the ends of large diameter precast concrete pipes. Protective measures, increasing the
cement content reducing the water/cement ratio, or increasing the pipe thickness or lining, must
be taken to protect pipes exposed to freeze-thaw conditions and deicing slats.
Performance studies on concrete pipe have found that the material is susceptible to deterioration
caused by freeze-thaw weathering, acid corrosion, sulfate attack, abrasion, and chloride corrosion
of the reinforcing steel. According to service records and surveys, the performance of concrete
can be negatively affected by alkaline (pH 12+) and acid (pH <4.5) conditions. Tests performed
by the Maine Department of Transportation confirmed these results by looking at 64 Reinforced
Concrete Pipes installed in various environments. Results showed that when pipes were exposed
to low pH levels (5.3 or lower) the concrete appeared to soften and deteriorate.
6.5
Fire Concerns
Flammable liquids are of concern in concrete storm sewers, especially in areas such as airports
and truck terminals, where large quantities of fuel may be handled. Damage to concrete pipe
caused by fire is negligible. It has been found that, while some spalling may occur as a result of
fire damage, the spalling has little effect on the service life of the pipe.
DISCHARGE INTO WATERWAYS
Concrete storm sewers discharging into waterways (i.e. creeks) shall be provided with the following end
treatments:
Concrete Flared-End Section
6-3

July 13, 2010
Concrete Headwall
Flared-end sections shall be anchored to prevent movement (see Colorado Department of Transportation
details) and shall have adequate erosion protection and/or energy dissipation materials placed
downstream.
6.6
STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
Standard specifications follow the Construction Specifications Institute (CSI) format and can be found in
Appendix G of this memorandum.
6.7
STANDARD DETAILS
A standard trench detail is shown in Figure 6-1.
*****
6-4

July 13, 2010
7.0
7.1
ALUMINIZED STEEL PIPE
MATERIAL GENERAL
Aluminized Steel Pipe (ASP) is available in a variety of sizes and shapes, including circular, elliptical,
and arched. ASP is available in sizes 18-inch through 144-inch diameter and in various wall thicknesses
(gauges). Laying lengths of ASP vary from 4 to 40 feet.
Typically, metal pipe is associated with highway drainage culverts and is usually made from galvanized
steel. Corrugated metal pipe for storm sewers for the purpose of this memorandum, shall be limited to
smooth interior Spiral Rib Aluminized Steel Type 2 Pipe (ASP). As discussed previously in Section 5,
elliptical and arched pipe should be used only when conditions prevent the use of circular pipe.
Materials for ASP shall meet the following standards:
AASHTO M274 - Steel Sheet, Aluminum Coated (Type 2) for Corrugated Steel Pipe.
ASTM A929 - Steel Sheet, Metallic-Coated by the Hot-Dip Process for Corrugated Steel Pipe.
Pipe shall be manufactured in accordance with the following standards:
AASHTO M36 - Corrugated Steel Pipe, Metallic-Coated, for Sewers and Drains.
ASTM A760 - Corrugated Steel Pipe, Metallic-Coated, for Sewers and Drains.
The Mannings n value for Spiral Rib ASP is typically 0.013. Similar to RCP, independent laboratory
research has indicated lower n values, but a value of 0.013 should be used during design to account for
actual installed conditions.
7.2
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
Pipe shall be designed in accordance with the following standards:
AASHTO Load Resistance Factor Design (LRFD), Section 12 - Soil-Corrugated Metal Structure
Interaction Systems.
ASTM A796 Structural Design of Corrugated Steel Pipe, Pipe-Arches, and Arches for Storm and
Sanitary Sewers and Other Buried Structures.
Minimum thicknesses and fill heights for spiral rib ASP shall be as follows:
Table 7-1
Minimum Fill and Thickness Table
for Spiral Rib Aluminized Steel Pipe
Pipe Size
Thickness
Minimum Cover
(Inches)
(Ga.)
(Feet)
18-48
0.064" (16 ga)
1.0
54-60
0.079" (14 ga)
1.5
66-72
0.109" (12 ga)
1.5
Over 72
Design
2.0
7-1

July 13, 2010
Maximum cover over the pipe shall be limited to the values in Table 7-2, and shall meet the above
standards and shall follow the manufacturers recommendations. Fill heights are for Condition III
installations using select, granular bedding materials as specified.
Table 7-2
Maximum Fill Heights for Spiral Rib Aluminized Steel Pipe*
Pipe Size
0.064" Thickness
0.079" Thickness
0.109" Thickness
(Inches)
(16 Ga.)
(14 Ga.)
(12 Ga.)
18
21
24
30
36
42
48
54
60
66
72
78
84
90
96
102
*
7.3
30+
30+
30+
30+
30+
29
25
22
20
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA

30+
30+
30+
30+
30+
30+
30+
30+
28
26
24
22
NA
NA
NA
NA
30+
30+
30+
30+
30+
30+
30+
30+
30+
30+
30+
30+
30+
30
28
Consult manufacturer and design for fill heights greater than 30 feet.
JOINTS
Pipe shall be joined using coupling bands conforming to AASHTO M36 with O-ring rubber gaskets to
produce a watertight joint. Coupling bands shall be a minimum of 10.5-inches wide and shall be made
from aluminized steel of the same thickness as the pipe. Each coupling band shall have bar, bolt, and
strap connector assemblies.
Hardware for coupling bands shall conform to AASHTO M36. Rubber gaskets shall meet the
requirements of AASHTO M196.
7.4
SERVICE LIFE
The service life of ASP is affected by soil moisture, pH, and resistivity. A service life of 50 years or
longer can be expected from ASP. The service life of ASP shall be determined from the American Iron
and Steel Institute (AISI) chart (Figure 7-1) presented below.
7-2

July 13, 2010
Figure 7-1 AISI Chart for Estimating Average Invert Life for Galvanized CSP
This chart determines the expected service life based on specific soil pH and resistivity values. This chart
was prepared for 16 gage galvanized steel pipe. The values obtained from the chart should be multiplied
by the factors presented for the various metal thicknesses and a minimum additional service life of 1.3 for
the Type 2 aluminized steel coating.
If water is persistent inside the pipe then the service life values presented in the AISI chart shall be
halved. The service life of ASP can be increased by increasing the material thickness.
1
Service Life Determination Examples
Example 1
Given:
Soil pH = 7.2
Soil Resistivity = 1500 ohm-cm
Pipe Diameter = 24"
Pipe Thickness = 0.064"
Find:
Service life for Aluminized Type 2 spiral ribbed pipe
Solution:
From AISI Chart gives Average Life of 55 years for 0.052" thick Galvanized steel
Multiply by a factor of 1.3 for 16 gage Aluminized Type 2 steel
Expected service life = 71.5 years
7-3

July 13, 2010
7.5
Example 2
Given:
Soil pH = 6.0
Pipe Diameter = 24"
Find:
Service life for Aluminized Type 2 spiral ribbed pipe
Solution:
Multiply by a factor of 1.3 for 16 gage Type 2 Aluminized steel
Expected service life = 31.2 years; this is less than minimum 50 year Service Life
Increase thickness to 0.109" (12 gage)
Factor = 1.8
Service Life Expected = 56 years
DURABILITY
1. Corrosion
Corrosion is a significant concern with metal pipe installed in corrosive environments. It is not
recommended that ASP be used if one of the following conditions exists or may be encountered:
2.
Soil moisture > 17.5%

pH < 5 or > 9
Resistivity < 1,000 ohm-cm
Abrasion
Abrasion in culverts has been categorized into 4 levels by the U.S. Department of Transportation.
These are presented in Table 7-3.
Table 7-3
Abrasion Levels for Aluminized Steel Pipe
(Based on Bed Load and Velocity)
Level 1 Nonabrasive
No bed load & very low velocities (soil side)
Level 2: Low
Minor bed load & velocities of 5 fps & less
Level 3: Moderate
Moderate bed loads & velocities 5-15 fps
Level 4: Severe
Heavy bed loads & velocities > 15 fps
Abrasion is not a factor at velocities less than 5 feet per second (fps).
When determining velocities, consideration must be given to how often design velocities will be
experienced. For example, the 25-year storm velocity may be appropriate for hydraulic design, it
may not be a significant factor for abrasion determination since it may only occur a few times during
the design life. Velocities for abrasion determination shall be based on the Minor Storm velocities.
3. Fire Concerns
Fire is not a concern for uncoated ASP. However, protective coatings comprised of polymers can
present fire concerns. Normal precautions should be taken to exposing these coatings to open flames.
7-4

July 13, 2010
7.6
Storm sewers discharge into waterways (i.e., creeks) shall be provided with the following end treatments:
1. Pipes Less Than 48"
A concrete flared-end section or Aluminized Steel Type 2 flared-end section and toe-plate extension.
2. Pipes Greater Than 48"
A concrete headwall shall be used.
Flared-end section shall be anchored to prevent movement (see Colorado Department of Transportation
details), shall have adequate erosion protection, and/or energy dissipation materials placed downstream.
7.7
Standard specifications follow the Construction specifications Institute (CSI) format and can be found in
Appendix G of this memorandum.
7.8
STANDARD DETAILS
*****
7-5

July 13, 2010
8.0
8.1
POLYMER COATED STEEL PIPE
MATERIAL GENERAL
Polymer Coated Steel Pipe (PCSP) is available in a variety of sizes and shapes, including circular and
arched. PCSP is available in sizes 18-inch through 102-inch diameter and in various wall thicknesses
(gauges). Laying lengths of PCSP vary from 4 to 40 feet.
steel. Corrugated metal pipe for storm sewers for the purpose of this Memorandum Section shall be
limited to smooth interior PCSP. As discussed previously in Section 5, arched pipe should be used only
when conditions prevent the use of circular pipe.
Materials for PCSP shall meet the following standards:
AASHTO M246 - Steel Sheet, Metallic-Coated and Polymer-Precoated, for Corrugated Steel Pipe.
ASTM A762 - Corrugated Steel Pipe, Polymer Precoated for Sewers and Drains.
AASHTO M36 - Corrugated Steel Pipe, Metallic-Coated, for Sewers and Drains.
ASTM A760 - Corrugated Steel Pipe, Metallic-Coated, for Sewers and Drains.
The Mannings n value for Spiral Rib PCSP is typically 0.013. Similar to RCP, independent laboratory
8.2
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
ASTM A796 Structural Design of Corrugated Steel Pipe, Pipe-Arches, and Arches for Storm and
Sanitary Sewers and Other Buried Structures.
Minimum thicknesses and fill heights for spiral rib PCSP shall be as follows:
Table 8-1
Minimum Fill and Thickness Table
for Polymer Coated Steel Pipe
Pipe Size
Thickness
Minimum Cover
(Inches)
(Ga.)
(Feet)
18-48
0.064" (16 ga)
1.0
54-60
0.079" (14 ga)
1.5
66-72
0.109" (12 ga)
1.5
Over 72
Design
2.0
8-1

July 13, 2010
Table 8-2
Maximum Fill Heights for Polymer Coated Steel Pipe*
Type IR Pipe**
0.064" Thickness
0.079" Thickness
0.109" Thickness
Pipe Size
(16 Ga.)
(14 Ga.)
(12 Ga.)
(Inches)
18
30+
30+
NA
21
30+
30+
30+
24
30+
30+
30+
30
30+
30+
30+
36
30+
30+
30+
42
29
30+
30+
48
25
30+
30+
54
22
30+
30+
60
20
28
30+
66
NA
26
30+
72
NA
24
30+
78
NA
22
30+
84
NA
NA
30+
90
NA
NA
30+
96
NA
NA
30
102
NA
NA
28
* Consult manufacturer and design for fill heights greater than 30 feet.
** Consult manufacturer for fill heights for Type IA height of cover table.
8.3
JOINTS
from polymer coated steel of the same thickness as the pipe. Each coupling band shall have bar, bolt,
and strap connector assemblies.
`
8.4
SERVICE LIFE
The service life of PCSP is affected by pH, and resistivity. A service life of a one hundred years or more
can be expected from PCSP. The service life of PCSP shall be determined from the American Iron and
Steel Institute (AISI) chart (Figure 7-1) presented earlier in this Memorandum. This chart determines the
expected service life based on specific soil pH and resistivity values. This chart was prepared for
8-2

July 13, 2010
galvanized steel pipe. The values obtained from the chart should have the additional service years addedon depending on the flow conditions.
1
Example 1
Given:
Soil pH = 7.2
Pipe Diameter = 24"
Abrasion = minor bedloads of sand and gravel with velocities of 5 fps or less
Find:
Service life for a polymer coated steel pipe
Solution:
Add-on Service life for Non-metallic Coatings = 80+ years
Expected service life = 135+ years
Example 2
Given:
Soil pH = 6.0
Pipe Diameter = 24"
Abrasion = bedloads of sand and gravel with velocities between 5 and 15 fps.
Find:
Service life for a polymer coated steel pipe
Solution:
Add-on Service life for Non-metallic Coatings = 70 years
8.5
DURABILITY
1. Corrosion
recommended that PCSP be used if one of the following conditions exists or may be encountered:
2.
pH < 3
Resistivity < 100 ohm-cm
Abrasion
8-3

July 13, 2010
Table 8-3
Abrasion Levels for Polymer Coated Steel Pipe
Level 1 Nonabrasive
Level 2: Low
Level 3: Moderate
Level 4: Severe
Abrasion is not a factor at velocities less than 5 feet per second (fps).
may not be a significant factor or abrasion determination since it may only occur a few times during
Polymer coated pipe in Level 1 and 2 bed load conditions would add 80+ years to the service life.
Level 3 conditions will only add 70 years of service life. Polymer coated pipe is not recommended
for Level 4.
3. Fire Concerns
Polymers can present fire concerns. Normal precautions should be taken to avoid exposing these
coatings to open flames.
8.6
A concrete flared-end section or Polymer coated Steel Type 2 flared-end section and toe-plate
extension.
8.7
Appendix G of this Memorandum.
8.8
STANDARD DETAILS
*****
8-4

July 13, 2010
9.0
9.1
CORRUGATED ALUMINUM PIPE
MATERIAL GENERAL
Corrugated aluminum pipe (CAP) is available in a variety of sizes and shapes, including circular,
elliptical, and arched. CAP is available in sizes 18-inch through 84-inch diameter and in various wall
thicknesses (gauges). Laying lengths of Corrugated Aluminum Pipe vary from 4 to 40 feet.
steel. Corrugated metal pipe for storm sewers for the purpose of this memorandum section shall be
limited to smooth interior CAP. As discussed previously in Section 5 and arched pipe should be used
only when conditions prevent the use of circular pipe.
Materials for CAP shall meet the following standards:
AASHTO M197 Aluminum Alloy Sheet for Corrugated Aluminum Pipe.

ASTM B744, Aluminum Alloy Sheet for Corrugated Aluminum Pipe.
AASHTO M196 - Corrugated Aluminum Pipe for Sewers and Drains.

ASTM B745 - Corrugated Aluminum Pipe, for Sewers and Drains.
The Mannings n value for Spiral Rib CAP is typically 0.013. Similar to RCP, independent laboratory
9.2
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
ASTM B790, Standard Specifications for Corrugated Steel Pipe, Metallic-coated for Sewers and
Drains.
Minimum thicknesses and fill heights for spiral rib CAP shall be as follows:
Table 9-1
Minimum Fill and Thickness Table for Corrugated Aluminum Pipe
0.060"
0.075"
0.105"
0.135"
Thickness
Thickness
Thickness
Thickness
Pipe Size
(12 Ga.)
(16 Ga.)
(14 Ga.)
(10 Ga.)
(Inches)
Minimum Cover (Feet)
18
1.0
NA
NA
NA
21
1.0
NA
NA
NA
24
1.0
1.0
NA
NA
30
1.25
1.0
1.0
NA
9-1

July 13, 2010
Table 9-1
Minimum Fill and Thickness Table for Corrugated Aluminum Pipe
0.060"
0.075"
0.105"
0.135"
Thickness
Thickness
Thickness
Thickness
Pipe Size
(12 Ga.)
(16 Ga.)
(14 Ga.)
(10 Ga.)
(Inches)
Minimum Cover (Feet)
36
1.5
1.25
1.0
1.0
42
1.75
1.5
1.25
1.0
48
NA
2.0
1.5
1.25
54
NA
2.0
1.75
1.25
60
NA
NA
2.0
1.5
66
NA
NA
2.0
1.75
72
NA
NA
2.25
2.0
78
NA
NA
NA
2.5
84
NA
NA
NA
2.5
Table 9-2
Maximum Fill Heights for Corrugated Aluminum Pipe*
0.060"
Thickness
(16 Ga.)
0.075"
0.105"
Thickness
Thickness
Pipe Size
(12 Ga.)
(14 Ga.)
(Inches)
18
30+
NA
NA
21
30+
NA
NA
24
30+
30+
NA
30
30+
30+
30+
36
27
30+
30+
42
23
30+
30+
48
NA
28
30+
54
NA
25
30+
60
NA
NA
30+
66
NA
NA
30+
72
NA
NA
30
78
NA
NA
NA
84
NA
NA
NA
Consult manufacturer and design for fill heights greater than 30 feet.
9-2
0.135"
Thickness
(10 Ga.)
NA
NA
NA
NA
30+
30+
30+
30+
30+
30+
30+
30+
30+

July 13, 2010
9.3
JOINTS
from aluminum of the same thickness as the pipe. Each coupling band shall have bar, bolt, and strap
connector assemblies.
9.4
SERVICE LIFE
The service life of CAP is affected by soil moisture, pH, and CAP resistivity. According to the Federal
Highway Administration, Project Development and Design Manual Alternative Pipe Materials a service
life of fifty years or longer can be expected from aluminum alloy pipe. The service life of CAP shall be
determined from the Florida Department of Transportation Drainage Handbook Optional Pipe Materials
Table (Table 9-3) below. This table determines the expected service life based on specific soil pH and
resistivity values. This table was prepared for aluminum pipe of 16 gage.
Table 9-3
Estimated Service Life vs. pH and Resistivity for Corrugated Aluminum Pipe
The service life of CAP can be increased by increasing the material thickness. The service life
multiplication factor is represented in Table 9-4 on the following page.
9-3

July 13, 2010
Table 9-4
Service Life Multiplication Factor for Corrugated Aluminum Pipe
Gage
Factor
14
1.3
12
1.8
10
2.3
8
2.8
1
Example 1
Given:
Soil pH = 7.2
Pipe Diameter = 24"
Find:
Service life for a corrugated aluminum spiral ribbed pipe
Solution:
Table 9-3 gives expected service Life of 161.5 years for 0.060" thick CAP
Example 2
Given:
Soil pH = 4.5
Pipe Diameter = 24"
Find:
Service life for a corrugated aluminum spiral ribbed pipe
Solution:
Table 9-3 gives expected service Life of 39 years for 0.060" thick CAP
Multiplication factor for using 14 ga aluminum pipe = 1.3
9.5
DURABILITY
1. Corrosion
recommended that CAP be used if one of the following conditions exists or may be encountered:
2.
pH < 4.5
Resistivity < 500 ohm-cm
Abrasion
9-4

July 13, 2010
Table 9-5
Abrasion Levels for Corrugated Aluminum Pipe
Level 1 Nonabrasive
Level 2: Low
Level 3: Moderate
Level 4: Severe
Abrasion is not a factor at velocities less than 5 feet per second (fps). When using CAP in moderate
abrasion the material thickness should be increase by one gage. If using CAP in a severe abrasion
environment the material thickness should be increase by 1 gage and inlet protection should be
provided.
may not be a significant factor or abrasion determination since it may only occur a few times during
3. Fire Concerns
Fire is not a concern for uncoated CAP.
9.6
A concrete flared-end section or aluminum flared-end section and toe-plate extension.
9.7
9.8
STANDARD DETAILS
*****
9-5

