CH 1-Climate of India
CH 1-Climate of India
CH 1-Climate of India
FACTORS :-
HIMALAYAS
SEAS
WINDS
LATITUDNAL POSITION
ALTITUDE
JET STREAMS
RELIEF FEATURES – W. GHATS
FEATURES OF MONSOON : -
UNEVENLY DISTRIBUTED
ERRATIC
UNCERTAIN
UNRELIABLE
Low pressure
High temp. in northern parts away from sea
Rivers, wells dry up
Dust storms – Punjab, Haryana, U.P. – loo
Torrential rainfall due to high speed wind in w. Bengal & Assam –
kalbaisakhi
High speed hot winds
High pressure
Dry retreating winds
Clear skies and dry atmosphere
October heat
Low humidity
Oppressive weather
Tamil Nadu Andhra Pradesh – highest rainfall due to cyclones originating in
Bay of Bengal
CH – 2 soils in india
Soil – thin surface layer of earth, comprising mineral particles formed by
weathering of rocks
ALLUVIAL SOIL
BLACK SOIL
Volcanic origin
Deccan trap
Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra
Disintegration of basalt rich in potash, humus and lime
Deep, fine grained and black to chestnut brown in colour
Moisture retentive – sticky when wet & forms cracks when dry
Crops – cotton & wheat
RED SOIL
LATERITE SOIL
CAUSES
EFFECTS
Loosening of soil
Landslides & flash floods
Leads to unproductive soil – poor crop yield
METHODS TO PREVENT
Rainfall
Temperature
Soil
Topography – altitude and latitude
200 cm of rainfall
24° C to 27°C
Diff. trees germinate & wither @ different times
Dense trees, climbers & epiphytes
Dark floor as no sunlight penetrates
Trees not in pure stand
Rosewood, ebony, shisham – making furniture – Andaman & nicobar
islands, assam, Meghalaya & Tripura
TROPICAL DRY
MOUNTAIN FORESTS
FOREST CONSERVATION
Check deforestation
Prevent overgrazing
Reforestation
Shifting cultivation needs to be controlled
METHODS
BHAKRA NANGAL dam – satluj – highest dam in asia – Punjab, Haryana &
rajasthan – govind sagar lake
Tungabhadra - largest no. of canals – Andhra Pradesh & Karnataka – two irrigation
canal on both sides – across Tungabhadra – a tributary of Krishna
IMPORTANCE
To store water
To generate electricity
To control floods
To provide drinking water
To develop pisciculture & recreational centres
Objectives –
EG: roof water harvesting, hand pumps, recharge through stop-dams on small
streams.
CH 5 MINERALS IN INDIA
COAL
Basic source of energy
Production of chemicals, dyes, fertilizers and paints
Steel industries
By products – benzol, ammonia, naptha and sulphur
4 TYPES:
PROBLEMS
Medium quality – more ash & smoke – water logging – fire accidents
PETROLEUM
IRON ORE
BAUXITE
LIMESTONE
CH 6 agriculture in india
SUBSISTENCE FARMING
Farming for farmer to consume – small sized land – more manual labour – no
machines – mostly food crops – double cropping, crop rotation & multiple
cropping
Slash and burn, low quality seed, less production, improper cultivation, ecological
balance disturbed, crops left to grow on their own & no irrigation or fertilization is
provided
INTENSIVE COMMERCIAL FARMING
Small sized fields, more labour & scientific method to make soil more productive,
use of hybrid seeds, mostly food crops.
Big fields, machines, cash crops, sparsely populated areas with ample of land.
product only for sale
MIXED FARMING
Animal rearing along with crops/livestock raising – largest no. of cattle in world –
india – modern machinery & good seeds are used
PLANTATION FARMING
Predominance of single crop with some other crops – only once plantation – yield
many years – scientifically managed crops only for sale
PROBLEMS
SOLUTION
FOOD CROPS
Cereals – collective term for all kinds of grass like plants having starchy, edible
seeds.
CASH CROPS
OIL SEEDS
Oilcake – by product of oil seeds.oil is extracted from oil seeds and residue
is termed ‘oilcake’.
Advantages of oilseeds : - generate employment, - earns foreign exchange
Uses – seasoning of food, preservatives in pickles etc, oilcake as fodder &
manure, lubricants for machinery, in paints, inks, dyes.
TEA
COFFEE
Arabica
Robusta
Liberica
Shrub with glossy, evergreen leaves & white flowers/
Shelter belts are provided
Wet or Parchment method – removal of skin, pulping, fermenting, washing
& drying
Dry or native method – covering is removed by drying in sun – pounded to
remove outer covering – colour, flavour & taste are result of roasting
FIBRE CROPS
COTTON
JUTE
Manual labour
Clear soft water
Jute mites
stalks are cut near roots and then tied in bundles and steeped until outer bark
begins to rot. This is termed as ‘retting’.
Retting – soaking of stalks to remove fibre from bark
Rinsing
Washing
Cleaning
Drying
Problems – stiff competition in intl. market.
COMMERCIAL CROPS
RUBBER
SUGARCANE
Tall, perennial
Sugar cane is divided into internodes connected by joints called nodes. Each
node has a bud. Monoculture crop
Dry season for harvesting
More labour
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