EXPERIMENT -XII

Aim-To identify the functional group present in the given organic compound.

S.No Experiment Observation Inference

.

1. Test for Unsaturation

Dissloved 0.2 mL of organic Brown colour of Unsaturation

compound in 2 mL CCl4. bromine water absent.
Then added bromine water not decolorized.
dropwise.

2. Test for Alcoholic group

Ester Test: A fruity smell is Alcoholic group

Take 1 mL of the given liquid obtained. is confirmed.
in a clean dry test tube. Add
1mL of glacial acetic acid and
2-3 drops of conc. sulphuric
acid. Warm the mixture on a
water bath for about 10
minutes. Pour it into a 20mL
water taken in a beaker and
smell.
Equation on pg 82
3. Ceric Ammonium Nitrate

Place about 1 mL of the given Pink or red Alcoholic group

compound in a test tube, add a colouration is confirmed.
few drops of ceric ammonium appear
nitrate reagent and shake well.

Equation on pg 82

Result: The given organic compound contains Alcoholic group (R-OH)

 EXPERIMENT -XIII

Aim-To identify the functional group present in the given organic compound.

S.No. Experiment Observation Inference

1. Test for Unsaturation

Dissolved 0.2 mL of Brown colour of Unsaturation

organic compound in 2 mL bromine water not absent.
CCl4. Then added bromine decolorized.
water dropwise.

2. Litmus Test

Place a drop of the given The colour changes Phenol

liquid or a crystal if solid on to red. confirmed.
moist blue litmus paper.

3. Ferric chloride Test

Take 1 mL of neutral ferric Violet coloration Phenol

chloride solution in a test seen. confirmed.
tube and add 2-3 drops of
the liquid or 1 crystal if
solid.
Equation on pg 85

Result: The given organic compound contains Phenolic group (Ar-OH)

 EXPERIMENT -XIV

Aim-To identify the functional group present in the given organic compound.

S.No. Experiment Observation Inference

1. Test for Unsaturation

Dissolved 0.2 mL of Brown colour of Unsaturation

organic compound in 2 mL bromine water not absent.
CCl4. Then added bromine decolorized.
water dropwise.

2. 2, 4-DNP Test

Take 0.5 mL of given Yellow or orange Carbonyl group is

compound in rectified crystals are formed. present.
spirit. Add a few drops of
2,4-DNP solution. Cork the
test tube, shake the mixture
and allow it to stand for 5
minutes.
Equation on pg 87

3. Test for Aldehyde:

i) Tollen’s Test: (Silver

mirror Test)
Take 1 mL of the sample A shining silver Aldehyde group
and add 1mL of Tollen’s mirror on the walls is present.
reagent. Warm the mixture of the test tube is
in a water bath for about 5 obtained.
minutes.
Equation on pg 88

ii) Fehling’s Test

 Take 1 mL each of A red ppt is seen Aldehyde group
Fehling’s A and Fehling’s is present.
B in a test tube. Add about
4-5 drops of the given
organic compound and
warm the test tube in a hot
water bath for 5 minutes.
Equation on pg 88

Result: The given organic compound contains Aldehydic group (-CHO)

EXPERIMENT -XV

Aim-To identify the functional group present in the given organic compound.

S.No. Experiment Observation Inference

1. Test for Unsaturation

Dissolved 0.2 mL of organic Brown colour of Unsaturation

compound in 2 mL CCl4. bromine water not absent.
Then added bromine water decolorized.
dropwise.

2. 2, 4-DNP Test

Take 0.5 mL of given Yellow or orange Carbonyl group is

compound in rectified spirit. crystals are formed. present.
Add a few drops of 2,4-DNP
solution. Cork the test tube,
shake the mixture and allow it
to stand for 5 minutes.

Equation on pg 87

3. i) m-Dinitrobenzene Test
 Take 0.5 mL of the sample Appearance of violet Ketone group
add about 0.1 g of finely colouration which confirmed.
powdered m-dinitrobenzene. slowly fades.
Add 1 mL of dilute sodium
hydroxide solution and shake.

ii) Sodium Nitroprusside test:

Dissolve a crystal of sodium A red colouration Ketone group

nitroprusside in about 1 mL of appears. confirmed.
distilled water. To this add 0.5
mL of the sample. Shake and
add 0.5 mL of the compound.
Shake and add sodium
hydroxide solution dropwise.
Equation on pg 88

Result: The given organic compound contains Ketonic group (>C=O)

EXPERIMENT -XVI

Aim-To identify the functional group present in the given organic compound

S.No. Experiment Observation Inference

1. Test for Unsaturation

Dissolved 0.2 mL of Brown colour of Unsaturation

organic compound in 2 mL bromine water not absent.
CCl4. Then added bromine decolorized.
water dropwise.