July 13, 2010
10.0
10.1
POLYVINYL CHLORIDE PIPE (PVC)
MATERIAL GENERAL
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Pipe is available in circular solid wall and profile wall designs that include
both open profile and closed profile designs. PVC for storm sewers shall be limited to sizes 18-inch
through 54-inch diameter. Laying lengths are typically 13 & 22 feet. PVC pipe is not currently produced
in the Metropolitan area, but delivery is typically not a problem.
1. Solid Wall (SDR35)
Sizes: 18-inch - 36-inch diameter
ASTM F679 - Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Large-Diameter Plastic Gravity Sewer Pipe and Fittings
2. Open Profile Wall
ASTM F794 - Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Profile Gravity Sewer Pipe and Fittings Based on
Controlled Inside Diameter
AASHTO M304 -Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Ribbed Drain Pipe and Fittings Based on Controlled
Inside Diameter
3. Closed Profile Wall
ASTM F794 - Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Profile Gravity Sewer Pipe and Fittings Based on
ASTM F949 - Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Corrugated Sewer Pipe With a Smooth Interior and
Fittings
ASTM F1803 - Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Closed Profile Gravity Pipe and Fittings Based on
AASHTO M304 - Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Ribbed Drain Pipe and Fittings Based on
The Mannings n value for PVC pipe is typically 0.011. Similar to other pipe materials, independent
laboratory research has indicated lower n values, but a value of 0.011 should be used during design to
account for actual installed conditions.
10.2
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
PVC pipe shall be designed so that vertical deflections are limited to 5 percent initially using 46 psi
stiffness pipe. Deflection calculations should be determined using the Modified Iowa Formula.
Minimum cover over the pipe shall be 2 foot, as recommended by the pipe manufacture, or as governed
by local agencies. Maximum fill heights are presented in Table 10-1.
The embedment class and compaction density are used to determine the recommended maximum height
of fill for PVC. Because the table is applicable only with a minimum pipe stiffness of 46 psi, the pipe
diameter is not a factor. Maximum fill heights for other stiffness values conforming to ASTM F794 or
AASHTO M304 can be obtained from the manufacturer.
10-1

July 13, 2010
Table 10-1
Maximum Fill Heights for PVC (46 psi Pipe Stiffness) Pipe*
Embed
Recommended
% of Proctor
ment
Maximum Height
Material Description
Density Range
Class
of Fill (feet)
90-100
30+
85
30+
II
Sand and Gravel Soils - Clean
80
24
I, III-V
Not Allowed
Consult manufacturer for height of cover table for variable stiffness pipe.
10.3
JOINTS
Pipe shall be joined using bell and spigot type joints and elastomeric gaskets for a watertight joint. Joints
shall meet the following standards:
ASTM D3212 - Joints for Drain and Sewer Plastic Pipes Using Flexible Elastomeric Seals.
ASTM F477 - Elastomeric Seals (Gaskets) for Joining Plastic Pipe.
10.4
The service life of PVC is affected by abrasion, long-term exposure to ultraviolet light, and solvents and
hydrocarbons. A service life of 75 years, or longer, can be expected from PVC pipe.
1. Corrosion and Abrasion
The effects of acidic soil and water are important factors when considering the durability of PVC
pipe. Test data indicates that prolonged exposure to sulphuric acid under constant deflection has little
effect on the short-term stiffness of the PVC pipe and overall corrosion resistance is excellent. PVC
pipe is assumed to be acceptable for a full range of pH levels (1.25 - 14), although consideration must
be given to the gasket material.
A study performed by California State University tested the durability of PVC pipe by passing water
of increasing pH levels and aggregate through the pipe section for 25,000 cycles. Upon completion
of the cycles, the pipe was inspected for corrosion, erosion, and mechanical wear. The Report
concluded that the corrosive environment did not affect the invert wear of the PVC pipe.
Utah State University published results of tests performed on a 10-inch diameter PVC pipe buried in
Texas. After being buried under 10 feet of cover for a period of 15 years, the pipe exhibited no signs
of cracks, holes, or other defects. The pipe reportedly looked like new and passed all tests for
impact resistance, embrittlement, joint tightness, and structural capability.
2. Fire Concerns
As with other plastic pipe installations, the flammability of PVC pipe is a concern. However, due to
its high ignition temperature and limited combustibility, PVC is less hazardous than most
construction materials with regard to fire.
An independent study, conducted by the Florida Department of Transportation, supports the claim
that PVC is not a fire risk. After performing field burn tests and state-by-state surveys, the pipe
proved to be fire-retarding and fire-resistant when tested according to ASTM Standards for
10-2

July 13, 2010
Combustibility. The study also revealed that there have been no reported incidents of fire in PVC
pipes installed throughout North America.
3. Ultra Violet Degradation
A long service life can be expected from PVC pipe not exposed to sunlight. If the pipe is installed
without exposure to sunlight and the pipe was not exposed to long term sunlight during storage UV
degradation should not be an issue for the product.
10.5
PVC storm sewers discharging into waterways (i.e., creeks) shall be provided with the following end
treatments:
Concrete flared-end section or Aluminized Steel Type 2 flared-end section and toe-plate extension.
Concrete headwall.
details) and shall have adequate erosion protection and/or energy dissipation materials placed
downstream. PVC pipe shall not be left exposed to sunlight.
10.6
10.7
STANDARD DETAILS
A standard trench detail for PVC pipe is shown in Figure 10-1.
*****
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July 13, 2010
11.0
11.1
HIGH DENSITY POLYETHYLENE PIPE (HDPE)
MATERIAL GENERAL
High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) Pipe for storm sewers shall be limited to non-pressure corrugated
exterior, smooth interior pipe in sizes 18-inch through 60-inch diameter (based on current AASHTO
M294 and ASTM F894). The maximum size needs to be contained within both of the standards for it to
be acceptable. If AASHTO approved specifications change in the future, by increasing the maximum
allowable diameter, the user may use larger accepted pipe diameter sizes. Laying lengths are typically 20
feet. HDPE pipe is not currently manufactured in the Metropolitan area, but delivery is generally not a
problem.
HDPE pipe shall meet the following standards:
AASHTO M252 Corrugated Polyethylene Drainage Pipe

AASHTO M294 - Type S - Corrugated Polyethylene Pipe 12" to 60" Diameter
AASHTO Load Resistance Factor Design (LRFD), Section 12 - Soil Thermoplastic Pipe Interaction
Systems
ASTM F894 - Polyethylene (PE) Large Diameter Profile Wall Sewer and Drain Pipe
ASTM F2306 12 to 60 In. Annular Corrugated Profile-Wall Polyethylene (PE) Pipe and Fittings for
Gravity-Flow Storm Sewer and Subsurface Drainage Applications
The Mannings n value for High Density Polyethylene Pipe is typically 0.012. Similar to other pipe
materials, laboratory research has indicated lower n values, but a value of 0.012 should be used during
design to account for actual installed conditions.
11.2
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
HDPE pipe shall be designed so that vertical deflections are limited to 5 percent. Deflection calculations
should be determined using the Modified Iowa Deflection Formula.
Minimum and maximum fill heights for HDPE are presented in Table 11-1. A minimum depth of cover
of 2 feet, or 1 pipe diameter (whichever is greater), shall be maintained as specified in ASTM D2321.
Maximum fill heights are presented in Table 11-2.
Table 11-1
Minimum Fill Heights for HDPE
Diameter
Minimum
2.0 feet or 1 pipe diameter
18" - 60"
(whichever is greater)
The embedment class and compaction density are used to determine the recommended maximum height
of fill for HDPE. Maximum fill heights should be verified with the Manufacturer by the designer for the
particular product selected.
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July 13, 2010
Table 11-2
Maximum Fill Heights for HDPE Pipe (feet)
Class II - Sand and Gravel
Soils - Clean
Diameter
90%
95%
100%
18
24
30
36
42
48
54
60
20
20
20
20
19
18
18
18
30
30
30
30
25
25
25
25
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
*Only Class II embedment is allowed. Use of embedment types I, III, and IV are discouraged.
11.3
JOINTS
Pipe shall be joined using bell and spigot type joints and elastomeric gaskets to provide a watertight joint.
Split couplings shall not be used. Joints shall meet the following standards:
AASHTO M294 - Corrugated Polyethylene Pipe.

AASHTO Section 18.
ASTM D3212 Standard Specifications for Joints for Drain and Sewer Plastic Pipes Using Flexible
Elastomeric Seals.
11.4
The service life of HDPE is effected by long-term exposure to ultraviolet radiation, strong acids, fire, and
detergents. A service life of 75 years or longer can be expected from HDPE not exposed to sunlight.
However, HDPE does not have a long history of use for pipes. Therefore, long term service field tests
have not been performed.
In typical uses aging mechanisms such as photo degradation, oxidative degradation, and slow crack
growth under tensile stressing may affect the durability of polyethylene pipe. Accelerated aging testing,
fracture mechanics testing, and pipe evaluation after long service histories has confirmed that
polyethylene pipe has superior resistance to these forms of aging.
1. Ultra Violet Degradation
As stated above a long service life can be expected from HDPE not exposed to sunlight. If the pipe is
installed without exposure to sunlight and the pipe was not exposed to long term sunlight during
storage UV degradation should not be an issue for the product.
2. Fire Concerns
In January 4, 2010 the Texas DOT revised their position on HDPE Pipe due to April 9, 2009 wildfires
in Wichita Falls, Texas. Due to the wildfire damaging a multi-barrel HDPE pipe installation the
TxDOT limits HDPE pipe diameters to 36 inches and less with non-flammable material end
segments.
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July 13, 2010
11.5
HDPE storm sewers discharging into waterways (i.e. creeks) shall incorporate the following end
treatments:
Concrete headwall.
HDPE pipe shall not be left exposed to sunlight.
11.6
11.7
STANDARD DETAILS
A standard trench detail for HDPE is shown in Figure 11-1.
*****
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July 13, 2010
12.0
12.1
Installation Guide
INSTALLATION GUIDE
HANDLING
Normally pipe materials will arrive at the job site via truck delivery. Pipe may be delivered to an
intermediate delivery point such as a railroad yard and then delivered to the job site by truck delivery.
Regardless of the means of delivery to the job site, the unloading of trucks and railcars is a hazardous
activity associated with underground pipeline installation. During shipment the load may shift on the
truck or railcar and thereby become hazardous during the unbanding operation.
Improper handling of the material, or careless removal of the piping from the truck/railcar during the
unloading process, could also result in damage to the pipe. Unloading and handling of the pipe should be
accomplished with equipment recommended by the pipe manufacturer that will not cause damage to the
material.
Damage should be inspected after unloading to assure that the pipe is acceptable for use, or rejected and
set aside for return to the manufacturer.
12.2
STORAGE
Long-term storage, or confined area storage, may require stacking of the pipe. If this is required, the
materials should be placed in storage in accordance with manufacturers recommendations. Pipe storage
on the project site, where the stringing of pipe materials are required adjacent to roadways, can present a
hazard to the traveling public. Proper angular rotation of the pipe along the roadway, with installation of
flasher signage, can assist in warning the traveling public of the potential hazard and also reduced
potential for injury.
Storage requirements for flexible pipe and rigid pipe are different. Flexible pipe with bells and spigots
joints should be supported along the barrel of the pipe to prevent deformation of the jointing ends.
Supports along the barrel of the pipe should be provided to prevent bulges, flat area, ovalization, or other
abrupt changes in pipe curvature. Supports should also be placed in sufficient numbers to prevent
longitudinal sag. In addition, if long term storage of PVC or HDPE pipe is anticipated, the pipe should be
covered for UV protection.
An inspection checklist for storage and stringing the material is provided at the end of this Section.
12.3
EXCAVATION
Trench excavation must meet all local, state, and national safety standards. The excavated trench width
measured one foot above the top of the pipe shall not be less than the minimum width indicated on the
standard details presented herein. If a wider trench is required for safety reasons, or by regulations, then
the pipe strength for RCP may need to be increased.
The trench bottom shall be shaped to provide uniform and continuous support for the pipe on undisturbed
material. If unsuitable foundation conditions, such as soft or unstable soils, are encountered, the trench
shall be over-excavated a minimum of one foot and foundation material consisting of uniformly graded,
1-inch coarse aggregate shall be placed. Geotextile fabric shall be placed over the foundation material
to prevent the migration of smaller bedding material into the coarser foundation aggregate.
The control of groundwater is essential in order to establish a safe, functional trench. Safe working
conditions in the trench may require the use of trench box during pipe installation and backfill operations.
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July 13, 2010
Installation Guide
In areas other than those with groundwater influence, the existing soil characteristics are critical to the
trench structure. Existing soil characteristics may dictate the location of the trench spoil pile, bedding
material, and pipe. Sheeting, bracing, and shoring are typically specified in the contract documents for
protection of personnel and the trench. It is the ultimate responsibility of the Contractor to provide a safe
working environment for his personnel as mandated by Federal OSHA regulations.
12.4
BEDDING AND EMBEDMENT
The pipe embedment, including bedding, haunching, and initial backfill zones, is shown on the pipe
trench details presented in each of the pipe material sections (6 through 11). Proper bedding provides
uniform support under the pipe for rigid pipe materials, as well as structural integrity for flexible pipe
materials.
The bedding material for a particular installation is an important factor for satisfactory long-term
performance. For coarse-grained native trench material, the bedding should be selected to prevent
migration of fines from the bedding into the native soil. When the native soil is fine-grained, the bedding
material should be selected to prevent migration of native fines into the pipe bedding zone, which could
result in pavement failure outside of the trench.
Bedding and embedment material gradations for various pipe materials and native soils are presented in
Table 12-1.
Table 12-1
Bedding and Embedment Material Guide
**Embedment for Flexible
*Bedding and Haunching for
Pipes (ASP, CAP, PCSP,
Native Soil
RCP
PVC, HDPE)
Coarse grained sand and gravel
CDOT Class A filter material
CDOT Class A filter material
(50% or more by weight
(Section 703.09 or No 67
(Section 703.09 or No. 67
retained on #40 sieve)
aggregate)
aggregate)
Type I UDFCD filter material or Type I UDFCD filter material or
Fine grained soil (less than 50%
CDOT concrete sand AASHTO CDOT concrete sand AASHTO
by weight retained on #40 sieve)
M6 (Section 703.01)
M6 (Section 703.01)
* Bedding and haunching as required for Class B bedding factor.
** Embedment includes bedding below pipe as shown in pipe trench details extending to 1-foot above
top of pipe and is required for all flexible pipe storm sewer installations.
Colorado Department of Transportation (CDOT) specifications are contained in the Colorado Department
of Transportation Standard Specifications for Road and Bridge Construction. The bedding material shall
consist of a well-graded mineral aggregate mixture which will provide good stability. The size range of
the aggregate shall be from -inch minimum to -inch maximum, with a maximum amount of fines
passing a No. 8 screen not to exceed 5 percent by weight and shall conform to ASTM C33 or ASTM
D448, gradation size No. 67, Class B. That portion greater than 3/8-inch shall contain at least 50 percent
of the particle having 3 or more fractured faces. In the event over excavation for bedding is below the
water table, the subbedding material shall consist of to 1-inch rock (or larger if approved) and shall
be placed as specified.
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July 13, 2010
Installation Guide
Table 12-2
ASTM C-33 No. 67 AGGREGATE GRADATION
Nominal Size
Percent Passing by Weight
3/4"
90-100
3/8"
20-55
No. 4
0-10
No. 8
0-5
The bedding material shall be a minimum of 4-inches thick, with greater depth required for larger pipes.
See pipe trench details for recommended depth of bedding pipe for various pipe diameters.
There are two methods for placing the conduit on the bedding. One method is to shape the bedding
surface to conform to the lower portion of the conduit. The second method is to tamp granular material
beneath the pipe haunches.
12.5
PLACEMENT
All pipe should be installed in accordance with the manufacturers recommendations and/or standard
installation specifications required by AASHTO and others. In addition, installation shall be as specified
in Bedding and Backfill Section of the appropriate material section, in Appendix G.
12.6
BACKFILL AND COMPACTION
The backfill is the area above the pipe embedment zone. The pipe trench shall be backfilled and
compacted in accordance with the (city/county) specifications.
Haunching is the zone above the bedding up to the pipe springline. Granular material as outlined for the
bedding shall be placed and consolidated symmetrically in layers not to exceed 6-inches. The embedment
materials shall be consolidated with shovel slicing and tamping. Care should be taken to see that conduit
alignment and cross-sectional areas are maintained.
Initial backfill extends from the springline to 12-inches over the top of the pipe. Select bedding material
is required for all flexible pipes to 12-inches over the top of the pipe. For rigid pipe, backfill material
may be local site material that is well-graded, non-cohesive granular material free of rocks, frozen lumps,
or foreign material if hand compacted, or otherwise select bedding material. Material shall be placed
symmetrically in lifts not to exceed 6-inches. Compaction for native material shall meet AASHTO T99
specification, or shall be compacted to at least 95 percent of maximum density as determined by ASTM
D698 (Standard Proctor). Compaction requirements shall be verified for each individual project by an
independent geotechnical engineer/laboratory. Compaction machinery should not be used around flexible
pipes until the select bedding is placed 12-inches over the top of the pipe.
12.7
INSPECTION AND TESTING
Installation of the pipe bedding, haunching, and initial backfill up to a point 12-inches above the top of
the pipe, shall be observed by a representative of the engineer of record. Compaction tests shall be
performed by a qualified soils engineer during backfill operations of trenches. Tests shall be taken at a
minimum of every 250 linear feet of trench (one foot vertical increments) in the pipe haunch area for pipe
diameters 36-inches and larger. For pipes smaller than 36-inch diameter, begin tests at one foot above the
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July 13, 2010
Installation Guide
pipe, and additional compaction tests shall be taken at two foot vertical increments, also with a horizontal
spacing of 250 linear feet. All trenches, regardless of depth, shall be tested at subgrade elevation. A
sufficient number of compaction tests shall be taken to ensure compliance with specifications.
After backfill and compaction of the trench is completed, an inspection of the pipe shall be made to detect
any deformations, sags, or joint displacements. Rigid pipe shall be visually inspected for sags or
displaced joints.
Upon completion of storm sewer installation and prior to paving, the contractor shall notify the engineer.
The contractor may be required to perform a pipe deflection test for flexible pipes in the presence of the
engineer.
Flexible pipe 48-inch diameter and smaller may be tested with a Go/No Go deflection test gage, which
shall be pulled through the pipe. The maximum allowable deflection is 5 percent. The horizontal
diameter shall not differ from the design diameter by more than 5 percent. Similarly, for pipes other than
circular, the field installed dimensions shall not vary more than 5 percent of the design dimensions. Any
pipe that exceeds the maximum allowable deflection is to be removed and replaced.
The tests and inspection reports shall be submitted to the city/county prior to proceeding to the next phase
of construction and prior to paving. Engineer of record shall provide the city/county a letter of
certification. The letter of certification shall state that the class, gage, or stiffness of pipe is in accordance
with the engineers design for installation conditions encountered.
Inspection checklists for handling, storing, installing, and testing pipe are included at the end of this
Section.
12.8
CONNECTIONS TO EXISTING STORM SEWER SYSTEMS
During construction of connections to existing storm sewer systems, extreme care shall be taken to ensure
that there is adequate compaction of embedment material around existing pipe and new pipe.
Connection to different pipe materials shall be made using manholes or with transition sleeves, if
available. Details for connection to different materials shall be provided.
*****
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July 13, 2010
Installation Guide
I. PIPE INSPECTION CHECK LIST

Before unloading, inspect pipe and fittings for any obvious transportation damage
Check each pipe section and fitting for proper markings on interior of pipe
___ ASTM or AASHTO Specification.
___ Pipe diameter, class or strength designation.
___ Manufacturer or trade name.
___ Date of manufacture
___ Number assigned to each pipe corresponding to laying diagram.
___ Marking of pipe orientation for laying pipe, if applicable.
Check each pipe section for external and internal damage
Check gaskets for damage and proper markings or identifications
Check that all pre-inserted gaskets are in place
Check lubricants, cleaners, or adhesives for conformance
Check flexible pipe for axial or longitudinal deformation
Mark each pipe that is rejected or needs to be repaired to prevent usage
Compare field repair procedures with manufacturers requirements
Document repairs with photos, names of personnel, dates, equipment, supplies
Pipe stored in accordance with manufacturers instructions
Pipe stored on flat area, with joints supported
Pipe not stacked higher than allowed by manufacturer
Procedures followed that will not allow the pipe to become deformed during storage
All blocks, chocks, wedges are intact and firmly in place.
PVC/HDPE pipe is protected from long term exposure to sunlight
Pipe is protected from adverse weather, harmful chemicals, dirt or debris accumulating on the
interior of the pipe
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July 13, 2010
Installation Guide
Gaskets are protected from dust and grit, solvents, and petroleum-based greases and oils, and
other agents having a harmful effect on the gasket
Stringing of pipe is in accordance with manufacturers recommendations
Pipes are supported along the barrel and not at the ends
Pipe is supported with wooden blocks or soil mounds to protect ends of pipe.
Pipe are blocked to prevent movement due to wind or accidental bumping
Pipe is protected from dust, dirt, and debris accumulating on pipe interior and joining surfaces
Access to roads, driveways, fire hydrants, meters, etc., maintained
If stringing of pipe is required along roadway, is pipe orientated (angular rotation) properly, is
pipe a safe distance from traffic, and is proper flasher signage present to protect traveling public
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July 13, 2010
Installation Guide
J. TRENCH EXCAVATION INSPECTION CHECK LIST

