CONCEPT AND NATURE OF SELF: PHILOSOPHICAL VIEW OF SELF

1.1 Socrates
1.2 Plato
1.3 St. Augustine
1.4 Rene Descartes
1.5 John Locke
1.6David Hume
1.7Immanuel Kant
1.8 Gilbert Ryle

INTRODUCTION

Philosophy is a way of thinking about the world, the universe, and society. Is philosophy
important in understanding the self? How so?

In this lesson, you shall be introduced to eight (8) great philosophers; each tried to come up of the
explanation of the origins and causes of how self came to be. Let us try to understand each perspective
and reflect on each as we go along. As you read on this lesson, here are some Points to remember when
you try to understand the self in a philosophical view;

1. When learning about each of the philosophical view of the self, it is important to take into account
the time period it was theorized.

2. The creation of a new philosophy does not mean the other is no longer important.

3. Philosophies are guide into understanding things; especially the self

LEARNING OUTCOMES

Upon completion of this module, students taking this course should have:

1. Explain the different philosophies of Socrates, Plato, St. Augustine, Descartes, Locke, Hume, Kant, and
Ryle concerning The Self;
2. Give value to the importance of having different lenses in philosophy when it comes to explaining The
Self.

DISCUSSION

1.1. SOCRATES: “Knowing Yourself”

Socrates was a Greek philosopher whose way of life, character, and thought exerted a profound
influence on ancient and modern philosophy. Having no surviving writings actually written by himself,
we know of him from his students (Plato) and other philosophers after him.
 He was one of the first Greek philosopher to seriously explore questions of ethics. Rather than
teaching others what to think, he teaches others how to question; his methods was later on became
known as Socratic Method: A method of questioning and finding answers and from the answers derived,
a question emerges ones again.

At one point, he was accused of corrupting the minds of the youth as he tried to engage men in
discourse and make them question their beliefs and their existence. To Socrates, and this has become
his life-long mission; the true task of the philosopher, is to know oneself.

“Knowing yourself”

This line by Socrates urges people to bring themselves into the light, which means, that you
need to examine oneself and the things around you. In other words, having a sense of self knowledge
which means knowing one’s degree of understanding about the world and knowing one’s capabilities
and potentialities; It is only through self-knowledge that one’s self merges.

Therefore, Socratic philosophy teaches you that Self is achieved and not just discovered,
something to work on and not a product of a mere realization. The reward of the constant self-
discovery and self-knowledge is Virtue; the core of the Socratic ethics and the deepest and most basic
propensity of man. Virtue necessary and can be learned. The lack of virtue can lead to Ignorance;
considered as the virtue of the bad man. Socrates thought that being ignorant of your existence and the
world is the worst that can happen to anyone: to live but die inside.

Figure 1. Evolution of Man

1.2. PLATO: “The Ideal Self, The Perfect Self “

Plato was a philosopher best known as the student and predecessor of Socrates and later on
taught Aristotle. He is best known for his writings (Republic, Dialogues) and for having founded the
Academy; an academic program which many consider to be the first Western university. He dedicated
his life to learning and teaching and is hailed as one of the founders of Western philosophy

“The Ideal Self, The Perfect Self “

Plato being Socrates’s student, basically took off from his teacher and supported his views.
According to him, we are allknowing before we are born but stripped with our knowledge when we are
brought into the world for we experience various challenges. However, by constant search for
knowledge, contemplation, and doing good, one can regain its former perfections. In other words, one
should try emulate the self before they are born (The Ideal/Perfect Self) by living a life of virtue.

1.3. ST. AUGUSTINE: “Love and justice as the foundation of self”

St. Augustine a bishop of Hippo (now Annaba, Algeria). A renowned theologian and prolific
writer, he was also a skilled preacher and rhetorician. There is an enormous amount of writings by St.
Augustine which was preserved but the two most prominent works he had; The City of God; is a
philosophical defense of Christianity that outlines a new way to understand human society and
Confessions; a spiritual self-examination. He is one of the Latin Fathers of the Church and, in Roman
Catholicism, is formally recognized as a doctor of the church.

Love and justice as the foundation of self

St. Augustine followed the ancient view of Plato and infusing it with the newfound doctrine of
Christianity; that is, an aspect of man dwells in the world and is imperfect and continuously yearns to be
with the divine. The goal of every human person is to attain this communion and bliss with the Divine by
living one’s life in virtue. To simply illustrate the idea;

Virtuous life = turning towards love

1.4. RENE DESCARTES: I think therefore I am (Cogito, Ergo Sum) and Mind-body dualism

René Descartes was a French mathematician and philosopher during the 17th century. He is known as
the Father of Modern Philosophy and is most commonly known for his philosophical statement, “Cogito
ergo sum” or “I think, therefore I am”. In the mathematics sphere, his primary contribution came from
bridging the gap between algebra and geometry, which resulted in the Cartesian coordinate system still
widely used today. In philosophy on the other hand, He is also attributed with developing mind-body
dualism.