Restrictions on open trench followed
Maximum length of open trench
Maximum time trench can be open
Minimum trench width of
and/or the
Maximum trench width of
maintained.
Trench walls observed for changing conditions

Spoil pile maintained at safe distance from edge of trench and does not exceed safe height
All permits or approvals obtained
Dewatering system keeps water below bottom of trench
Back-up systems for dewatering available
Surface water diversions in position and maintained during construction
Crossing agreements available
Emergency contacts for owners/agents of crossing pipe, cables, roads, etc., available
Trench foundation material is suitable for pipe (not expansive, not collapsible).
Imported material for foundation is proper classification and gradation.
Accidental over-excavation is refilled and compacted
Unexpected rock is over-excavated, as required
Appropriate organizations notified when unexpected poor foundation material is encountered
Material used for underdrains evaluated for migration potential
Trench plugs used in underdrains that might divert area groundwater
Geosynthetic liners meet specification requirements
Chemicals or admixtures for modifying soil meet specification requirements
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July 13, 2010
Installation Guide
K. PIPE INSTALLATION CHECK LIST

Pipe is correct type, diameter, strength (class, SDR, etc.).
Pipe numbers and stationing checked against lay schedule
Pipe re-inspected for damage
Pipe cleaned of debris in interior and on gasket sealing surfaces
Pipe laid uphill on grades that exceed 10% (or less if specified).
Pipe with marked field top laid with top up
Alignment and grade of pipeline are continually checked by Contractor
Ends of pipe sealed at close of work or for shut-down periods.
Bedding soils meet specifications
Compaction requirements met
Frequency of testing the bedding soils conforms to specifications.
Bedding material checked for compatibility with other trench materials to prevent soil migration
in groundwater areas.
Trench bottom is free from loose rocks, large dirt clods, and debris
Bedding material does not contain organic matter, stumps or limbs, frozen earth, debris, refuse,
or other unsuitable material
Minimum bedding thickness placed. Required thickness =
Bedding surface is at the proper elevation so that pipe will be placed on grade
Bedding is placed so that barrel of pipe has uniform support.
Blocking or mounding not used to bring pipe to grade
Bell holes and/or sling holes excavated
Clearance between bell and bedding checked
If high groundwater table present, floating may become problem during installation of flexible
pipelines. Trench must be dewatered during installation.
Special attention given to HDPE pipe during times of high temperature to ensure increased pipe
12-8

July 13, 2010
flexibility does not cause excessive deflection

PVC and HDPE may become brittle during cold weather. Avoid impact damage.
12-9
Installation Guide

July 13, 2010
Installation Guide
L. TRENCH BACKFILL CHECK LIST

Backfill soils meet specifications
Compaction, moisture and density requirements are met
Frequency of testing the backfill soils conform to specifications
Backfill material checked for compatibility with other bedding materials to prevent soil migration
or geosynthetic liner used
Backfill material does not contain large rocks, organic matter, stumps or limbs, frozen earth,
debris, refuse, or other unsuitable material.
Maximum lift thickness placed. Lift thickness =
Surface is restored to the proper elevation
Construction area is clean
****
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July 13, 2010
13.0
13.1
Inspection and Maintenance Programs
INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCE PROGRAMS
INTRODUCTION
Storm sewers, regardless of the pipeline material, operate effectively only if they are properly maintained.
Regular maintenance prevents system failures, improves water quality, and decreases the risk of
stormwater damage. Inspection and maintenance programs should be established for all jurisdictions
having responsibilities for storm sewer facilities. Jurisdictions should have storm sewer programs that
provide:
Inspection and preventative maintenance
Storm sewer repair, rehabilitation, and replacement
Recordkeeping
Emergency response
Determination of responsibilities
Suitably trained and sufficiently available staff
13.2
INSPECTION AND PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE
The purpose of an inspection and preventive maintenance program is to identify and remedy potential
problems before they cause damage. The cost of a successful program may be less than costs incurred in
responding to major system failures. Inspection and maintenance programs may also be required of the
jurisdiction, based upon state and federal permitting and environmental regulation. For each storm sewer
facility, the program should specify:
A regular inspection and maintenance schedule.
Guidelines and procedures for conducting inspection and maintenance.
Procedures to be followed for reporting, scheduling, and performing extensive maintenance.
Dedicated funding sources for the inspection and maintenance program.
13.3
INSPECTION FREQUENCY
All storm sewers, regardless of the material, location, slope, or maintenance history should be inspected
periodically. Storm sewer pipes should be inspected at least every three to five years prior to the
beginning of the wet season (October-March). Most jurisdictions perform inspections in response to a
reported problem. Inspection should be completed early enough so that repairs can be made during dry
weather.
13.4
STORM SEWER INSPECTION
Most agencies inspect their sewer pipes 18-inches or larger via CCTV. Pipes 36-inches and larger can be
inspected by a walk-thru With all pipeline materials, inspectors should look for excessive silt build-up,
root intrusions, blockages, invert scour, corrosion, coating deficiencies, cracked or collapsed pipes,
misaligned joints, and other signs of problems such as a sheen on the water surface, discolored water,
unusual algae growth, or an unpleasant odor. Tree roots, sediment buildup, collapse and poor alignment
are all causes of blockage problems. Tree roots are the most common source of blockages and mostly in
smaller, older pipes at shallow depths. Willows, poplars, cottonwoods, and other moisture loving trees
tend to be the most common culprits.
Television monitoring (or physical inspection if over 48-inches in diameter) should also check for
obstructions, cracks, deterioration, corrosion, or structural failure. Storm sewer manholes and inlets
should also be maintained to provide ready access for necessary repairs.
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July 13, 2010
Inspection and Maintenance Programs
When a problem is noted, the operator should take steps to correct the problem, or convey the information
immediately to the appropriate individual(s) within the organization who can respond.
13.5
STORM SEWER MAINTENANCE (CLEANING AND REPAIR)
Storm sewer systems are likely to be underground and located in areas such as backyards and roadways
where access may be difficult. Inspection and cleaning of pipes may also require confined space entries
which should be accomplished by a competent person.
Storm sewer pipe cleaning is usually done in response to flooding or obstruction complaints. The main
sources of maintenance problems are sediment accumulation, entry of roots, and infiltration and inflow.
The following table lists the various pipe materials evaluated in this memorandum and the commonly
associated maintenance associated with the pipe type.
Table 13-1
Commonly Associated Maintenance for Different Pipe Types
Inspection Should Consider
Abrasion of invert
RCP
ASP
PCSP
CAP
PVC
HDPE
Pipe structural
deterioration
Removal of sediment
Root penetration
Repair interior coating

Corrosion deterioration
Joint Separation
*****
13-2

July 13, 2010
14.0
14.1
Existing Pipeline Rehabilitation
EXISTING PIPELINE REHABILITATION
MATERIALS - GENERAL
Pipeline rehabilitation involves using trenchless technology to rehabilitate existing underground storm
sewers with minimal disruption to the ground surface, traffic, and other activities. When considering the
in-place rehabilitation of existing storm sewers, there are two commonly accepted methods regarding in
place pipe rehabilitation.
The first method, slip lining, involves installing a smaller, carrier pipe into the existing host pipe.
The annular space between the two pipes is filled with grout and the ends are sealed. Slip lining is also
commonly referred to as Pipe Jacking as cables, winches, and jacks are commonly used to install the
new pipe within the existing pipe.
Most typical storm sewer materials can be installed within the pipe to be rehabilitated. The material
selected is greatly reliant upon the reason for necessitating rehabilitation and the existing structural and
operational capacity of the existing pipe. Often, material selections are based upon installation technique
and dimensional requirements. HDPE and other plastic pipes are frequently chosen because they are not
subject to corrosion, are somewhat flexible, and lightweight. Aluminum and steel pipes are also a good
solution because they are available in many sizes and provide a high structural benefit.
The Mannings n value for pipe rehabilitated with slip lining will be that of the newly installed carrier
pipe. Reference the Manuals Sections 6-11 for Mannings values appropriate for the new pipe.
The other trenchless technology commonly used to rehabilitate storm sewers is Cured-In-Place Pipe
(CIPP). CIPP installation forms a jointless, seamless, pipe-within-a-pipe. Typical installation involves
unfolding a resin-saturated felt tube (sock) made of polyester into the damaged host pipe. The
impregnated liner is then forced to cure which is typically achieved by the addition of heat (introduction
of hot water, steam, or ultraviolet radiation). Once the resin is cured, the resin hardened sock forms a
tight-fitting, jointless and corrosion-resistant replacement pipe. The Engineer has a great selection of
different pipe liners including socks of various thicknesses reinforcement materials. Once cured, the
installed pipe liner has characteristics similar to traditional plastic pipes.
The Mannings n value for CIPP is similar to other pipe materials, laboratory research has indicated
lower n values, but a value of 0.012 should be used during design to account for actual installed
conditions.
1. Slip Lining
Sizes: Depending on the material selected, available pipe diameters are available
*Reference Manual Sections 6 - 11*
2. Cured In-Place-Pipe (CIPP Liner)
ASTM F1216 - 08 - Standard Practice for Rehabilitation of Existing Pipelines and Conduits
by the Inversion and Curing of a Resin-Impregnated Tube
ASTM F1743-96 (2003) - Standard Practice for Rehabilitation of Existing Pipelines and
Conduits by Pulled-in-Place Installation of Cured-in-Place Thermosetting Resin Pipe (CIPP)
ASTM D5813-04 - Standard Specification for CIPP Thermosetting Resin Sewer Piping
Systems
14-1

July 13, 2010
14.2
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
The Engineer must consider both the reason for rehabilitation and the dimensional and structural
requirements as to install a new pipe within the existing pipe. Structurally, the carrier pipe can act as the
standalone pipe (structurally independent), work as part of an overall, combined structure, or be
completely reliant upon the structural capacity of the original host pipe.
When considering cost, it is generally accepted that the additional cost as required to provide a
structurally independent liner verses a structural dependent liner is small. Providing a structural liner will
increase the required sock thickness and decrease the operational capacity of the finished pipeline.
14.3
JOINTS
Slip lined pipe can be installed using either continuous pipe or segmental pipe.
Continuous pipe installation uses pipe such as steel, HDPE, or fusible PVC that can be welded into
continuous pieces of any length. These continuous pieces provide an essentially joint free product and
can be pulled or pushed into the pipe from one end. Traditional welding is used for steel pipe and thermal
fused joints are commonly used to connect plastic pipe segments delivered to the field. The performance
of these welded joints typically perform similarly to the material of the pipe itself. These joints are
commonly water tight and pressure rated.
Fused pipe ends for HDPE shall confirm to ASTM D-3261
Slip lined pipe installation using segmental pipes uses any material with bell and spigot type joints.
These joints must be fully restrained in order to pull the pipe train into the host pipe without disassembly.
For both installation types, the rated pull pressure of the fused or restrained joint should be checked
against the anticipated force required to install the new pipe within the existing pipe. Pull pressures can
vary widely depending the materials and installation practices of the contractor. Drilling fluids are
commonly used when slip lining pipe as the lubrication can greatly decrease the frictional forces resisting
pipe installation.
The annular space left between the host pipe and the carrier pipe should be filled to prevent fluids from
building up between the two pipes. Pipe ends should be sealed at manholes to prevent water from
migrating between the liner and the original pipe.
CIPP Lined rehabilitated pipe, due to its nature, is seam and joint free. During installation, resin
impregnated material should be ordered at the appropriate length so that the entire pipe segment (manhole
to manhole) is installed as one continuous liner. Field joints encountered should be epoxy grouted and
should be water tight.
The finished CIPP product shall be installed tight to the host pipe and there should be no annular space
between the two pipes. Pipe ends should be sealed at manholes to prevent water from migrating between
the liner and the original pipe.
14.4
The service life of slip lined pipe is dependent upon the characteristics of the installed pipe as previously
explored in this memorandum.
14-2

July 13, 2010
A service life of 75 years, or longer, can be expected from CIPP.

1. Corrosion and Abrasion
Corrosion, as introduced by the surrounding soil medium will continue to act upon the original host
pipe. The interaction between the host pipe and the carrier pipe should also be considered by the
engineer during design.
Installed plastic pipe (HDPE and PVC) are resistive to corrosion and inert.
CIPP liner, once cured, has essentially the same corrosion properties as plastic pipe.
2. Fire Concerns
CIPP liner material, before curing, provides a serious fire risk. Similar to other resins, the
impregnation mixture contains hydrocarbons and other volatile compounds as risk for ignition and or
explosion. Good ventilation should be maintained until the liner is fully cured. Post curing, the liner
material has similar fire concern to those outlined for PVC pipe.
14.5
Unless otherwise specified by the pipe manufacturer, the recommended discharge for the carrier
(rehab) pipe should be followed as previously described.
CIPP storm sewers discharging into waterways (i.e. creeks) shall be provided with the following end
treatments:
Concrete headwall.
Flared-end sections shall be anchored to prevent movement (see Colorado Department of
Transportation details), shall have adequate erosion protection, and/or energy dissipation materials
placed downstream.
Environmental concerns have been raised about the discharge from CIPP lined storm sewers into
waterways. The long term degradation and discharge of both cured and uncured resins within the
liner are under debate.
The environmental impact of allowing uncured resin material to enter waterways is well understood.
Uncured resin, if allowed to enter the environment, is damaging to animals, plants, and watershed
health. Precaution must be taken at the time of CIP liner installation to ensure that uncured resin
material is not allowed to enter waterways.
14.6
Standard specifications should be as directed by the Engineers selected material supplier. Material and
installation guidance should be supported by installation contractors familiar with the project.
*****
14-3

July 13, 2010
15.0
Bibliography
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1.
American Concrete Pipe Association. Concrete Pipe Handbook. Vienna, Virginia: ACPA, 1988
2.
American Concrete Pipe Association. Concrete Pipe Design Manual. Vienna, Virginia: ACPA, 1992
3.
American Concrete Pipe Association. Concrete Pipe Installation. Vienna, Virginia: ACPA, 1995
4.
American Concrete Pipe Association. Concrete Pipe Installation Procedures. Vienna, Virginia: ACPA, 1992
5.
American Concrete Pipe Association. Pipeline Installation and Inspection Handbook. Vienna, Virginia:
ACPA, 1993
6.
American Iron and Steel Institute. Handbook of Steel Drainage and Highway Construction Products. AISI,
1994
7.
American Iron and Steel Institute. Modern Sewer Design. AISI, 1990
8.
American Iron and Steel Institute. Handbook of Steel Drainage & Highway Construction Products. AISI, 1994
9.
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Life Cycle Cost for Drainage Structures (Technical Report GL-88-2).
Vicksburg, Mississippi, 1988
10. Colorado State University. Inspectors Job Guide for Highway and Street Construction. Fort Collins, Colorado
11. National Corrugated Steel Pipe Association. Sewer Manual for Corrugated Steel Pipe.
12. Corrpro Companies, Inc. Soil Side Durability of Corrugated Steel Pipe. National Corrugated Steel Pipe
Association: March, 1991
13. Khattab, Mostafa and Harmon, Paul. Comparative Study of Highway Pipe Materials for the Establishment of a
Design Selection Policy. Nebraska Department of Roads: April, 1996
14. Arizona Department of Transportation. Pipe Selection Guidelines and Procedures. February, 1996
15. Howard, Amster. Pipeline Installation. Lakewood, Colorado: 1988
16. WRC Water Authorities Association. Pipe Materials Selection Manual. 1988
17. Lamson Vylon Pipe. Vylon PVC Gravity Sewer Pipe Installation Guide. Lamson & Sessions, 1993.
18. Hunt, Thomas R. Polyethylene Pipes for Use as Highway Culverts. Colorado Department of Transportation:
July, 1991
19. Uponor ETI Company. Ultra-Rib Installation Guide. Denver, Colorado.
20. Najafi , Mohammed and Gokhale, Sanjov, Trenchless Technology. New York: McGraw Hill, 2004
*****
15-1
APPENDIX A STORM SEWER PIPE MATERIALS INSPECTION AND

MAINTENANCE PRACTICES SURVEY SUMMARY
STORM SEWER PIPE MATERIALS

INSPECTIONAND MAINTENANCE PRACTICES SURVEY
The Urban Drainage and Flood Control District, in association with the Colorado Department of Transportation, the
Southeast Metro Stormwater Authority, the Cities of Arvada, Aurora, Commerce City, Denver, Golden, Lakewood,
Parker, and Westminster, as well as Adams, Arapahoe, and Douglas Counties, is working with Burns & McDonnell
Engineering Company to provide an update to the 1998 Update to Storm Sewer Pipe Material Technical
Memorandum. The update will include an evaluation of available storm pipe materials (RCP, CMP, and HDPE),
provide input on selection of pipe material, provide recommendations and guidance for rehabilitation, provide
standard details and specifications, and provide an installation guide and an inspection/maintenance guide. As part
of this effort we are soliciting input from each of the member entities of the Urban Drainage and Flood Control
District on their inspection and maintenance practices.
Please return your completed survey by July 24, 2009 to:
Via Fax or e-mail
Kate Reichstein, Burns & McDonnell Engineering,

Fax 303-721-0563
Phone 303-474-2208
kreichstein@burnsmcd.com
This information will be used for follow-up purposes only. Please note that all data will be reported in the
aggregate. The evaluation will not present individual data.
Name:
Title:
Organization:
Phone:
Email:
Number of Surveys: 41
Number of Responses: 24
Response: 59%
Maintenance
1.
How is your storm sewer system routinely maintained? Check as applicable.

a. 32% (12/37) Flushing
b. 22% (8/37) None (self-cleaning)
c. 46% (18/37) Other (please specify)
Remove debris from pipe or inlets with backhoe (1 response)
Use high pressure jetting with or without vacuum removal (13 responses)
Hand clean inlets (4 responses)
2.
How often do you perform routine cleaning of your storm sewers? Check as applicable.
a. (3/32) Several times a year
b. (3/32) Once a year
c. (3/32) Every 2-3 years
d. (8/32) According to specific problems (historic performance)
e. (5/32) Based on a Maintenance Management Program (software generated work orders)
f. (1/32) Not applicable
g. (9/32) Other (please specify)
Inlets are inspected and cleaned regularly (5 responses)
Maintenance occoures systematically throughout the entire system (1 response)
The outfalls are cleaned regularly (1 response)
As needed thru inspection (1 response)
Every 3-4 years (1 response)
3.
Following is a list of maintenance headaches for storm sewer systems. Please indicate type of pipe and circle
the frequency you encounter such tasks or problems.
NUMBER OF RESPONSES
Abrasion of invert
RCP
CMP
HDPE
Pipe structural
deterioration
RCP
CMP
HDPE
Removal of sediment
RCP
CMP
HDPE
Root penetration
RCP
CMP
HDPE
Repair interior coating
RCP
CMP
HDPE
Corrosion deterioration
RCP
CMP
HDPE
Joint Separation
RCP
CMP
HDPE
Other:
Equipment Damage
Deflection
4.
Rarely
Occasionally
Often
Very Often
6
4
2
3
2
4
2
3
2
5
5
1
11
3
1
7
7
2
3
2
1
3
6
4
1
1
3
3
1
9
4
2
1
HDPE (1)
What are the top three factors your organization considers when prioritizing maintenance of existing storm
sewers? Please check the top three factors only.
e. (2/70) Pipe material
a. (9/70) Past failure of pipe
f. (11/70) Hazard potential
b. (19/70) Structural condition of pipe
h. (17/70) Budget/economics
c. (2/70) Age of pipe
i. (3/70) Other. Please specify.
d. (7/70) Location of pipe
Based on MS4 Permitting (1 response)
Based on specific needs (1 response)
Based on the amount of cleaning (1 response)
Inspection
5.
Are your organizations storm sewer pipes regularly inspected?

b. (12/26) No
c. (1/26) Dont know
a. (13/26) Yes
6.
Does your organization perform its own storm sewer inspections (and/or inspection data analysis)?
a. (21/25) Yes
b. (3/25) No
c. (1/25) Dont know
If yes, is information or database available?
a. (11/19) Yes
b. (8/19) No
7.
On average, how often are your organizations storm sewer pipes inspected? Check only one response.
d. (8/25) Varies upon known condition/database generation
a. (2/25) More than once a year
e. (0/25) Dont know
b. (4/25) Once a year
f. (4/25) Other. Please specify.
c. (7/25) Once every two-five years
As failures or complaints are reported (1 response)
Prior to resurfacing the driving surface (1 response)
8.
What are the top three factors that determine how often your organization inspects its storm sewers? Please
check the top three factors only.
a. (7/67) Regional or local emergency/flood e. (6/67) Designated time period
f. (15/67) Based on specific problems/historical information
b. (18/67) Failure of pipe(s)
g. (5/67) During other construction
c. (3/67) Age of pipe
h. (6/67) Other. Please specify.
d. (7/67) Budget
MS-4 Regulations (1 response)
Prior to resurfacing the driving surface (1 response)
As time allows (1 response)
NPDES Phase II requirements (1 response)
Illicit Discharges (1 response)
9.
For what types of defects/problems does your organization inspect storm sewers? Check all applicable
responses.
e. (13/103) Subsidence/Sag
a. (20/103) Structural defects/cracks
f. (14/103) Differential movements/Offset Joints
b. (12/103) Infiltration/inflow problems
g. (13/103) Loss of surrounding backfill
c. (7/103) Exfiltration/outflow problems
d. (20/103) Materials deterioration/corrosion h. (4/103) Other. Please specify.
New pipe warranty inspection (1 response)
As needed (1 response)
Root penetration and Debris (1 response)
Illicit Discharges (1 response)
10. What types of methods and technologies does your organization use to inspect and evaluate storm sewers?
Check all applicable responses.
a. (20/64) Closed-circuit TV/video monitoring g. (0/64) Thermal testing
h. (1/64) Ultrasonic/acoustic testing
b. (12/64) Sunlight mirror testing
i. (1/64) Potential measurements
c. (24/64) Physical/visual inspection
j. (0/64) Pipe internal gage/"pigging"
d. (0/64) Radiography
k. (2/64) Flow monitoring/flow meter
e. (2/64) Smoke Testing
f. (0/64) Air pressure/hydrostatic/vacuum test l. (2/64) Other. Please specify.
Titlist Test (ball test) (1 response)
Pole mounted camera (1 response)
11. What types of method(s) listed above does your organization use most often?
Physical/visual inspection (18 responses)
Closed-circuit TV/video monitoring (6 responses)
Sunlight mirror testing (1 response)
Pole mounted camera (1 response)
APPENDIX B STORM SEWER PIPE REHABILITATION (IN PLACE/NO DIG)

PRACTICES SURVEY SUMMARY
STORM SEWER PIPE REHABILITATION

(IN-PLACE / NO DIG) PRACTICES SURVEY
The Urban Drainage and Flood Control District, in association with the Colorado Department of Transportation,
the Southeast Metro Stormwater Authority, the Cities of Arvada, Aurora, Commerce City, Denver, Golden,
Lakewood, Parker, and Westminster, as well as Adams, Arapahoe, and Douglas Counties, is working with Burns
& McDonnell Engineering Company to provide an update to the 1998 Update to Storm Sewer Pipe Material
Technical Memorandum. The update will include an evaluation of available storm pipe materials (RCP, CMP, and
HDPE), provide input on selection of pipe material, provide recommendations and guidance for rehabilitation,
provide standard details and specifications, and provide an installation guide and an inspection/maintenance guide.
As part of this effort we are soliciting input from each of the member entities of the Urban Drainage and Flood
Control District on their storm sewer pipe rehabilitation practices.
Please return your completed survey by July 24, 2009 to:
Via Fax or e-mail
Kate Reichstein, Burns & McDonnell Engineering,

Fax 303-721-0563
Phone 303-474-2208
This information will be used for follow-up purposes only. Please note that all data will be reported in the
aggregate. The evaluation will not present individual data.
Name:
Title:
Organization:
Phone:
Email:
Number of Surveys: 41
Number of Responses: 16
Response: 39%
Rehabilitation
1.
What types of storm sewer rehabilitation technologies are you currently using or considering? Please check
all that apply
Rehabilitation Technology
Plastic Sliplining
Spiral Wound Sliplining
HDD/Reaming
Pipe Bursting
CIPP cured with hot water
CIPP cured with steam
CIPP cured with UV light
Currently Being Used

6% (1/16)
0% (0/16)
6% (1/16)
0% (0/16)
6% (1/16)
13% (2/16)
0% (0/16)
Considered for Use

50% (8/16)
6% (1/16)
13% (2/16)
25% (4/16)
44% (7/16)
38% (6/16)
25% (4/16)
2.
Please provide additional information on a specific sliplining or CIPP storm sewer rehabilitation project:
a. Project Name/Location 5 of the 16 responders had projects to mention
b.
Existing pipe material CPM (4/5), RCP (1/5)
c.
New material PVC Liner (3/5), RCP (1/5), Spiral Ribbed Aluminized Steel - Type 2 (1/5)
d.
Rehabilitation method Sliplining (3/5), Jacked Pipe with pumped grout filler (2/5)
e.
How long has the rehabilitated storm sewer been in operation? 1.5, 5, 6, 18, 20 years
f.
Are there any concerns or problems with the rehabilitated storm sewer? Capacity Reduction (1/5)
(1/5) No
g.
Do you have any plans/specifications for the project? (4/5)Yes
3.
Are you concerned about any immediate (construction), short term, or lifecycle environmental impacts
regarding slip lining or using CIPP installations?
(4/16) Yes
(11/16) No
Please Explain:
Concern about short-term environmental impact of styrene used in the CIPP process (2/16)
Concerned with the longevity of the product (structurally) and need to replace in future (2/16)
Have had excellent results in sanitary sewer applications (1/16)
4.
Under what conditions are you most likely to consider trenchless technologies over traditional replacement?
Please rate each condition:
1-Most likely to consider trenchless rehabilitation
5-Not likely to consider in pipe rehabilitation
a. (1.71 average) Difficult area to access
b. (1.92 average) Environmentally sensitive area
c. (1.78 average) Congested area
d. (1.92 average) Heavy traffic or significant traffic control required
e. (2.46 average) Railroad Crossing
f. (3.67 average) Improve hydraulics/capacity
g. (4.07 average) Spot Repair
h. (2.78 average) Cost
i. Other. Please specify.
Specific site specific issues (1/13)
Price and lifecycle cost (1/13)
What kind of failure or operational concern is most important to you, when considering trenchless
rehabilitation? Check as applicable.
a. (10/16) Structural defects/cracks
b. (6/16) Delaminating/separation/bonding
c. (5/16) Incorrect or partial curing
d. (7/16) Materials deterioration/corrosion/erosion
e. (5/16) Environmental impact (resin leakage, VOCs, etc)
f. (5/16) Dont know
g. (2/16) Other. Please specify:
Concern over collapsed liner which would require excavation to remove
Depends on specific situation and method used for rehabilitation
6.
What minimum requirements has your agency established regarding the acceptance for newly installed
rehabilitation product? Check as applicable.
a. (4/16) Manufacturers Certification
b. (7/16) Manufacturers Warranty. 1 year (2/6), 2 years (3/6), 5 years (1/6)
c. (2/16) Hydrostatic Test
d. (7/16) Installation inspection
e. (7/16) Video Review
f. (0/16) Another test method. Please specify.
g. (5/16) Dont know
h. (2/16) Other. Please specify. No provided responses
Do you have specifications directly relating to in place (no dig) rehabilitation?

Sliplining
(2/14) Yes
(12/14) No
CIPP
(4/14) Yes
(10/14) No
Other
No provided responses
APPENDIX C SUMMARY OF FIELD SITE VISITS
October 5, 2009
To:
Cindy Thrush
From: Kate Reichstein
Dan Korinek
Re:
Summary of Field Notes and Observations-Storm Sewer Pipe Field Inspections

Storm Sewer Pipe Materials Evaluation - BMcD Project No. 52425
FIELD DAY - AUGUST 5, 2009

Attendees:
Cindy Thrush, Urban Drainage and Flood Control District
Kate Reichstein, Burns and McDonnell
Mike Lehrburger, Burns and McDonnell
Patrick Dougherty, City of Arvada (only present for the City of Arvada Storm Sewer)
Mason Staub, Southeast Metro Stormwater Authority (SEMSWA) (only present for the
SEMSWA Storm Sewer)
SITE NUMBER 1 WESTWOODS GOLF CLUB
Location: Quaker Street and Westwoods Golf Course Entrance (just north of 64th Street see
attached map.)
Material: Aluminized Type CMP
Size: 72-inch and 60-inch diameter
Governing Entity: City of Arvada
Design Engineer:
Inspection: City of Arvada
Contractor:
Bedding Material:
Class of Pipe: 14-gauge pipe with 16-gauge bands
Pipe Cover Depth: Varied from 6 to 11 feet
Approximate Date of Installation: 1990s +/Observations:
1. Occasional denting in sidewalls that most likely occurred during construction backfill
activities.
2. Accumulation of solids was observed at each joint.
3. Light corrosion was observed in the bottom 10% of the pipe, which appears to have a base
flow. The corrosion appeared to be surface rust and no holes or voids were observed (see
photo 1)
4. Accumulation of solids was observed filling in the corrugations. (see photo 2)
Field Site Summary

October 5, 2009
Page 2
5. No horizontal alignment issues were noted.
6. No vertical alignment issues were noted.
7. A tear in the pipe crown that most likely occurred during installation was noted. This area
was repaired with a white foam which appeared to be in good conditions. (see Photo 3)
8. Some pipe pieces had buckling along the crown of the pipe. The damage appeared to
correspond with out-of-roundness at the top haunches
9. Many of the pipe joints appeared as if the bands were loosening and the pipe ends were
separating. Bituminous joint sealer could be seen between the pipe wall and the band. The
joint sealant appeared to be in good condition. Gaps up to in length were noted. (see
Photos 4, 5 and 6)
10. The storm sewer was punctured by an unknown utility that came in through the top and out
the bottom of the pipe. The penetration was along the edge of the pipe. The penetration
caused denting and shear ripping thru the pipe wall. The pipe wall was rusting at the
locations of the penetration. Pipe bedding material (1/2 crushed rock) was observed
outside of the pipe and eroding into the pipe. (see photo 7 and 8)
11. Occasional buckling of the crown was noted which most likely occurred during construction.
(see photo 9)
12. All deficiencies noted do not prevent storm sewer flow and discharge to the downstream
lake.
Photographs:
Photo 1 - Light corrosion at bottom of pipe
Field Site Summary

October 5, 2009
Page 3
Photo 2 - Sedimentation at the bottom of the pipe has filled the corrugations with gravel and silt,
typical for the entire pipeline
Photo 3 - Tear in the aluminum pipe wall likely experienced during installation. At this location,
the pipe appeared to be wrapped with white foam, possibly in an attempt to patch the tear
Field Site Summary

October 5, 2009
Page 4
Photo 4 - Damaged joint appears as if joint was damaged during construction
Photo 5 - Open separation at a damaged joint. The pipe is out of round and the bitumastic
waterproofing is penetrating the opening.
Field Site Summary

October 5, 2009
Page 5
Photo 6 - Joint sealant material is squeezing into the joint
Photo 7 - Unknown utility installed thru pipe wall
Field Site Summary

October 5, 2009
Page 6
Photo 8 - Surface corrosion on damaged pipe wall. Note: 1/2 crushed rock bedding
Photo 9 - Buckling along the crown of the pipe damage likely caused during installation
Field observation performed for the highlighted storm sewers
Page 7 City of Arvada Westwood Golf Course
Field Site Summary

October 5, 2009
Page 8
SITE NUMBER 2 - SLAUGHTER HOUSE GULCH - PHASE IV

Location: South Grant Street and East Maplewood Drive
Material: RCP (Hydro Conduit)
Size: 48-inch by 76-inch Elliptical
Governing Entity: Originally was Arapahoe County but is now SEMSWA
Engineer: Boyle Engineering
Inspection: Southeast Metro Storm Water Authority (SEMSWA)
Contractor: Proto Construction
Bedding Material: Squeegee to springline
Class of Pipe: Class III
Pipe Cover Depth: 2 to 8.5 feet
Approximate Date of Installation: 1994
This site was observed on October 24, 1996 as part of the update to the UDFCD Technical
Memorandum
Observations:
1. Large gaps were noticed at the pipe joints near one of the manholes. It appears as if the
Contractor tried to make a horizontal alignment changes outside of the manhole. It makes
sense that these gaps exist in the elliptical pipe joints because the pipe joints cannot be
rotated during installation.
2. No other horizontal alignment issues were noted.
3. No vertical alignment issues were noted.
4. Up to 1-inch gap in joints were grouted or, in some places, expanding foam was used in lieu
of grouting. The foam has not performed well and is not remaining in most places. Almost no
foam existed in the invert of the pipe. This could be attributed to the lack of proper
installation of the foam or that the foam was not compatible with concrete. Similar to the
foam, the grout has not performed well and is not remaining in some places. The grout has
performed much better than the foam at the invert of the pipe, but is washed out at many
joints. (see photos 1 through 5)
5. No abrasion or corrosion related problems were observed Some of the lager invert gaps have
been filled with sediment. (see photo 6)
6. One pipe spigot is broken. This may have occurred during installation. Otherwise, no
structural cracks or fractures were noted in the concrete pipeline
7. Lifting holes were plugged, but not grouted.
8. All deficiencies noted do not prevent storm sewer flow
Field Site Summary

October 5, 2009
Page 9
Photographs:
Photo 1 - Cement mortar patching near the upstream manhole. This patch is in excellent
condition and fills an approximately 1 wide gap
Photo 2 - Large offset in alignment near the top of the pipe
Field Site Summary

October 5, 2009
Page 10
Photo 3 - Grout is failing near the invert of the pipe. Grout is completely washed away at the
bottom of the pipe and sediment has filled the void
Photo 4 - Expanding foam at the top of the pipe. Notice the spots where it has failed
Field Site Summary

October 5, 2009
Page 11
Photo 5 - The foam has expanded and penetrates up to into the pipe
Photo 6 - Sediment has filled the void space at the joints at the invert
Field Site Summary

October 5, 2009
Page 12
SITE NUMBER 3 - SLAUGHTER HOUSE GULCH - PHASE IV

Location: E. Maplewood Dr. and S. Pennsylvania St.
Material: RCP (Hydro Conduit)
Size: 84-inch by 48-inch Box
Governing Entity: Originally was Arapahoe County but is now SEMSWA
Engineer: Boyle
Contractor: Proto Construction
Bedding Material: Squeegee to springline
Pipe Cover Depth: 2 to 8.5 feet
Observations:
1. No vertical or horizontal alignment issues were noted (see photo 1)
2. The invert of the pipe showed some large rough aggregate.
3. Lifting holes were plugged, but not grouted.
4. Bitumastic joint sealant was squeezed into the pipe (see photo 2)
5. Some of the plugs at the lifting holes had failed (see photo 3)
Photographs:
Photo 1 - Alignment and grade looked appropriate
Field Site Summary

October 5, 2009
Page 13
Photo 2 - The bitumastic joint sealant could be observed from the inside of the pipe at the joints
Photo 3 - The grout patch at this lifting hole has failed
Page 14a SEMSWA Slaughter House Gulch
Page 14b SEMSWA Slaughter House Gulch
Page 14c SEMSWA Slaughter House Gulch
Field Site Summary

October 5, 2009
Page 15
FIELD DAY NUMBER 2- AUGUST 17, 2009
Attendees:
Cindy Thrush, Urban Drainage and Flood Control District
Kate Reichstein, Burns and McDonnell
Mike Lehrburger, Burns and McDonnell
Marc Storm, City of Thornton
SITE NO. 5 - WASHINGTON STREET SITE IMPROVMENTS

Location: 12130 Block of Washington Street. 100 north of the intersection of 120th Avenue and
Washington Street
Material: HDPE (ADS)
Size: 48-inch diameter
Governing Entity: City of Thornton
Engineer: Versar, Inc.
Inspection: City of Thornton
Contractor: DCS Construction
Bedding Material: Sand/gravel to springline. Hand tamped native to 1' above top of pipe.
Class of Pipe: Unknown
Pipe Cover Depth: 3.5 to 8 feet, runs under sidewalk
Memorandum
Observations:
1. No vertical or horizontal alignment issues were noted.
2. Some shear tearing of the pipe was observed approximately 50 from the downstream
manhole. Only the inner layer of plastic was damaged. Soil and water were not infiltrating
the pipe (see photo 1)
3. The pipe looked round with minimal deflection (see photo 2)
4. One internal seam has come apart.
5. No sedimentation was observed within the pipeline (see photo 3)
6. Joints looked tight (see photo 4)
Field Site Summary

October 5, 2009
Page 16
Photographs:
Photo 1 - Shear tearing of the inner layer of plastic observed at the top of the pipe
Photo 2 - Pipe alignment, grade, and roundness looked acceptable
Field Site Summary

October 5, 2009
Page 17
Photo 3 - The invert of the pipeline was free of any sedimentation or debris
Photo 4 - Joints looked tight and there was no evidence of infiltration
Field Site Summary

October 5, 2009
Page 18
SITE NO. 6 SOUNDTRACK (Ultimate Electronics)
Location: North of retail store and day lighting to detention pond area at 84th Avenue and
Interstate 25
Material: HDPE (Hancor)-Spiral Corrugation
Governing Entity: City of Thornton
Engineer: RG Engineering
Inspection:
Contractor:
Bedding Material: Squeegee to springline?
Class of Pipe:
Pipe Cover Depth: 3-7 feet with no live load
Memorandum
Observations:
1. Significant deflection was observed in the pipeline. The pipe is severely out of shape, most
noticeably at the 2 oclock and 10 oclock positions. (see photo 1 and 2)
2. Significant horizontal and vertical misalignment throughout.
3. HDPE's old joint (huggerband) was used on this installation
4. Typical joint separation opening of approximately 2-inches
5. Corrugations on interior of pipe of approximately 1/4-inch with corrugation spacing
approximately every 6 to 8-inches.
6. Physical separation of up to 14-inch has occurred at some seams in the pipe.
7. An energy dissipation structure of some kind was installed in the downstream manhole and is
causing backwater in the pipeline. All storm water does not drain out of the pipe.
8. One joint was not screwed in all the way, but the integrity of the joint appeared to be
acceptable.
9. The staining on the pipe walls indicates that the pipeline does appear to be adequately
handling flow.
10. All deficiencies noted do not prevent storm sewer flow but there is concern since storm water
does build up in the pipe as there is not proper grade to discharge.
Field Site Summary

October 5, 2009
Page 19
Photographs:
Photo 1 - The pipe is significantly out of round
Photo 2 - The pipe is significantly out of round
Field Site Summary

October 5, 2009
Page 20
Photo 3 - A concrete energy dissipation structure installed at the pipe outlet invert is restricting
drainage and creating permanent pooling within the pipeline
APPENDIX D SUMMARY OF CCTV STORM SEWER REVIEW
December 2, 2009
To:
Cindy Thrush
From: Kate Reichstein
Dan Korinek
Re:
Summary of Reviewed Video Records

Storm Sewer Pipe Materials Evaluation - BMcD Project No. 52425
VIDEO REVIEW NUMBER 1 KNOXVILLE STORM SEWER SYSTEM

Location: Along S. Lamar Street between Dartmouth Ave. and Yale Ave.
Material: Reinforced Concrete (RCP)
Size: 15, 18, 21, 24, 36, and 42-inch diameter
Governing Entity: City and County of Denver
Design Engineer: City and County of Denver
Inspection: City and County of Denver
Contractor: Unknown
Bedding Material: Unknown
Pipe Cover Depth: Varied from 4 to 8 feet
Approximate Date of Installation: July 1994
Observations:
1. Alignment and grade look acceptable
2. No sedimentation at pipe invert.
3. Some light surface cracking was identified. The cracks did not appear to be structural, and
looked like small fissures in the cement mortar inside surface of the pipe.
system.
5. Joints appear to have heavy gauging but are not filled with sediment
6. Small separation was noted at joints but does not appear to be affecting pipe performance
Photographs:
Field Note Summary

December 2, 2009
Page 2
Light corrosion along invert of pipeline
Light surface cracking along the crown of the pipe
Field Note Summary