I think therefore I am (Cogito, Ergo Sum)

Also known as Methodic Doubt, it’s the idea that the existence of anything that you register from your
senses can be doubted. For example, I am strong therefore I am strong or I am busy therefore I am busy.
Whichever thought a person chooses is the one being carried to the persons “I am”. For Descartes, the
self is real and not just an illusion; the only thing that one cannot doubt is the existence of the self, for
even one doubts oneself, that only proves that THERE IS A DOUBTING SELF, a thing that thinks therefore
cannot be doubted.

Mind-body dualism

According to this philosophy, the self is different from the body. Thus body and self exists, but differ in
existence and reality. Self is a feature of the mind rather than the body thus it is mental rather than
physical. Though (mind) always precedes action (body). It has always been in that sequence. For
example, thinking it would be a busy week (Mind), you will prepare for the days ahead (Body).

1.5. JOHN LOCKE: Personal Identity

John Locke was an English philosopher and political theorist. He is recognized as the founder of British
empiricism and the author of the first systematic exposition and defense of political liberalism. John
Locke’s most famous works related to Understanding the self was the An Essay Concerning Human
Understanding (1689), in which he developed his theory of ideas and his account of the origins of human
knowledge in experience.
 Personal Identity (The Self) is not in the brain but founded in the consciousness (memory). According to
Locke, when we are born our minds are empty or he call it “Tabula Rasa” or blank slate. Overtime, as we
live and experience things, these experiences are stored in our memory and makes up what we call our
Self. Since our memory changes overtime, our Self also evolves over the course of our lifetime.

1.6. DAVID HUME: “The Self is a Bundle of Theory of the Mind”

David Hume was a Scottish philosopher, historian, economist, and essayist known especially for his
philosophical empiricism and skepticism. Hume tried to describe how the mind works in acquiring what
is called knowledge.

The Self is a Bundle of Theory of the Mind

According to Hume, there is no single impression of self that exist; There is no stable thing called self, for
the self is nothing but a complex set of successive impressions or perceptions. What you think and what
you feel constitute what you are in that very moment. That is what you are; that is who you are

1.7. IMMANUEL KANT: Respect for Self

Immanuel Kant was a German philosopher and one of the foremost thinkers of the Enlightenment; a
European intellectual movement of the 17th and 18th centuries. His comprehensive and systematic
work in epistemology (the theory of knowledge) and ethics greatly influenced

subsequent philosophies.

Respect for Self

According to Kant, the self is not just what gives one his

personality; it is also the seat of knowledge acquisitions for all

human persons. Moreover, Kant emphasizes the importance of a

person’s respect for one self-stating that “Every man in an end in

himself and never should be treated merely as a means for others

“. In other words, Respect others as you should respect yourself

for we all have the same basic rights and should treat each other

as equals

1.8 GILBERT RYLE: The Mind and Body are one

“Oxford philosophy,” or “ordinary language,” movement. One his

writings, The Concept of Mind (1949), is considered a modern

classic. In it he challenges the traditional distinction between body

and mind as postulated by René Descartes.

Ryle opposed Descartes’ notion of self. For him, the

mind is not separate from the body. The Mind consists of

dispositions of people based on what they know, what they feel,

what they want, and so on; People learn that they have their own

minds because they behave in certain ways. Moreover, Knowing

and believing are just dispositions but these influence people’s

actions

To simply illustrate the idea;

SUMMARY

This lesson presented the philosophical lenses through which one can understand the self:

1. Socrates and Plato’s idea of self revolves around the idea of cultivating ones Virtue which can be
learned.

2. St. Augustine followed the ancient view of Plato and infusing it with the newfound doctrine of
Christianity; that is, an aspect of

man dwells in the world and is imperfect and continuously yearns to be with the divine

3. For Descartes, the self is real and not just an illusion; the only thing that one cannot doubt is the
existence of the self. He also

believed in mind-body dualism where the mind and the body are separate but works hand in hand to
create the Self.

4. Locke believed that the Self is our personal Identity which is not in the brain but founded in the
consciousness or memory.

Since our memory changes overtime, our Self also evolves over the course of our lifetime.
5. According to Hume, there is no single impression of self that exist; There is no stable thing called Self,
for the self is nothing

but a complex set of successive impressions or perceptions.

6. Kant emphasizes the importance of a person’s respect for one self-stating that “Every man in an end
in himself and never

should be treated merely as a means for others

7. Ryle opposed Descartes’ notion of Self. For him, the mind is not separate from the body; When ask for
what is a whole, we

define it by enumerating the pieces.

SS3 (Understanding the Self) Page 4 of 4

Philosophical View of Self

(Scenario: In the forest you see the trees, the animals, and caves. When you asked

“what is a forest?”, you enumerate these things)