December 2, 2009
Page 3
Slight joint separation as typical throughout

(Note small bird shown for scale)
VIDEO REVIEW NUMBER 2 SUMMER VALLEY RANCH 4B

Location: In easement between houses South of S. Reservoir Road between S. Biscay Road
and S. Cathay Way
Material: Reinforced Concrete (RCP) (Hydro Conduit)
Governing Entity: City of Aurora
Design Engineer: Unknown
Contractor: Unknown
Pipe Cover Depth: Unknown
Observations:
1. Overall, installation looked acceptable.
2. Horizontal and Vertical alignment looked acceptable
3. Noted some surface abrasion at some of the pipe joint ends
4. One pipe end was fractured during installation
5. The pipe gasket material could be seen at several joints and it appeared that several gaskets
had rolled during installation
system.
Field Note Summary

December 2, 2009
Page 4
Photographs:
Surface abrasion noted along the crown of the pipe
Pipe end was fractured during installation
Field Note Summary

December 2, 2009
Page 5
Pipe gasket exposed
VIDEO REVIEW NUMBER 3 SUMMER VALLEY RANCH 4A

Location: South of S. Reservoir Road between S. Biscay Road and S. Cathay Way
Material: HDPE (Hancor)
Engineer: Muller
Inspection: UDFCD
Contractor:
Bedding Material: Aurora Class B to top of pipe
Class of Pipe:
Pipe Cover Depth: 2 to 6 feet
Observations:
1. Overall, installation looked acceptable.
2. Noticed some deformation of the pipe away from the joint ends
3. 5. Vertical "egging" of pipe observed
4. Pipe seams are coming apart at a couple of locations.
5. One pipe end is in complete structural failure with ripping of the material and a
crumpled/collapsed end. Discussion is that stresses induced between the pipe end and the
manhole caused by thermal expansion could have been the cause of failure.
system.
Photographs:
Field Note Summary

December 2, 2009
Page 6
Pipe appears out of round (deformed)
No sedimentation was noticed along the bottom of the pipe
Field Note Summary

December 2, 2009
Page 7
Collapsed and crumpled pipe end

Photo #1
Collapsed and crumpled pipe end

Photo #2
VIDEO REVIEW NUMBER 4 - WOMAN CREEK RESERVOIR DRAIN

Location: West of 112th Avenue and Simms
Material: HDPE (Hancor)
Governing Entity: City of Westminster
Engineer: HDR
Inspection: HDR
Contractor: BT Construction
Bedding Material: Granular bedding to 1 foot above top of pipe
Class of Pipe: HDPE Class 63
Field Note Summary

December 2, 2009
Page 8
Observations:
1. Joints and alignment looked good. One stick of pipe had noticeable grade differences when
compared with the rest of the installaiton.
2. Separaation of up to 3-inches was noticeable at some of the joints. It appeared as if the joint
separation was worse at the crown of the pipe and tighter near the invert.
3. The pipe ends appeared rough and there may have been some tearing during installation
into the pipe spigot ends
Photographs:
Spigot end of pipe has some evidence of tear

The joint has separated by approximately 3 at the top of the pipe
Field Note Summary

December 2, 2009
Page 9
Alignment and grade appear acceptable
Pipe joint has separated by approximately 3-inches

This separation does not seem to be obstructing the flow
VIDEO REVIEW NUMBER 5 - KNOX COURT STORM SEWER

Location: Knox Court and Hampden Avenue
Material: Aluminized Ultra Flow (Contech)
Governing Entity: City and County of Denver
Engineer: City and County of Denver
Field Note Summary

December 2, 2009
Page 10
Contractor: Parker Excavating
Bedding Material: Class 67 (3/4-inch crushed) rock to 6-inches above pipe
Class of Pipe:
Pipe Cover Depth: 2 to 5 feet.
Observations:
1. Horizontal and vertical alignment is very good.
2. Light sediment was noticed along the entire invert of the pipeline
3. Surface corrosion has occurred along the invert of the pipeline. Corrosion appeared heavier
for approximately 2 up the pipe walls on the side of the base flow
4. Most pipe joints looked tight and were almost unrecognizable.
5. One pipe joint was damaged and was obstructing flow. Heavy sedimentation had occurred
upstream of the obstruction
6. One spigot end of the pipe appeared to have been damaged during installation into the bell
end. A piece of the aluminum pipe material had curled into the pipe and was obstructing flow.
system.
Photographs:
Light sedimentation was noticed throughout the inspected pipeline
Field Note Summary

December 2, 2009
Page 11
This pipe joint has separated and is obstructing flow

Sedimentation has occurred upstream of the pipe defect
The pipe end was damaged during installation

Part of the pipe end has broken and curled into the pipe and is obstructing flow
Field Note Summary

December 2, 2009
Page 12
Another damaged pipe
VIDEO REVIEW NUMBER 6 - SADDLE ROCK GOLF COURSE

Location: North of Arapahoe Road and 1800 east of S. Liverpool Street (near Clubhouse)
Material: Aluminized Ultra Flow
Size: 18 to 48-inch diameter
Engineer: PR Fletcher
Inspection:
Contractor: Randall & Blake, Inc.
Bedding Material: 3/8" minus (squeegee to springline, native material (silty-clay) above
springline to grade)
Class of Pipe:
Field Note Summary

December 2, 2009
Page 13
Pipe Cover Depth: 1 to 10
Observations:
1. Horizontal and vertical alignment is very good.
2. Surface corrosion has occurred along the invert of the pipeline. Corrosion appeared heavier
for approximately 2 up the pipe walls on the side of the base flow
3. Some mild corrosion was also noted at the pipe corrugation and extended up to the springline
of the pipe
4. Sedimentation was not heavy, but was apparent at most corrugations.
6. At one location, the sidewall of the pipe had a vertical tear. The reason for the tear is unclear
but is likely due to poor bedding. The tear in the pipe showed corrosion and rust bubbles. The
long term structural capacity at this location is unclear.
system.
Photographs:
Medium corrosion was noted along the entire invert of the pipeline
Field Note Summary

December 2, 2009
Page 14
Medium corrosion was also noted at the corrugations of the pipe
Sedimentation was not significant, but was noted at most pipe corrugations
The sidewall of the pipe had a vertical tear

Infiltration and moisture has heavily corroded the damaged
Field Note Summary

December 2, 2009
Page 15
VIDEO REVIEW NUMBER 7 - VIRGINIA VILLAGE PHASE II

Location: E. Minnesota Drive and S. Jasmine Street
Material: Corrugated Metal (CMP)
Size: 24, 30, 36, 42-inch Diameter
Governing City and County of Denver
Engineer: City and County of Denver
Contractor: Unknown
Class of Pipe: Unknown
Approximate Date of Installation: April 2000
Observations:
1. Horizontal and vertical alignment looks acceptable.
2. Medium corrosion was observed along the entire pipe invert. Corrosion looked heavier for
approximately 2 to 3-inches up the pipe wall to either side of the base flow
3. At several spots during the investigation, heavy infiltration was observed entering the pipeline
from somewhere near the pipe bottom. Infiltration this heavy suggests a hole in the pipe. The
infiltration was obstructing flow and causing additional sedimentation
4. Roots and growing plant material was noted at many joint locations. Evidence suggests that
joints are not watertight and are susceptible to leak
5. Pipe gasket material was noticed at one pipe joint. It appeared as if the gasket had rolled
during installation.
system.
Photographs:
Field Note Summary

December 2, 2009
Page 16
Pipe end is damaged and protruding into the flow

Damage likely occurred during installation
Medium corrosion was noted throughout the pipe especially along the 2-3 above the base flow
line
Field Note Summary

December 2, 2009
Page 17
Infiltration is gushing into the pipeline from the invert

Likely a hole thru the bottom of the pipe
Heavy sedimentation has occurred due to the defect
Roots and plant material was noted at many of the joints
Field Note Summary

December 2, 2009
Page 18
Pipe gasket material has rolled into the invert
APPENDIX E DESIGN ENGINEER WORKSHOP MEETING MINUTES
URBAN DRAINAGE AND FLOOD CONTROL DISTRICT

2009 Update to Storm Sewer Pipe Material Technical Memorandum
B&McD Project No. 52425
DESIGN ENGINEER WORKSHOP

Meeting Minutes
August 12, 2009, 11:00 a.m.
Held at UDFCD Office
1. Workshop Participants (Attendees)

Name
Agency
Cindy Thrush
Urban Drainage and Flood
Control District
Kate Reichstein
Burns & McDonnell
Mike Lehrburger
Burns & McDonnell
Doug Williams
Icon Engineering, Inc
Brian Moss
Calibre Engineering, Inc.
Lonnie Henderson
City of Westminster
Robert Moore
WRC Engineering
Todd Lyon
Jansen Strawn
Kyle Hamilton
CH2M Hill
Grey Welp
RGCE
Bruce Behrer
Muller Engineering
Shea Thomas
Control District
Brian Hart
Carroll & Lange - Manhard
Rick Weed
Carroll & Lange - Manhard
e-mail
cthrush@udfcd.org
mlehrburger@burnsmcd.com
dwilliams@iconeng.com
bmoss@calibre-engineering.com
lhenders@cityofwestminster.us
robertm@wrceng.com
tlyon@jansenstrawn.com
Kyle.hamilton@ch2m.com
gwelp@rgengineering.com
bbehrer@mullereng.com
sthomas@udfcd.org
bhart@clmanhard.com
rweed@clmanhard.com
2. Participant Introductions
a) Cindy Thrush introduced the group and the purpose of the workshop. She thanked
attendees for participating. Cindy Thrush also introduced Burns & McDonnell as the
consultant and briefly described Burns & McDonnells role in the past.
b) Cindy then asked to go around the table and have each participant introduce themselves.
All attendees presented their name, company, if they knew of the manual, and if they ever
used the manual.
i) Results:
8 participants knew the memorandum exists
2 participants did not know the memorandum exists
7 participants never used the memorandum
1 participant infrequently referenced the memorandum
1 participant regularly used the memorandum
1 participants municipality has integrated the memorandum into the Citys

specifications for use
3.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
4.
Purpose of the Workshop

Cindy Thrush described the current technical memorandum. 10 years ago when the
memorandum was updated HDPE was just emerging on the market any revisions will be
included in the revised memorandum. UDFCD would like to reevaluate and update the
memorandum every 10 years so.
The design focus group is new to the memorandum. The purpose is to investigate what
parts of the current memo they use. Another purpose is to try to see what parts of the
manual should be considered for incorporation into the UDFCD Criteria 3 volume
Manual.
Cindy Thrush mentioned that the discussion of the topic should include storm sewers
only, and not culverts
The two new sections to be included in the memorandum were also quickly introduced.
The two new sections will be inspection/maintenance and pipeline rehabilitation. Cindy
mentioned that towards the end of the workshop, these topics would be further discussed.
Cindy Thrush presented the funding and sponsorship of the memo and how the 12
involved governments and their $2000-$3000 participation helps to guide the format of
the document.
A contractors/inspectors workshop will also be held, similar in format which will
discuss other aspects of the memorandum.
The City of Aurora has integrated a portion of the memorandum into their standards and
specifications. The whole document was not included, but particular parts were picked
and chosen. The City of Westminster has also done the same.
General Engineering Questions

a) Kate Reichstein then took over as facilitator of the workshop. She started by asking three
general engineering questions. Answers were heard and discussed by the entire group.
Answers proceeded clockwise around the table with answers from all participants. The
questions asked:
- Do you typically specify pipe material to be used on projects? What do you
specify most commonly?
- What is the single most important factor you consider when selecting a pipe for
your projects
- What is the most difficult pipe material selection to design? Why?
Results:
Every single respondent agreed the reinforced concrete pipe (RCP) was the first (and
typically only) storm sewer pipe material designed for use in public systems. Most
respondents went on to classify any other type of storm sewer material as alternative
materials.
Three respondents said that they have used HDPE pipe before, but only in private
ownership circumstances.
When asked what the single most important factor to consider in design, the most
common answer was local regulation. Designers agreed that most jurisdictions only
allow RCP as part of the public system. Additionally, the review of RCP pipelines is
easier to process with the use of RCP. Other pipelines may be mentioned in a pre-design
report, but ultimately RCP is chosen due to ease of approval.
The second most common response was control of installation. It was agreed that RCP
pipe design requires the least amount of construction control to get a good end product.
Because of the rigid nature of the design, construction methods (bedding, backfill, etc)
has less impact on the overall performance of the pipe. Pipelines like HDPE require strict
control of the bedding and deflection of the pipe. Engineers prefer to select a pipe
material that helps manage the overall liability of the end product. RCP is the easy
choice when considering all of the presented materials.
With the strong overall opinion that RCP is the logical choice when selecting a storm
sewer pipe material, Kate Reichstein brought up a side discussion about under what
circumstances would be required to consider other pipe materials.
It was agreed that HDPEP is considered when budget is the controlling factor because it
is generally less expensive. However, since public systems generally do not allow this
installation, it is commonly used in private systems.
The success of HDPEP was then discussed. Most failures seemed to be at the joints and
are due to pipe deflection. The pipe deflection is generally due to poor bedding and
backfill. The ovaling of the pipe leads to pulling out at the joints and leaks.
Another topic was brought up discussing pipe joints (butt weld joints vs. traditional push
on joints). Most installations were still done using push-on joints. One designer had
used butt fused joints which are good, and not susceptible to leaks, but are much more
expensive. Part of the expense of the joint is the required certification of the installer,
and the extra equipment required.
The agreement of the group is that none of the considered pipe materials are difficult to
design. There are standards and design guidelines for all products. Typically, a material
is picked and the designer goes to the manufacturer to confirm their design factors.
One difficulty in designing HDPE pipe is the wide range of manufacturers and product.
New products are continually on the market and existing products are changing. It is
hard to nail down a design criteria with the changing material market.
b) Lonnie Henderson discussed how the City of Westminster has specified storm sewer
materials in their design criteria.
i) Lonnie has required 1 foot of bedding above RCP as sort of a consolations to HDPE
and metal products. Bedding is typically specified to springline of RCP pipe, but
suppliers thought this was not a fair advantage. The City specified the 1-foot above
and has had success. Lonnie like this because it gives contractors a warning when
trenching is near an existing storm sewer installation.
ii) The City of Westminster only allows the use of RCP in public systems. Part of this
decision was based on the performance of RCP. Additionally, the City likes the
ridged nature of the concrete pipe. With the increase in popularity of horizontal
directional drilling for utilities, Lonnie like the fact that most installers can feel if
they have run into or damaged an RCP pipe. Lonnie worries that HDPE pipe would
not even be felt by a HDD machine.
iii) The City of Westminster requires watertight gasketed RCP. Contractors were
complaining about the difficulty of installing RCP with the use of Ramnek and other
butyl sealants. The upgrade to watertight gaskets has proven successful and is
required for all installations.
c) A participant brought up the idea of storm materials used in the mountains. He had heard
that pipe materials other than RCP may be used more commonly in the mountains. The
group agreed that this is likely due to the high trucking costs associated with moving
heavy pipe.
d) Kate Reichstein asked a general question about the use of PVC for storm systems, a
material which has been evaluated in the memorandum in years past.
i) No designers had used this material in any of the design
ii) Lonnie Henderson mentioned that they sometimes use this material in repair or
transition areas. The big benefits of using these materials at transitions are its thin
wall which is great when working around tight clearances. Another good benefit is
its stiffness and that fact that joints are pressure rated.
The group broke for lunch between 12:15 to 12:35
During the break, participants filled out worksheets. Two worksheets were distributed
one worksheet was for individuals unfamiliar with the memorandum, the other worksheet was
for users of the existing document. The completed worksheets were collected at the end of the
meeting and will be evaluated and summarized by Burns & McDonnell.
5.
Evaluation of Design Documents Currently in Memorandum

a) Kate Reichstein handed out printed copies five design documents currently in the manual.
Each handout was discussed for approximately three minutes.
i) Pipe Materials Evaluation Sheet
(1) The group really likes this sheet.
(2) People felt like it was great to have a summary of materials and design criteria in
one place.
(3) It was brought up that any/all materials included in the Criteria Manual should
also have an integrated materials spec (in the Volume)
(4) The question of maintenance eligibility was also discussed as something that
should be considered and integrated
ii) Design Checklist
(1) While this list seems like a good list of items for designers to consider, it was
agreed that it is a bit of a dead end.
(2) The design checklist is similar to the material selection flow charts
iii) Technical design tables
(1) A portion of these tables have been integrated into the City of Westminster
specifications
(2) Someone brought up a question about where the data was coming from and that
the source should be cited
(a) A suggestion was made that the tables be updated based upon the nation trade
associations vs. individual manufacturers
(3) Designers agreed that some of the information (particularly HDPE) would be hard
to stay current with because of the changing materials
iv) Pipe material selection flowcharts
(1) The flow charts were not specifically discussed during the workshop
v) Trench and bedding details
(1) Participants liked the details and thought them favorable compared to CDOTs
details which are significantly different
(2) Another benefit of including these details in the Criteria Manual is that operators
in the field would have a resource.
(3) Designers thought that it would be good to integrate this into the Volume to use if
the local jurisdiction didnt already have their own trench details.
b) Cindy Thrush handed out a printed copy of Submittal Requirements as currently in the
manual for discussion
i) It was generally decided that this is a good menu item list of particular submittal
requirements.
ii) Participants agreed that the list should remain as is and allow for local governments to
adopt, as they feel appropriate
c) Kate Reichstein asked the designers about bedding specifications and if people were still
using squeegee, or getting away from this in favor of another material.
i) The participants liked the idea of UDFCD specifying bedding material in the Criteria
Manual
ii) Some of the pros and cons of squeegee vs. rock bedding were discussed, but no
conclusions or recommendations apparent.
6.
Inspection and Maintenance

a) Kate Reichstein asked the group as to what considerations, as far as maintenance, are
incorporated into the design of storm systems.
i) One of the top considerations is manhole spacing, which is usually mandated by the
local jurisdiction
ii) Manhole safety was the biggest topic of conversation

(1) Lonnie Henderson mentioned that the City of Westminster had moved totally
away from intermediate platforms.
(a) The group agreed that platforms present challenges when considering harness
safety, and that all MH entries should be made wearing a harness
(2) The installation of manhole stairs was then discussed
(a) Most jurisdictions are still requiring stairs even though harnessed entry is
required.
b) One participant brought up that the notion that CCTV inspection cannot tell the entire
story about the condition of a pipe.
i) Cameras may show something that isnt necessarily as bad as it seems
ii) Nothing substitutes entering the pipe, and picking at holes with a screwdriver
7.
Pipe Rehabilitation
a) Most design engineers liked the idea that existing pipelines can be rehabilitated in place
and with little sacrifice to pipe capacity with the lowered N-value
b) Somebody suggested reading the latest edition of Colorado Construction Journal which
has a good write-up about pipe rehabilitation.
8.
Closing
a) Cindy Thrush asked what kind of pipe materials participants would like to see mentioned
or evaluated in future updates to the memorandum.
i) Somebody mentioned that they had been getting a lot of literature from Duromax
which is a steel reinforced HDPE pipe
(1) The proposed advantage of Duromaxx is its resistance to squash and thus water
tightness of the joints
ii) Another interesting alternative may be corrugated PVC (A-2000?)
b) Cindy Thrush and Kate Reichstein once again thanked the participants
c) The completed worksheets were collected
APPENDIX F INSPECTOR/CONTRACTOR STORM SEWER WORKSHOP

MEETING MINUTES
URBAN DRAINAGE AND FLOOD CONTROL DISTRICT

2009 Update to Storm Sewer Pipe Material Technical Memorandum
B&McD Project No. 52425
INSPECTOR/CONTRACTOR STORM SEWER WORKSHOP

Meeting Minutes
September 9, 2009, 11:00 a.m.
Held at UDFCD Office
1. Workshop Participants (Attendees)

Name
Agency
Cindy Thrush
Control District
Kate Reichstein
Burns & McDonnell
Bob Snyder
Arapahoe Utility and
Infrastructure Construction
David Hays
Arapahoe Utility and
Infrastructure Construction
Rand Peterson
Bill Rider
Kamal Ouda
Town of Parker
Lonnie Henderson
City of Westminster
Phil Neal
City of Arvada
Adam Sharman
City of Aurora
Rick Breiding
City of Aurora
Vern Tabert
Arapahoe County
Mick Fields
Arapahoe County
Joe Williams
UDFCD
e-mail
cthrush@udfcd.org
bsnyder@auiinc.com
dhays@auiinc.com
rand.peterson@denvergov.org
bill.rider@denvergov.org
kouda@parkeronline.org
lhenders@cityofwestminster.us
pneal@arvada,org
asharman@auroragov.org
rbreiding@auroragov.org
vtabert@co.arapahoe.co.us
mfields@co.arapahoe.co.us
jwilliams@udfcd.org
1. Introduction of Workshop Participants

a. Cindy Thrush introduced the group and the purpose of the workshop. She thanked
attendees for participating. Cindy Thrush also introduced Burns & McDonnell as the
consultant and briefly described Burns & McDonnells role in the past.
b. The participants were asked to introduce themselves and describe what type of storm
sewer projects they worked on and if they are aware of the Pipe Installation Guide from
the 1998 Update to the Storm Sewer Pipe Material Technical Memorandum
c. Results
i. The contractor AUI has worked on both municipal and development projects.
ii. The Cities and municipalities have worked on both municipal and development
projects.
iii. Most participants were not aware of the Pipe Installation Guide from the 1998 Update
to the Storm Sewer Pipe Material Technical Memorandum.
2. Purpose/Overview of Workshop
a. Cindy Thrush described the purpose of the work shop which is to obtain and
understanding from Inspectors and Contractors as to the use of the existing Pipe
Installation Guide from the 1998 Update to the Storm Sewer Pipe Material Technical
Memorandum, what could to changed to make it more useful, and what parts of the
memorandum should be incorporated into the UDFCD Criteria 3 Volume Manual.
3. Overview of Storm Sewer Pipe Material Technical Memorandum
a. Cindy Thrush described the current technical memorandum. 10 years ago when the
memorandum was updated HDPE was just emerging on the market any revisions will be
included in the revised memorandum. UDFCD would like to reevaluate and update the
memorandum every 10 years so.
b. A contractor focus group was held for the 1998 update. The purpose is to investigate
what parts of the current memo they use. Another purpose is to try to see what parts of
the manual should be considered for incorporation into the UDFCD Criteria 3 volume
Manual.
c. Cindy Thrush mentioned that the discussion of the topic should include storm sewers
only, and not culverts
d. The two new sections to be included in the memorandum were also introduced. The two
new sections will be inspection/maintenance and pipeline rehabilitation.
e. Cindy Thrush presented the funding and sponsorship of the memo and how the 12
involved governments and their $2000-$3000 participation helps to guide the format of
the document.
4. Pipe Installation Guide Group Questions and Discussion
a. The group discussed the Pipe Installation Guide and the Checklists. The group was in
agreement that the Pipeline Installation Guide and the Checklist are a good resource for a
person starting out on the project. The Contractor indicated that there people are trained
on site regarding pipe installation and move up through the ranks as their knowledge
increases. The Inspectors indicated that they could see using the checklists one or twice.
The checklists are very basic in nature. The new guys usually are trained by the more
experienced inspectors and there are other sources that provide more detailed information
such as the Concrete Installation Manual from the manufacturer.
b. The group discussed the types of materials they have installed/inspected in the Denver
area. The materials are RCP (gasketed), Aluminized Pipe, PVC, Vylon (usually used for
sewer but has been used in storm applications), CMP, HDPE, Fusible PVC, and Hobas
(usually used for sewer but has been used in storm applications.
c. A discussion on bedding took place. The following is required for bedding through out
the Denver metro area; squeegee, Class 67 rock, and 3/8 inch minus. The City and
County of Denver has been using Special Class B Bedding which eliminates cut off walls
since the amount of voids are minimized.
d. A discussion about testing took place. The most common testing is visual testing
(lamping) some municipalities require that new lines are filmed with a camera inside the
pipe, a deflection mandrel test is also required for some applications. In some cases the
storms sewers have a hydrostatic test performed on the gaskets or joints.
5. Lunch
6. Inspection and Maintenance
a. A discussion took place regarding maintenance of storm sewers. It was the overall
consensus that maintenance is performed when something is clogged and backing up.
Some municipalities do have a inspection and maintenance program but they seem to
concentrate more on sanitary sewers then storm sewers. The inspectors have not been
involved with maintenance programs.
7. Pipe Rehabilitation
a. A discussion took place regarding pipe rehabilitation. The majority of the cases that have
been rehabilitated were in locations that were hard to excavate such as under roads,
railroads and buildings.
8. Closing
a. Cindy thanked everyone for their participation.
APPENDIX G STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
Revised mo/yr
SECTION 33 41 00
REINFORCED CONCRETE PIPE
PART 1 GENERAL
1.01 SECTION INCLUDES
A.
This section includes construction of reinforced concrete pipe for storm drainage,
culverts, and sanitary sewer, including appurtenances normally installed as a part of
these systems. Construction may include surface preparation; trench excavation;
shoring; dewatering; lay, align and join pipe installation of appurtenances; bedding
and backfilling; surface restoration; and other related work.
1.02 RELATED SECTIONS

A.
The following is a list of SPECIFICATIONS which may be related to this section:

1.
Section 31 23 19, Dewatering.
2.
Section 31 23 33, Trenching and Backfilling.
1.03 REFERENCES
A.
The following is a list of standards which may be referenced in this section:

1.
ASTM International (ASTM):

a.
C76, Standard Specification for Reinforced Concrete Culvert, Storm Drain,

and Sewer Pipe.
b.
C150, Standard Specification for Portland Cement.
c.
C361, Standard Specification for Reinforced Concrete Low-Head Pressure

Pipe.
d.
C443, Standard Specification for Joints for Concrete Pipe and Manholes,
Using Rubber Gaskets.
e.
C506, Standard Specification for Reinforced Concrete Arch Culvert, Storm

Drain, and Sewer Pipe.
f.
C507, Standard Specification for Reinforced Concrete Elliptical Culvert,

Storm Drain, and Sewer Pipe.
g.
C655, Standard Specification of Reinforced D-Load Culvert, Storm Drain

and Sewer Pipe.
h.
C827, Standard Test Method for Change in Height at Early Ages of

Cylindrical Specimens from Cementitious Mixtures.
i.
C990, Standard Specifications for Joints in Concrete Pipe, Manholes, and

Precast Box Sections Using Preformed Flexible Joint Sealants
33 41 00 - 1
Revised mo/yr
j.
C1417, Standard Specification for Reinforced Concrete Sewer, Storm Drain

and Culvert Pipe for Direct Design
k.
C1479, Standard Practice for Installation of Precast Concrete Sewer, Storm

Drain, and Culvert Pipe Using Standard Installation.
l.
C1619, Standard Specifications for Elastomeric Seals for Joining Concrete

Pipe
m. C1628, Standard Specifications for Joints for Concrete Gravity Flow Sewer
Pipe, Using Rubber Gaskets
2.
U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (USBR): M-1, Standard Specifications for

Reinforced Concrete Pressure Pipe.
1.04 SUBMITTALS
A.
Details of fittings and specials shall be furnished for approval by ENGINEER.
B.
Unless otherwise specified, CONTRACTOR shall submit to ENGINEER for

approval SHOP DRAWINGS showing the exact dimension of the joints including the
permissible tolerances for each size of pipe being furnished and the size, type and
locations of gasket materials. Approval of the joint detail DRAWINGS shall not
relieve CONTRACTOR of any responsibilities to meet all of the requirements of
these SPECIFICATIONS, or of the responsibility for correctness of
CONTRACTORs details.
C.
CONTRACTOR shall cooperate with ENGINEER in obtaining and providing

samples of all specified materials.
D.
CONTRACTOR shall submit certified laboratory test certificates for all items
required in this section.
1.05 DELIVERY, STORAGE, AND HANDLING

A.
B.
Responsibility for Material:

1.
CONTRACTOR shall be responsible for all materials intended for the WORK
that are delivered to the construction site and accepted by CONTRACTOR.
Payment shall not be made for materials found to be defective or damaged in
handling after delivery and acceptance. Defective or damaged materials shall be
removed and replaced with acceptable materials at CONTRACTORs expense.
2.
CONTRACTOR shall be responsible for the safe and proper storage of such
materials.
Pipe Acceptance:
1.
In addition to any deficiencies not covered by the applicable ASTM

Specifications, concrete pipe which has any of the following visual defects will
not be accepted.
33 41 00 - 2
Revised mo/yr
2.
C.
D.
a.
Porous spots on either the inside or the outside surface of a pipe having an
area of more than ten (10) square inches and a depth of more than one-half
(1/2) inch.
b.
Pipe which has been patched to repair porous spots, cracks, or other
defects, when such patching was not approved by ENGINEER.
c.
Exposure of the reinforcement when such exposure would indicate that the
reinforcement is misplaced.
d.
Pipe that has been damaged during shipment or handling even previously
approved before shipment.
e.
Concrete pipe, at delivery to the job site, shall have cured and reached the
design strength as required by ASTM C 76..
Acceptance of the pipe at point of delivery shall not relieve CONTRACTOR of

full responsibility for any defects in materials due to workmanship.
Pipe Handling:
1.
Pipe and accessories furnished by CONTRACTOR shall be delivered to,

unloaded, and distributed at the site by CONTRACTOR. Each pipe shall be
unloaded adjacent to or near the intended laying location.
2.
Pipe fittings, specials, valves and appurtenances shall be unloaded and stored in
a manner that precludes shock or damage. Such materials shall not be dropped.
3.
Pipe shall be handled so as to prevent damage to the pipe ends or to any coating
or lining. Pipe shall not be skidded or rolled against adjacent pipe. Damaged
coatings or lining shall be repaired by CONTRACTOR, at CONTRACTORs
expense in accordance with the recommendations of the manufacturer and in a
manner satisfactory to ENGINEER. Physical damage to the pipe or accessory
shall be repaired by CONTRACTOR at CONTRACTORs expense, and in a
manner satisfactory to ENGINEER.
Gasket Storage: All gaskets shall be stored in a cool place, preferably at a

temperature of less than seventy degrees Fahrenheit (70F.), and in no case shall the
gaskets be stored in the open, or exposed to the direct rays of the sun.
PART 2 PRODUCTS
2.01 MATERIALS
A.
General: Precast concrete pipe which does not conform to the applicable ASTM
Standard Specifications listed in Article References or to any other requirement
specified herein shall not be approved for storm sewer, culvert, or sanitary sewer
installations.
B.
Allowable ASTM Specifications: All material, manufacturing operations, testing,

inspection, and making of concrete pipe shall conform to the requirements of the
appropriate allowable ASTM Standard Specifications, latest revision thereof, listed in
Article References.
33 41 00 - 3
Revised mo/yr
C.
Marking:
1.
The following shall be clearly marked on both the interior and exterior surface
of the pipe:
a.
ASTM Specification.
b.
Class and Size.
c.
Date of Manufacture.
d.
Name or Trademark of Manufacturer.
D.
Diameter of Pipe: The diameter indicated on the DRAWINGS shall mean the inside
diameter of the pipe.
E.
Wall Thickness and Class of Pipe: The wall thickness and reinforcing steel, if any,
shall comply with the appropriate ASTM Specification and the class of pipe
designated on the DRAWINGS. No elliptical reinforcing shall be allowed in any
circular pipe, except as allowed by ENGINEER. All jacking pipe shall be specifically
designed by the pipe manufacturer to withstand all forces that the pipe may be
subjected to during the jacking operations.
F.
Fittings and Specials: Fittings and specials shall be made up of pipe segments
having the same structural qualities as the adjoining pipe and shall have the interior
treated the same as the pipe.
G.
Lifting Holes: Lifting holes will be allowed for storm sewer pipe provided, however,
only two lifting holes per pipe length will be allowed
H.
Cement: Unless otherwise required by ENGINEER, or specified otherwise on the

DRAWINGS, Type II Modified Portland Cement complying with the requirements
of ASTM C150 will normally be acceptable in the manufacture of concrete pipe.
I.
Joints:
1.
The joint design for concrete pipe shall be bell and spigot or tongue and groove.
Where rubber gaskets are required or specified, the bell or tongue shall be of
confined gasket or single offset spigot configuration to properly contain and seat
the rubber gasket. The joint assemblies shall be accurately formed so that when
each pipe section is forced together in the trench the assembled pipe shall form a
continuous watertight conduit with smooth and uniform interior surface, and
shall provide for slight movement of any piece of the pipeline due to expansion,
contraction, settlement or lateral displacement. If a gasketed joint is used, the
gasket shall be the sole element of the joint providing water tightness. The ends
of the pipe shall be in planes at right angles to the longitudinal centerline of the
pipe, except where bevel-end pipe is required. The ends shall be furnished to
regular smooth surfaces.
2.
The jointing material used for concrete pipe storm sewer installations thirty sixinch (36") diameter and greater shall be a rubber gasketed joint. For storm
sewers less than thirty six-inch (36") diameter the jointing material may be
either a rubber gasket or a flexible plastic sealing compound, unless otherwise
33 41 00 - 4
Revised mo/yr
specified on the DRAWINGS. Only rubber gasketed joints will be acceptable

for concrete pipe sanitary sewer installations. All joints and jointing material
shall conform to the following minimum requirements.
a.
Rubber Gasketed Joints:

1)
b.
Rubber gasket joints for tongue and groove or bell and spigot pipe
using a confined gasket joint shall consist of an O-ring rubber gasket
or other approved gasket configuration and shall conform to the
requirements of the appropriate ASTM Specification of the pipe
designated. Unless otherwise approved by ENGINEER, the standard
joint configuration shall be as noted in Subsection 3.04.F.
2) Rubber gasket joints for tongue and groove or bell and spigot pipe
using a single offset joint shall consist of a circular or non-circular
rubber gasket or other approved gasket configuration and shall
conform to the requirements of the appropriate ASTM Specification of
the pipe designated. Unless otherwise approved by ENGINEER, the
standard joint configuration shall be as noted in Subsection 3.04.F.
3) Gaskets may be either natural rubber or neoprene conforming to
ASTM C443.
.Flexible Plastic Joint Sealing Compound: Preformed plastic gaskets
conforming to the minimum and application requirements set forth in
PART 3 may be used as a joint sealant for storm sewer installations in lieu
of rubber gaskets.
1)
2)
c.
The flexible plastic gasket shall be in conformance with ASTM C990.

The plastic sealing compound shall be packaged in extruded
preformed rope-like shape of proper size to completely fill the joint
when fully compressed. The material shall be protected in a suitable,
removable, two-piece wrapper so that no wrapper may be removed as
the compound is applied to the joint surface without disturbing the
other wrapper, which remains attached to the compound for protection.
The sealing compound shall be impermeable to water, have immediate
bonding strength to the primed concrete surface and shall maintain
permanent plasticity, and resistance to water, acids, and alkalis.
Mortared Joints: Mortared joints shall only be used in special

circumstances and only where specifically authorized by ENGINEER. It is
the intent of these SPECIFICATIONS to limit the use of mortared joints to
the minimum extent possible except where unusual field conditions require
deviation from the jointing material specified.
J.
Protective Coatings: Normally, no additional exterior or interior protective coatings

shall be required for concrete pipe. However, whenever adverse corrosive conditions
warrant additional interior protection, those pipe segments will be noted on the
DRAWINGS.
K.
Concrete Cutoff Collars: Concrete shall meet the requirements of Section 03 31 00,
Structural Concrete.
33 41 00 - 5
Revised mo/yr
PART 3 EXECUTION
3.01 GENERAL
A.
The pipe and pipe coatings shall be inspected by ENGINEER for damage or defects
before being placed in the trench. Damaged or defective pipe shall not be installed.
B.
All pipe which does not meet the requirements of PART 2 of this section will be
rejected and replaced at CONTRACTORs expense.
C.
CONTRACTOR shall install storm sewer pipe of the type, diameter, load class, wall
thickness and protective coating that is shown on the DRAWINGS.
D.
Proper equipment, implements, tools and facilities shall be provided and used by
CONTRACTOR for safe and convenient installation of the type of pipe being
installed.
3.02 SURFACE PREPARATION

A.
Within Easement, Cultivated, Landscaped, or Agricultural Area:

1.
All vegetation, such as brush, sod, heavy growth of grass or weeds, decayed
vegetable matter, rubbish and other unsuitable material within the area of
excavation and trenchside storage shall be stripped and disposed of in
accordance with the requirements of Section 31 11 00, Clearing and Grubbing.
2.
Topsoil shall be removed to a depth of eight (8) inches or the full depth of the
topsoil, whichever is less. Topsoil shall be removed from the area to be
excavated and stockpiled, or, CONTRACTOR may elect to import topsoil to
replace that lost during excavation.
B.
Within Unpaved Roadway Areas: CONTRACTOR shall strip the cover material
from graveled roadways or other developed, but unpaved traffic surfaces to the full
depth of the existing surfacing. The surfacing shall be stockpiled to the extent that it
is acceptable and useable for restoration purposes.
C.
Within Paved Areas:

1.
The removal of pavement, sidewalks, driveways, or curb and gutter shall be

performed in a neat and workmanlike manner. Concrete pavement, asphalt,
sidewalks, driveways, or curb and gutter shall be cut with a power saw to a
depth of two (2) inches prior to breaking. The concrete shall be cut vertically in
straight lines and avoiding acute angles.
2.
Bituminous pavement, sidewalks, driveways, or curb and gutter shall be cut with
a power saw, pavement breaker, or other approved method of scoring the mat
prior to breaking or excavation. The bituminous mat shall be cut vertically, in
straight lines and avoiding acute angles.
3.
Any overbreak, separation, or other damage to the existing bituminous or

concrete outside the designated cut lines shall be replaced at CONTRACTORs
expense.
33 41 00 - 6
Revised mo/yr
4.
Excavated paving materials shall be removed from the job site and shall not be
used as fill or backfill.
3.03 DEWATERING
A.
All pipe trenches and excavation for structures and appurtenances shall be kept free
of water during pipe laying and other related work. The method of dewatering shall
provide for a dry foundation at the final grades of excavation in accordance with
Section 31 23 19, Dewatering. Water shall be disposed of in a manner that does not
inconvenience the public or result in a menace to public health. Pipe trenches shall
contain enough backfill to prevent pipe flotation before dewatering is discontinued.
Dewatering shall continue until such time as it is safe to allow the water to rise in the
excavation.
3.04 INSTALLATION
A.
General: Precautions shall be taken to prevent foreign material from entering the
pipe before or while it is being placed in the line. During laying operations, no debris,
tools, clothing or other materials shall be placed in the pipe. The open ends of pipe
shall be closed with a watertight plug, or with other devices approved by
ENGINEER, at times when pipe laying is not in progress.
B.
Pipe:
C.
1.
Storm sewer pipe shall be installed in accordance with the manufacturers

recommendations for installing the type of pipe used, unless otherwise shown on
the DRAWINGS.
2.
.Pipe lines shall be laid to the grades and alignment shown on the DRAWINGS
or staked by ENGINEER. Variation from the prescribed grade and alignment
shall not exceed one-tenth (0.10) foot, and the rate of departure from, or return
to, the established grade or alignment shall be not more than one (1) inch in ten
(10) feet, unless approved by ENGINEER. No deviation from grade shall cause
a depression in the sewer invert that could retain fluids or solids.
3.
Pipe with lifting holes shall be installed such that the lifting holes are in the
crown of the pipe. All lifting holes shall be properly grouted with cement mortar
immediately after the pipe is installed and prior to commencement of
backfilling. Where lifting anchors are provided instead of lifting holes, recesses
in the wall of the pipe at the lifting anchors need not be grouted.
Pipe Fittings:
1.
Pipe fittings shall be laid so as to form a close concentric joint with the
adjoining pipe to avoid sudden offsets of the flowline. Pipe sections shall be
joined together in accordance with the manufacturers recommendations.
2.
Pipe fittings and appurtenances shall be carefully lowered into the trench with
suitable tools or equipment to prevent damage to the pipe and protective
coatings and linings; pipe and accessory materials shall not be dropped or
dumped into the trench.
33 41 00 - 7
Revised mo/yr
D.
Gaskets: No gaskets that show signs of deterioration, such as surface cracking or

checking, shall be installed in a pipe joint. The neoprene gaskets used, when the air
temperature is ten degrees Fahrenheit (10F) or lower, shall be warmed to
temperature of sixty degrees Fahrenheit (60F) for a period of thirty (30) minutes
before being placed on the pipe.
E.
Flexible Plastic Joint Sealing Compound:
F.
1.
All surfaces of the tongue and groove or bell and spigot shall be primed with an
approved priming compound prior to the installation of the sealing compound.
The installation of the priming compound and the sealing compound shall be
accomplished in strict accordance with the manufacturers instructions, as to the
method of application, quantity of material, the grade of the materials, and the
application temperatures.
2.
Gaskets installed on both male and female joint surfaces (double gasketing)
shall be required for all deflected pipe joints, as well as arch or elliptical pipe
joints.
Acceptable Joint for Concrete Storm and Sanitary Sewer Installations: Except where
a specified type of pipe joint or jointing material is noted on the DRAWINGS, joints
and jointing material for concrete sewer installations shall be in conformance with
the following table.
Allowable Type of Joints
Tongue and
Groove with
Flexible
Plastic
Sealing
Compound
Bell and
Spigot with
USBR M-1
Type R-2
Joint
Bell and Spigot
Bell and Spigot
(Single Offset)
(ASTM 1628)
(Confined Gasket)
(ASTM C361)
a. Open Cut
b. Jack or Bored/Cased
Application
1. Non-Pressurized Storm
Sewers
a. Open Cut 36" & larger
b. Open Cut 15" to 33"
c. Jack or Bored/Cased
2. Pressurized Storm Sewers
a. Open Cut
b. Jack or Bored/Cased
3. Pressurized and
Non-Pressurized Sanitary
Sewers
33 41 00 - 8
Revised mo/yr
NOTES.
1) Where more than one type of joint is acceptable, CONTRACTOR may use either type subject to the
physical characteristics and manufacturing method of the pipe and approval of ENGINEER.
2) All elliptical pipe or arch pipe shall be double gasketed.
3) In addition to the gasket requirements, if the average joint gap in 36-inch diameter pipe or larger pipe
exceeds 3/4-inch, the void shall be filled and troweled smooth with an approved non-metallic, non-shrink
grout conforming to ASTM C827 or a flexible plastic sealant conforming to ASTM C990 so to provide a
smooth interior surface at the joint.
4) For pipe sizes 18-, 24-, 27-, 30-, and 36-inch in diameter, the reinforcement in the bell and spigot shall
conform to ASTM C76 for the class of pipe specified or to ASTM C361 for a minimum pressure head of 25
feet.
G.
Obstructions not shown on the DRAWINGS may be encountered during the progress
of the WORK. Should such an obstruction require an alteration to the pipe alignment
or grade, ENGINEER will have authority to order a deviation from the DRAWINGS,
or ENGINEER may arrange for the removal, relocation, or reconstruction of any
structure which obstructs the pipeline.
H.
Joints of precast concrete boxes and precast concrete pipe shall be grouted in
accordance with the manufacturers recommendations or as designated on the
DRAWINGS.
3.05 BEDDING AND BACKFILLING

A.
Select bedding and backfill material may be required and shall be so shown on the
DRAWINGS. Select bedding materials shall conform to the designated gradation
requirements in Section 31 23 33, Trenching and Backfilling.
B.
Bedding material shall be placed under and around all pipes as shown on the
DRAWINGS. Bedding shall be placed in a manner that will minimize separation or
change in its uniform gradation. Bedding shall be distributed in six-inch (6")
maximum layers over the full width of the trench and simultaneously on both sides of
the pipe. Special care shall be taken to ensure full compaction under the haunches
and joints of the pipe.
C.
Backfill compaction shall not be attained by inundation or jetting, unless approved in

writing by ENGINEER. Backfill material shall be uniformly compacted the full
depth of the trench.
3.06 CONCRETE CUTOFF COLLARS

A.
Concrete shall meet the requirements of Section 03 31 00, Structural Concrete.
3.07 SURFACE RESTORATION

A.
All streets, alleys, driveways, sidewalks, curbs or other surfaces broken, cut or
damaged by CONTRACTOR shall be replaced in kind or as shown on the
DRAWINGS.
33 41 00 - 9
Revised mo/yr
3.08 CLEAN UP
A.
All rubbish, unused materials, and other non-native materials shall be removed from
the job site. All excess excavation shall be disposed of as specified, and the
right-of-way shall be left in a state of order and cleanliness.
END OF SECTION
33 41 00 - 10
SECTION 33 41 00.20
STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEM - HDPE
PART 1 - GENERAL
1.01
SUMMARY
A.
1.02
This section includes all labor, materials, equipment, and incidentals required and installation
of high density polyethylene (HDPE) pipe and fittings, 18-inch diameter to 36-inch diameter to
be used as storm sewers, for areas as shown on the drawings and as specified herein.
RELATED WORK SPECIFIED ELSEWHERE:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
1.03
Section 31 11 00, Clearing and Grubbing.

Section 31 20 00, Site Preparation and Earthwork.
Section 31 23 16, Excavation, Filling, and Backfilling for Structures.
Section 31 23 33, Trenching and Backfilling for Utilities.
Section 33 05 50, Pavement Removal and Replacement for Utilities.
REFERENCES
A.
Applicable Standards:
1. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO):
a. AASHTO M252, Standard Specification for Corrugated Polyethylene Drainage
Tubing.
b. M294, Standard Specification for Corrugated Polyethylene Pipe.
c. Section 18, Soil Thermoplastic Pipe Interaction Systems.
2. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM):
a. D1056, Specification for Flexible Cellular Materials - Sponge and Expanded
Rubber .
b. D2321, Standard Practice for Underground Installation of Thermoplastic Pipe for
Sewers and Other Gravity-Flow Applications.
c. D3212, Standard Specification for Joints for Drain and Sewer Plastic Pipes Using
Flexible Elastomeric Seals.
d. D3350, Standard Specification for Polyethylene Plastics Pipe and Fittings Material.
e. D4976, Specification for Polyethylene Plastics Molding and Extrusion Materials
f.
F477, Standard Specification for Elastomeric Seals (Gaskets) for Joining Plastic
Pipe.
g. F667, Standard Specification for Large Diameter Corrugated Polyethylene Tubing
and Fittings.
h. F894, Standard Specification for Polyethylene (PE) Large Diameter Profile Wall
Sewer and Drain Pipe.
i.
F2306, Standard Specification for 12 to 60 in. Annular Corrugated Profile-Wall
Polyethylene Pipe and Fittings for Gravity-Flow Storm Sewer and Subsurface
Drainage Applications.
j.
F2562, Specifications for Steel Reinforced Thermoplastic Ribbed Pipe and Fittings
for Non-Pressure Crainage and Sewerage.
3. Where reference is made to one of the above standards, the latest revision shall apply.
33 41 00.20.IN1
043098
33 41 00.20-1
SECTION 33 41 00.20 STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEM - HDPE: continued
1.04
SUBMITTALS
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
1.05
Submit as specified in DIVISION 1.

Submit to the Engineer completely detailed working drawings and schedules of all HDPE pipe
and fittings required.
Prior to each shipment of pipe, submit certified test reports that the pipe was manufactured and
tested in accordance with the ASTM and AASHTO Standards specified herein.
Submit to Engineer shop drawings showing pipe layout, joint, method of manufacture and
installation of pipe, specials and fittings and a schedule of pipe lengths (including length of
individual pipes by diameter) for the entire project.
Complete specifications and data covering the materails to be furnished and detailed drawings
covering the installation shall be submitted.
QUALITY ASSURANCE
A.
B.
C.
1.06
Manufacturer:
1. Experienced in the design, manufacture, and commercial supplying of the specific
material for a minimum period of five years.
2. Experienced in the design, manufacture, and commercial supplying of the specific size of
pipe for a period of one year.
3. Certify to above minimum experience requirements.
All HDPE pipe and fittings shall be from a single manufacturer. All HDPE pipe to be installed
may be inspected at the factory for compliance with these Specifications by an independent
testing laboratory provided by the Owner. The Contractor shall require the manufacturers
cooperation in these inspections. The cost of these plant inspections of all pipe approved, plus
the cost of inspection of a reasonable amount of disapproved pipe, will be borne by the Owner.
Inspection of the pipe shall also be made by the Engineer or other representatives of the Owner
after delivery. The pipe shall be subject to rejection at any time on account of failure to meet
any of the Specification requirements, even though pipes may have been accepted as
satisfactory at the place of manufacture. Pipe rejected after delivery shall be marked for
identification and shall immediately be removed from the job.
DELIVERY, STORAGE, AND HANDLING
A.
B.
C.

1. Contractor shall be responsible for all materials intended for the work that are delivered
to the construction site and accepted by Contractor. Payment shall not be made for
materials found to be defective or damaged in handling after delivery and acceptance.
Defective or damaged materials shall be removed and replaced with acceptable materials
at Contractors expense.
2. Contractor shall be responsible for the safe and proper storage of such materials.
Pipe Acceptance:
1. In addition to any deficiencies not covered by the applicable ASTM Specifications, pipe
which has any of the visual defects will not be accepted.
Pipe Handling:
1. Pipe and accessories furnished by Contractor shall be delivered to, unloaded, and
distributed at the site by Contractor. Each pipe shall be unloaded adjacent to or near the
intended laying location.
33 41 00.20-2
33 41 00.20.IN1
043098
SECTION 33 41 00.20 STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEM HDPE: continued

2.
D.
Pipe fittings, specials, and appurtenances shall be unloaded and stored in a manner that
precludes shock or damage. Such materials shall not be dropped.
3. Pipe shall be handled so as to prevent damage to the pipe ends or to any coating or lining.
Pipe shall not be skidded or rolled against adjacent pipe. Damaged coatings or lining
shall be repaired by Contractor, at Contractors expense in accordance with the
recommendations of the manufacturer and in a manner satisfactory to Engineer. Physical
damage to the pipe or accessory shall be repaired by Contractor at Contractors expense,
and in a manner satisfactory to Enginer.
Gasket Storage: All gaskets shall be stored in a cool place, preferably at a temperature of less
than seventy degrees Fahrenheit (70F.), and in no case shall the gaskets be stored in the open,
or exposed to the direct rays of the sun.
PART 2 - PRODUCTS
2.01
PIPE AND FITTINGS

A.
B.
C.
D.
2.02
All pipe and fittings shall be free from all defects, including indentations, delaminations,
cracks, bubbles, pinholes, inclusions or occlusions, which, due to their nature, degree, or
extent, detrimentally affect the strength and serviceability of the pipe. Any pipe or fittings
with such defects which, in the judgement of the Engineer or Owner, will affect the strength
and serviceability, shall be repaired or rejected.
HDPE pipe and fittings shall have a smooth interior and corrugated exterior. 18-inch through
36-inch pipe shall meet the requirements of AASHTO M294 Type S. The pipe shall have a
full circular cross-section with an annular corrugations. Pipe shall be produced to constant
internal diameters.
Pipe and Fittings shall be made of high density, high molecular weight polyethylene material
meeting the requirements of cell classification 324420C or higher in accordance with ASTM
D3350. Clean rework material generated by the manufacturers own production may be used
so long as the pipe or fittings produced meet all the requirements of this specification.
Each pipe or fitting shall have plainly marked on the interior of the pipe wall the pipe class and
size, date of manufacture, manufacturer's name or trademark, and deflection angle for bends.
JOINTS
A.
B.
C.
D.
2.03
Water-tight joints shall be accomplished by rubber gasket, in accordance with ASTM D3212.
Gaskets shall be closed-cell synthetic, expanded rubber meeting the requirements of ASTM
D1056, Grade 2A2 or made of polyisoprene meeting ASTM F477. Gaskets shall be installed
on the connection by the pipe manufacturer.
Lubricant shall have no detrimental effect on the gasket of on the pipe.
Integral bell and spigot gasketed joints shall be designed so that when assembled, the
elastomeric gasket, contained in a machined groove on the pipe spigot, is compressed radially
in the pipe bell to form a positive seal. The joint shall be designed to avoid displacement of the
gasket when installed in accordance with the manufacturers recommendations.
FITTINGS
A.
B.
C.
Elbows and fittings shall be mitered from pipe sections welded together on the interior and
exterior at all junctions.
The pipe sections forming the miters shall be cut to fit with no gap.
Tolerances on the angle of all elbows shall be plus or minus 1 degree.
33 41 00.20.IN1
043098
33 41 00.20-3

D.
E.
F.
The standard turning radius of elbows shall be 1.5 times the inside diameter. Special turning
radii shall be used for special applications.
Elbows shall conform to the following requirements:
Angle of Elbow (Degrees)
Number of Miters
0 to 45
1
45 to 90
2
Elbows shall be designed to prevent joint rupture resulting from dynamic forces or application
of a test pressure of 25 psi
PART 3 - EXECUTION
3.01
GENERAL
A.
B.
C.
D.
3.02
The pipe and pipe coatings shall be inspected by engineer for damage or defects before being
placed in the trench. Damaged or defective pipe shall not be installed.
All pipe which does not meet the requirements of PART 2 of this section will be rejected and
replaced at Contractors expense.
Contractor shall install storm sewer pipe of the type, diameter, load class, wall thickness and
protective coating that is shown on the drawings.
Proper equipment, implements, tools and facilities shall be provided and used by Contractor
for safe and convenient installation of the type of pipe being installed.
SURFACE PREPARATION
A.
B.
C.

1. All vegetation, such as brush, sod, heavy growth of grass or weeds, decayed vegetable
matter, rubbish and other unsuitable material within the area of excavation and trenchside
storage shall be stripped and disposed of in accordance with the requirements of Section
31 11 00, Clearing and Grubbing.
2. Topsoil shall be removed to a depth of eight (8) inches or the full depth of the topsoil,
whichever is less. Topsoil shall be removed from the area to be excavated and stockpiled,
or, CONTRACTOR may elect to import topsoil to replace that lost during excavation.
Within Unpaved Roadway Areas: CONTRACTOR shall strip the cover material from graveled
roadways or other developed, but unpaved traffic surfaces to the full depth of the existing
surfacing. The surfacing shall be stockpiled to the extent that it is acceptable and useable for
restoration purposes.
Within Paved Areas:
1. The removal of pavement, sidewalks, driveways, or curb and gutter shall be performed in
a neat and workmanlike manner. Concrete pavement, asphalt, sidewalks, driveways, or
curb and gutter shall be cut with a power saw to a depth of two (2) inches prior to
breaking. The concrete shall be cut vertically in straight lines and avoiding acute angles.
2. Bituminous pavement, sidewalks, driveways, or curb and gutter shall be cut with a power
saw, pavement breaker, or other approved method of scoring the mat prior to breaking or
excavation. The bituminous mat shall be cut vertically, in straight lines and avoiding
acute angles.
3. Any overbreak, separation, or other damage to the existing bituminous or concrete
outside the designated cut lines shall be replaced at CONTRACTORs expense.
4. Excavated paving materials shall be removed from the job site and shall not be used as
fill or backfill.
33 41 00.20-4
33 41 00.20.IN1
043098
SECTION 33 41 00.20 STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEM HDPE: continued

3.03
DEWATERING
A.
3.04
All pipe trenches and excavation for structures and appurtenances shall be kept free of water
during pipe laying and other related work. The method of dewatering shall provide for a dry
foundation at the final grades of excavation in accordance with Section 31 23 19, Dewatering.
Water shall be disposed of in a manner that does not inconvenience the public or result in a
menace to public health. Pipe trenches shall contain enough backfill to prevent pipe flotation
before dewatering is discontinued. Dewatering shall continue until such time as it is safe to
allow the water to rise in the excavation.
INSTALLATION
A.
B.
C.
D.
3.05
All pipe shall be carefully laid true to lines and grades indicated. Any pipe which is not in true
alignment or which shows undue settlement after laying shall be taken up and relaid at
Contractor's expense.
Pipe:
1. Install to conform to manufacturer's recommendations.
2. Lift or roll pipe to protect coating. Do not drag over gravel or rock. Avoid striking rocks
or hard objects when lowering into trench.
a. Pipe on which coatings have been damaged may be rejected at the site of the Work
regardless of previous approvals.
3. Join pipe sections with firmly bolted coupling bands of the same material as the pipe.
Pipe Fittings:
1. Pipe fittings shall be laid so as to form a close concentric joint with the adjoining pipe to
avoid sudden offsets of the flowline. Pipe sections shall be joined together in accordance
with the manufacturers recommendations.
2. Pipe fittings and appurtenances shall be carefully lowered into the trench with suitable
tools or equipment to prevent damage to the pipe and protective coatings and linings;
pipe and accessory materials shall not be dropped or dumped into the trench.
Gaskets: No gaskets that show signs of deterioration, such as surface cracking or checking,
shall be installed in a pipe joint. The neoprene gaskets used, when the air temperature is ten
degrees Fahrenheit (10F) or lower, shall be warmed to temperature of sixty degrees
Fahrenheit (60F) for a period of thirty (30) minutes before being placed on the pipe.
BEDDING AND BACKFILL FILLING
A.
B.
C.
3.06
DRAWINGS. Select bedding materials shall conform to the designated gradation requirements
in Section 31 23 33, Trenching and Backfilling.
Bedding material shall be placed under and around all pipes as shown on the DRAWINGS.
Bedding shall be placed in a manner that will minimize separation or change in its uniform
gradation. Bedding shall be distributed in six-inch (6") maximum layers over the full width of
the trench and simultaneously on both sides of the pipe. Special care shall be taken to ensure
full compaction under the haunches and joints of the pipe.
Backfill compaction shall not be attained by inundation or jetting, unless approved in writing
by ENGINEER. Backfill material shall be uniformly compacted the full depth of the trench.
CONCRETE CUTOFF COLLARS
A.
Concrete shall meet the requirements of Section 03 31 00, Structural Concrete. (Match RCP
Specification)
33 41 00.20.IN1
043098
33 41 00.20-5

3.07
FIELD TESTING
A.
B.
3.08
Acceptance Tests for Gravity and Low-Pressure Pipelines:

1. Alignment:
a. Sewer shall be inspected by flashing a light between manholes or by physical
passage where space permits.
b. Contractor shall clean pipe of excess mortar, joint sealant, and other dirt and debris
prior to inspection.
c. Determine from Illumination or Physical Inspection:
(1)
Presence of any misaligned, displaced, or broken pipe.
(2)
Presence of visible infiltration or other defects.
Deflection Testing:
1. Maximum installed deflections of flexible pipe shall be 5% of mean internal diameter.
2. Engineer may (shall) require Contractor to test flexible pipe after backfill has been in
place 30 days.
a. Provide rigid ball or mandrel deflection testing equipment and labor.
b. Obtain approval of equipment and acceptance of method proposed for use. Test
shall be performed without mechanical pulling devices.
c. Remove and replace pipe exceeding deflection limits.
SURFACE RESTORATION
A.
3.09
All streets, alleys, driveways, sidewalks, curbs or other surfaces broken, cut or damaged by
CONTRACTOR shall be replaced in kind or as shown on the DRAWINGS.
CLEAN UP
A.
All rubbish, unused materials, and other non-native materials shall be removed from the job
site. All excess excavation shall be disposed of as specified, and the right-of-way shall be left
in a state of order and cleanliness.
END OF SECTION 33 41 00.20
33 41 00.20-6
33 41 00.20.IN1
043098
SECTION 33 41 00.40
STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEM SPIRAL RIBBED ALUMINIZED
STEEL PIPE (ASP) FOR STORM SEWERS
PART 1 - GENERAL
1.01
SUMMARY
A.
1.02
This Section covers spiral-ribbed, aluminized steel pipe (ASP), and flared end sections
intended for use for storm water drainage, and includes furnishing all labor, materials, and
equipment to construct the corrugated metal pipe to the dimensions, lines and grades as shown
on the drawings and specified herein
RELATED WORK SPECIFIED ELSEWHERE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
1.03

REFERENCES
A.
1.04
a. M36, Corrugated Steel Pipe, Metallic-Coated, for Sewers and Drains.
b. M274, Steel Sheet, Aluminum Coated (Type 2) for Corrugated Steel Pipe.
a. A760, Corrugated Steel Pipe, Metallic-Coated for Sewers and Drains.
b. A796, Structural Design of Corrugated Steel Pipe, Pipe-Arches, Arches for Storm
and Sanitary Sewers, and Other Buried Applications.
c. A798, Installing Factory-Made Corrugated Steel Pipe for Sewers and Other
Applications.
d. A 929, Steel Sheet, Metallic-Coated by the Hot-Dip Process for Corrugated Steel
Pipe.
3. Standard Specification for Highway Bridges:
a. Section 12 - Soil-Corrugated Metal Structure Interaction Systems.
b. Section 26 - Metal Culverts.
SUBMITTALS
A.
B.
C.
D.

Submit to Engineer, the name of the pipe and fitting suppliers and a list of materials to be
furnished.
33 41 00.40.IN1
043098
33 41 00.40-1
SECTION 33 41 00.40 STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEM - ASP: continued

E.
1.05
QUALITY ASSURANCE
A.
B.
C.
1.06
Manufacturer:
All ASP pipe and fittings shall be from a single manufacturer. All ASP pipe to be installed
A.
B.
C.
D.

Pipe Acceptance:
Pipe Handling:
2. Pipe fittings, specials, and appurtenances shall be unloaded and stored in a manner that
33 41 00.40-2
33 41 00.40.IN1
043098
SECTION 33 41 00.40 STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEM ASP: continued

PART 2 - PRODUCTS
2.01
PIPE
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
2.02
Spiral-ribbed aluminized steel pipe shall be manufactured conforming to AASHTO M36.
Pipe shall be aluminized Type 2, steel.
Metal Sheet for Spiral-ribbed Aluminized Pipe: All metal sheet for pipe fabricated under this
specification shall be formed from aluminum-coated sheet conforming to AASHTO M274.
Metal Sheet Thickness for Spiral-ribbed aluminized Pipe: Thickness (gauge) specified by
AASHTO M36, Section 8, Table 12.
Pipe Seam and Ends: Pipe shall be fabricated with helical corrugations having a continuous
lock seam extending from end to end of each length of pipe. Each end of each length of pipe
shall be re-rolled to an annular corrugation. The re-rolling shall be a minimum of three
corrugations.
Classification shall be as follows for this specification of spiral-ribbed aluminized pipe:
1. Type IR: This pipe shall have a full circular cross section with a single thickness of
smooth sheet, fabricated with helical ribs projecting outwardly.
2. Type IIR: This pipe shall be a Type IR pipe that has been reformend into a pipe-arch
having an approximately flat bottom.
Each pipe or fitting shall have plainly and permanently marked on the interior of the pipe wall
the pipe gauge and size, date of manufacture, manufacturer's name or trademark, and deflection
angle for bends.
COUPLING BANDS
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
2.03
Coupling bands shall conform to AASHTO M36 as directed herein and shall allow the use of
O-ring gaskets as described.
All coupling bands shall be no less than 10-inches wide with the minimum width conforming
to the appropriate AASHTO designation for the spiral-ribbed aluminized pipe.
Steel Sheeting for Coupling Bands: The sheet used in fabricating coupling bands shall conform
to the same specification listed herein. The sheet thickness of the coupling bands shall
conform to the appropriate AASHTO designation for the corrugated steel pipe.
Hardware for Coupling Bands: Bolts and nuts shall conform to AASHTO M36. Coupling
bands shall have bar, bolt, and strap connector assemblies per lap.
O-Ring Gaskets: These gaskets shall meet or exceed the requirements of AASHTO M198 and
used in conjunction with coupling bands. The use of a TC-40 type mastic will be required at
the lap joint with O-ring gaskets. The requirement for the use of O-ring gaskets will be noted
on the drawings.
FABRICATED FITTINGS
A.
B.
Fittings shall be for horizontal and vertical deflections, as specified in the drawings.
Fittings may also be for any accessory such as inlets, manhole structures, and manhole risers,
as specified in the drawings.
33 41 00.40.IN1
043098
33 41 00.40-3

C.
Fittings shall be at least the same material thickness and coating as the pipeline to which they
are joined.
PART 3 - EXECUTION
3.01
GENERAL
A.
B.
C.
D.
3.02
SURFACE PREPARATION
A.
B.
C.
3.03

storage shall be stripped and disposed of in accordance with the requirements of
Within Paved Areas:
acute angles.
fill or backfill.
DEWATERING
A.
33 41 00.40-4
33 41 00.40.IN1
043098
SECTION 33 41 00.40 STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEM ASP: continued

3.04
INSTALLATION
A.
B.
C.
D.
3.05
Pipe:
Pipe Fittings:
Fahrenheit (60F) for a period of thirty (30) minutes before being placed on the pipe
BEDDING AND BACKFILLING
A.
B.
C.
3.06
A.
3.01
Specification)
FIELD TESTING
A.

1. Alignment:
33 41 00.40.IN1
043098
33 41 00.40-5

a.
B.
3.02
Sewer shall be inspected by flashing a light between manholes or by physical

(1)
(2)
Deflection Testing:
place 30 days.
SURFACE RESTORATION
A.
3.03
CLEAN UP
A.
33 41 00.40-6
33 41 00.40.IN1
043098
SECTION 33 41 00.43
STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEM POLYMER COATED STEEL PIPE (PCSP)
FOR STORM SEWERS
PART 1 - GENERAL
1.01
SUMMARY
A.
1.02
This Section covers spiral-ribbed, polymer coated steel pipe (PCSP), and flared end sections
intended for use for storm water drainage, and includes furnishing all labor, materials, and
equipment to construct the corrugated metal pipe to the dimensions, lines and grades as shown
on the drawings and specified herein
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
1.03

REFERENCES
A.
1.04
a. M36, Corrugated Steel Pipe, Metallic-Coated, for Sewers and Drains.
b. M246, Steel Sheet, Metallic-Coated and Polymer-Precoated, for Corrugated Steel
Pipe.
a. A760, Corrugated Steel Pipe, Metallic-Coated for Sewers and Drains.
b. A762, Corrugated Steel Pipe, Polymer Precoated for Sewers and Drains.
c. A796, Structural Design of Corrugated Steel Pipe, Pipe-Arches, Arches for Storm
and Sanitary Sewers, and Other Buried Applications.
d. A798, Installing Factory-Made Corrugated Steel Pipe for Sewers and Other
Applications.
3. Standard Specification for Highway Bridges:
a. Section 12 - Soil-Corrugated Metal Structure Interaction Systems.
b. Section 26 - Metal Culverts.
SUBMITTALS
A.
B.
C.
D.

furnished.
33 41 00.43.IN1
043098
33 41 00.43-1
SECTION 33 41 00.43 STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEM - PCSP: continued

E.
1.05
QUALITY ASSURANCE
A.
B.
C.
1.06
Manufacturer:
All polymer coated steel pipe and fittings shall be from a single manufacturer. All polymer
coated steel pipe to be installed may be inspected at the factory for compliance with these
Specifications by an independent testing laboratory provided by the Owner. The Contractor
shall require the manufacturers cooperation in these inspections. The cost of these plant
inspections of all pipe approved, plus the cost of inspection of a reasonable amount of
disapproved pipe, will be borne by the Owner.
A.
B.
C.
D.

Pipe Acceptance:
Pipe Handling:
33 41 00.43-2
33 41 00.43.IN1
043098
SECTION 33 41 00.43 STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEM PCSP: continued

PART 2 - PRODUCTS
2.01
PIPE
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
2.02
Polymer coated steel pipe shall be manufactured conforming to AASHTO M36.
Pipe shall be Polymer coated, steel.
Metal Sheet for Polymer Coated Steel Pipe: All metal sheet for pipe fabricated under this
specification shall be formed from polymer coated sheet conforming to AASHTO M274.
Metal Sheet Thickness for Spiral-ribbed polymer coated steel pipe: Thickness (gauge)
specified by AASHTO M36, Section 8, Table 12.
lock seam extending from end to end of each length of pipe. For Type IR Pipe each end of
each length of pipe shall be re-rolled to an annular corrugation. The re-rolling shall be a
minimum of three corrugations.
Classification shall be as follows for this specification of polymer coated pipe:
1. Type IA: This pipe shall have a full circular cross section with an outer shell of
Corrugated sheet and an inner liner of smooth (uncorrugated) sheet, fabricated with
helical corrugations and lock seams.
2. Type IR: This pipe shall have a full circular cross section with a single thickness of
smooth sheet, fabricated with helical ribs projecting outwardly.
3. Type IIA: This pipe shall be a Type IA pipe that has been reformend into a pipe-arch
angle for bends.
COUPLING BANDS
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
All coupling bands shall be no less than 10-inches wide with the minimum width conforming
to the appropriate AASHTO designation for the spiral-ribbed polymer coated pipe.
Steel Sheeting for Coupling Bands: The sheet used in fabricating coupling bands shall conform
to the same specification listed herein. The sheet thickness of the coupling bands shall
conform to the appropriate AASHTO designation for the corrugated steel pipe.
on the drawings.
33 41 00.43.IN1
043098
33 41 00.43-3

2.03
FABRICATED FITTINGS
A.
B.
C.
are joined.
PART 3 - EXECUTION
3.01
GENERAL
A.
B.
C.
D.
3.02
SURFACE PREPARATION
A.
B.
C.
3.03

Within Paved Areas:
acute angles.
fill or backfill.
DEWATERING
33 41 00.43-4
33 41 00.43.IN1
043098
SECTION 33 41 00.43 STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEM PCSP: continued

A.
3.04
INSTALLATION
A.
B.
C.
D.
3.05
Pipe:
Pipe Fittings:
A.
B.
C.
3.06
A.
Specification)
33 41 00.43.IN1
043098
33 41 00.43-5

3.01
FIELD TESTING
A.
B.
3.02

1. Alignment:
(1)
(2)
Deflection Testing:
place 30 days.
SURFACE RESTORATION
A.
3.03
CLEAN UP
A.
33 41 00.43-6
33 41 00.43.IN1
043098
SECTION 33 41 00.45
STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEM CORRUGATED ALUMINUM
PIPE (CAP) FOR STORM SEWERS
PART 1 - GENERAL
1.01
SUMMARY
A.
1.02
This Section covers corregated aluminum pipe (CAP), and flared end sections intended for use
for storm water drainage, and includes furnishing all labor, materials, and equipment to
construct the corrugated metal pipe to the dimensions, lines and grades as shown on the
drawings and specified herein
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
1.03

REFERENCES
A.
1.04
a. M196, Corrugated Aluminum Pipe for Sewers and Drains.
b. M197, Aluminum Alloy Sheet for Corrugated Aluminum Pipe.
a. B744, Aluminum Alloy Sheet for Corrugated Aluminum Pipe.
b. B745, Corrugated Aluminum Pipe for Sewers and Drains.
SUBMITTALS
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
1.05

furnished.
QUALITY ASSURANCE
A.
Manufacturer:
33 41 00.45.IN1
043098
33 41 00.45-1
SECTION 33 41 00.45 STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEM CAP: continued

2.
B.
C.
1.06
Experienced in the design, manufacture, and commercial supplying of the specific size of
All CAP and fittings shall be from a single manufacturer. All CAP to be installed may be
inspected at the factory for compliance with these Specifications by an independent testing
laboratory provided by the Owner. The Contractor shall require the manufacturers
A.
B.
C.
D.

Pipe Acceptance:
Pipe Handling:
PART 2 - PRODUCTS
2.01
PIPE
A.
33 41 00.45-2
33 41 00.45.IN1
043098
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
2.02
Corrugated Aluminum Pipe shall be manufactured conforming to AASHTO M196.
Pipe shall be aluminum alloy sheet conforming to M197.
Metal Sheet for Spiral-ribbed Aluminized Pipe: All metal sheet for pipe fabricated under this
specification shall be formed from aluminum sheet conforming to AASHTO M197.
Metal Sheet Thickness for corragated aluminum pipe: Thickness (gauge) specified by
AASHTO M196, Section 8, Table 4.
lock seam extending from end to end of each length of pipe. Each end of each length of pipe
shall be re-rolled to an annular corrugation. The re-rolling shall be a minimum of three
corrugations.
Classification shall be as follows for this specification of corrugated aluminum pipe:
1. Type I: This pipe shall have a full circular cross section with a single thickness of
corrugated sheet, fabricated with annular (circumferential) or helical corrugations.
2. Type IA: This pipe shall have a full circular cross section with an outer shell of
Corrugated sheet and an inner liner of smooth (uncorrugated) sheet, fabricated with
helical corrugations and lock seams.
3. Type IR: This pipe shall have a full circular cross section with a single thickness
ofsmooth sheet, fabricated with helical ribs projecting outwardly.
4. Type II: This pipe shall be a Type I pipe that has been reformend into a pipe-arch having
an approximately flat bottom.
5. Type IIA: This pipe shall be a Type IA pipe that has been reformend into a pipe-arch
angle for bends.
COUPLING BANDS
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
2.03
All coupling bands shall be no less than 7-inches wide with the minimum width conforming to
the appropriate AASHTO designation for the corrugated aluminum pipe.
Sheeting for Coupling Bands: The sheet used in fabricating coupling bands shall conform to
the same specification listed herein. The sheet thickness of the coupling bands shall conform
to the appropriate AASHTO designation for the corrugated aluminum pipe.
on the drawings.
FABRICATED FITTINGS
A.
33 41 00.45.IN1
043098
33 41 00.45-3

B.
C.
are joined.
PART 3 - EXECUTION
3.01
GENERAL
A.
B.
C.
D.
3.02
SURFACE PREPARATION
A.
B.
C.
3.03

Within Paved Areas:
acute angles.
fill or backfill.
DEWATERING
A.
33 41 00.45-4
33 41 00.45.IN1
043098

3.04
INSTALLATION
A.
B.
C.
D.
3.05
Pipe:
Pipe Fittings:
A.
B.
C.
3.06
A.
Specification)
33 41 00.45.IN1
043098
33 41 00.45-5

3.01
FIELD TESTING
A.
B.
3.02

1. Alignment:
(1)
(2)
Deflection Testing:
place 30 days.
SURFACE RESTORATION
A.
3.03
CLEAN UP
A.
33 41 00.45-6
33 41 00.45.IN1
043098
SECTION 33 41 00.60
STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEM POLYVINYL CHLORIDE (PVC)
PIPE FOR STORM SEWERS
PART 1 - GENERAL
1.01
SUMMARY
A.
1.02
This section includes all labor, materials, equipment, and incidentals required and installation
of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe and fittings, 18-inch diameter to 60-inch diameter to be used
as storm sewers, for areas as shown on the drawings and as specified herein.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1.03

REFERENCES
A.
1.04
a. M278, Class PS46 Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Pipe.
b. M304M-911, Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Ribbed Drain Pipe and Fittings Based on
Controlled Inside Diameter.
a. D2321, Underground Installation of Thermoplastic Pipe for Sewers and Other
Gravity Flow Applications.
b. D3212, Joints for Drain and Sewer Plastic Pipes Using Flexible Elastomeric Seals..
c. F477, Specification for Elastomeric Seals (Gaskets) for Joining Plastic Pipe.
d. F679, Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Large Diameter Plastic Gravity Sewer Pipe and
Fittings.
e. F794, Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Ribbed Gravity Sewer Pipe and Fittings Based On
Controlled Inside Diameter.
f.
F949, Poly (Vilyl Chloride)( PVC) Corrugated Sewer Pipe With a Smooth Interior
and Fittings.
g. F1803, Standard Specifications for Poly(Vinyl Chloride)(PVC) Closed Profile
Gravety Pipe and Fittings Based on Controlled Inside Diameter.
SUBMITTALS
A.
B.
C.

furnished.
33 41 00.60.IN1
043098
33 41 00.60-1
SECTION 33 41 00.60 STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEM - PVC: continued

D.
E.
1.05
QUALITY ASSURANCE
A.
B.
C.
1.06
Manufacturer:
All PVC pipe and fittings shall be from a single manufacturer. All PVC pipe to be installed
A.
B.
C.
Responsibility for Materia:

Pipe Acceptance
Pipe Handling
33 41 00.60-2
33 41 00.60.IN1
043098

D.
PART 2 - PRODUCTS
2.01
PIPE AND FITTINGS

A.
B.
C.
D.
2.02
PVC large-diameter plastic gravity sewer pipe and fitting shall conform to ASTM F679 or
ASTM F794, with minimum pipe stiffness of 46 psi.
the pipe class and size, date of manufacture, manufacturer's name or trademark, and deflection
angle for bends.
with such defects which, in the judgement of the Engineer, or Owner will affect the strength
Each pipe or fitting shall have plainly marked on the interior of the pipe wall the pipe class and
size, date of manufacture, manufacturer's name or trademark, and deflection angle for bends.
JOINTS
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Pipe joints shall be air-tight and of the bell spigot type with elastomericgaskets conforming to
the requirements of ASTM D3212.
Gaskets shall comply in all aspects with physical requirements specified in ASTM F477.
Gaskets shall be neoprene or synthetic elastomer. Natural rubber is not acceptable:
1. The gasket shall be the only element depended upon to make the joint flexible and watertight.
Lubricant used for assembly shall have no detrimental effect on the gasket or the pipe
Integral bell and spigot gasketed joints shall be designed so that when assembled, the
elastomeric gasket, contained in a machined groove on the pipe spigot, is compressed radially
in the pipe bell to form a positive seal. The joint shall be designed to avoid displacement of the
gasket when installed in accordance with the manufacturers recommendations.
PART 3 - EXECUTION
3.01
GENERAL
A.
B.
C.
D.
33 41 00.60.IN1
043098
33 41 00.60-3

3.02
SURFACE PREPARATION
A.
B.
C.
3.03

Within Paved Areas:
acute angles.
fill or backfill.
DEWATERING
A.
3.04
INSTALLATION
A.
B.
Pipe:
33 41 00.60-4
33 41 00.60.IN1
043098

C.
D.
3.05
Pipe Fittings:
BEDDING AND BACKFILL FILLING
A.
B.
C.
3.06
A.
3.07
Specification)
FIELD TESTING
A.
B.

1. Alignment:
(1)
(2)
Deflection Testing:
2. Engineer shall require Contractor to test flexible pipe after backfill has been in place 30
days.
33 41 00.60.IN1
043098
33 41 00.60-5

3.08
SURFACE RESTORATION
A.
3.09
CLEAN UP
A.
33 41 00.60-6
33 41 00.60.IN1
043098

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Storm Sewer Pipe Material

Urban Drainage and Flood Control District

July 13, 2010

Project No. 52425

Storm Sewer Pipe Material Technical Manual

Urban Drainage and Flood Control District

July 13, 2010

Project No. 52425

Burns & McDonnell Engineering Company, Inc.

Urban Drainage and Flood Control District

Purpose of Pipe Material Technical Memorandum

September 21, 2010

Dcm\Laura\Pipe Memorandum Preface.docx

Storm Sewer Pipe Material Technical Memorandum 3rd Edition

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................ 1-1

INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 2-1

DATA COLLECTION ............................................................................................................... 3-1

PIPE MATERIAL EVALUATION .......................................................................................... 4-1

PIPE MATERIAL SELECTION GUIDE ................................................................................ 5-1

Storm Sewer Pipe Material Technical Memorandum 3rd Edition

REINFORCED CONCRETE PIPE (RCP) .............................................................................. 6-1

ALUMINIZED STEEL PIPE .................................................................................................... 7-1

POLYMER COATED STEEL PIPE ........................................................................................ 8-1

CORRUGATED ALUMINUM PIPE ....................................................................................... 9-1

POLYVINYL CHLORIDE PIPE (PVC) ................................................................................ 10-1

Storm Sewer Pipe Material Technical Memorandum 3rd Edition

HIGH DENSITY POLYETHYLENE PIPE (HDPE) ............................................................ 11-1

INSTALLATION GUIDE ........................................................................................................ 12-1

INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCE PROGRAMS .......................................................... 13-1

EXISTING PIPELINE REHABILITATION ........................................................................ 14-1

BIBLIOGRAPHY ..................................................................................................................... 15-1

Storm Sewer Pipe Material Technical Memorandum 3rd Edition

Storm Sewer Pipe Material Technical Memorandum 3rd Edition

Comparative Evaluation Summary of Pipeline Materials............................................................. 1-4

Field Site Visits ......................................................................................................................... 3-3

Design and Performance Checklist. .................................................................................. 5-2

Maximum Fill Heights for PVC Pipe ......................................................................................... 10-2

Minimum Fill Heights for HDPE .............................................................................................. 11-1

Bedding and Embedment Material Guide................................................................................... 12-2

Commonly Associated Maintenance for Different Pipe Types .................................................. 13-2

Storm Sewer Pipe Material Technical Memorandum 3rd Edition

After Page No.

Pipe Material Selection Chart Reinforced Concrete Pipe ............................................................. 5-5

Trench Detail Reinforced Concrete Pipe ................................................................................... 6-4

Trench Detail Polymer Coated Steel Pipe ................................................................................. 8-4

Trench Detail Corrugated Aluminum Pipe .............................................................................. 9-5

Trench Detail - Polyvinyl Chloride Pipe..................................................................................... 10-3

Trench Detail High Density Polyethylene Pipe ...................................................................... 11-3

Storm Sewer Pipe Material Technical Memorandum 3rd Edition

This Technical Memorandum provides guidance to local jurisdictions, Developers, Contractors,

TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM HISTORY

Storm Sewer Pipe Material Technical Memorandum 3rd Edition

1987, Wright Water Engineers, Inc.

PIPE MATERIALS EVALUATION

PIPE MATERIAL SELECTION GUIDE

Design and Performance Checklist

Storm Sewer Pipe Material Technical Memorandum 3rd Edition

Pipe Material Selection

Storm Sewer Pipe Material Technical Memorandum 3rd Edition