2. Test for Carboxylic Acids

i) Litmus Test
Place a drop of the liquid The colour changes Carboxylic
on a moist blue litmus to red group present.
paper.
Equation on pg 90
ii) Sodium hydrogen
carbonate Test

To 1 mL of the organic A brisk effervescence Carboxylic

liquid in a test tube add a is observed group present.
pinch of sodium hydrogen
carbonate.
Equation on pg 90
iii) Ester Test

Take about 1 mL of the A fruity smell is Carboxylic

organic liquid, 1 mL of obtained. group present.
ethyl alcohol and 1-2 drops
of conc. H2SO4 in a test
tube. Heat the mixture on a
water bath for about 5
minutes. Pour the contents
of the test tube in a beaker
containing water.
Equation on pg 90

Result: The given organic compound contains Carboxylic Acid group (-COOH)

EXPERIMENT -XVII

Aim-To identify the functional group present in the given organic compound

S.No. Experiment Observation Inference

1. Test for Unsaturation

Dissolved 0.2 mL of Brown colour of Unsaturation

organic compound in 2 bromine water not absent.
mL CCl4. Then added decolorized.
bromine water dropwise.

2. Test for Amino Group

 i) Solubility Test

Take a small amount of Compound is soluble. May be an amine.

the given compound in a
test tube and add 2-3 mL
of dilute hydrochloric
acid. Shake
Equation on pg 91
ii) Litmus Test

Place a drop of the given Colour changes to May be an amine.

liquid on the moist red blue.
litmus paper. Note the
change in colour.
Equation on pg 91
iii) Carbylamine Test

Take about 0.2 g of solid An unpleasant odour Primary Amine

KOH in a test tube and is observed. confirmed.
add 2 mL of ethyl
alcohol. Warm the test
tube until the pellets
dissolve. To this add a
few drops of chloroform,
small amount of the
given compound and
warm gently.
Equation on Pg 91

iv) Azo Dye Test

Take three test tubes A, Red or orange dye is Primary Amine
B and C. In test tube A, formed. confirmed.
dissolve about 0.2g of the
compound in 2 mL of
dilute hydrochloric acid.
In test tube B, prepare an
aqueous solution of
sodium nitrite. In test
tube C, dissolve 0.2 g of
𝛽-naphtholin dilute
sodium hydroxide. Place
all the three test tubes in
 an ice bath. Add sodium
nitrite solution to test
tube A and the resulting
solution to the test tube
C.
Equations on pg 92

Result: The given organic compound contains Primary Amine group (-NH2)

EXPERIMENT -XVIII

Aim-To study some simple tests of carbohydrates.

S.No. Experiment Observation Inference

1. Molisch’s Test

Take 1-2 mL of aqueous A red violet ring is Given sample is

solution of carbohydrate produced at the carbohydrate.
and add few drops of junction of two layers.
Molisch’s reagent (1%
alcoholic solution of 1-
naphthol). Put 1 mL of
conc. H2SO4 slowly along
the sides of the test tube.

2. Fehling’s Test

Take 2 mL of aqueous Reddish ppt. is Given sample is

solution of carbohydrate formed. reducing sugar.
(nearly 5%) and add 1-2
mL each of Fehling’s
solution A and Fehling’s
solution B. Keep the test
tube in boiling water
bath.
Equation on pg 98

3. Tollen’s Test
 Take 2-3 mL of aqueous A shining silver mirror Given sample is
solution of carbohydrate is formed. reducing sugar.
in a test tube. Add 2-3
mL each of Tollen’s
reagent. Keep the test
tube in boiling water bath
for 10 minutes.
Equations on pg 99

Result: The given sample is reducing sugar (Glucose)

EXPERIMENT -XIX

Aim-To study some simple tests of carbohydrates.

S.No. Experiment Observation Inference

1. Molisch’s Test

Take 1-2 mL of aqueous A red violet ring Given sample is

solution of carbohydrate and is produced at the carbohydrate.
add few drops of Molisch’s junction of two
reagent (1% alcoholic solution layers.
of 1-naphthol). Put 1 mL of
conc. H2SO4 slowly along the
sides of the test tube.

2. Fehling’s Test

Take 2 mL of aqueous Reddish ppt. is Given sample

solution of carbohydrate not formed. maybe starch or
(nearly 5%) and add 1-2 mL non-reducing
each of Fehling’s solution A sugar.
and Fehling’s solution B.
Keep the test tube in boiling
water bath.

3. Tollen’s Test
 Take 2-3 mL of aqueous A shining silver Given sample
solution of carbohydrate in a mirror is not may be starch or
test tube. Add 2-3 mL each of formed. non-reducing
Tollen’s reagent. Keep the test sugar.
tube in boiling water bath for
10 minutes.

4. Iodine test

To the aqueous suspension of Appearance of Given sample is

the sample, add 1-2 drops of blue colouration. starch.
iodine solution.

Result: The given sample is starch.

EXPERIMENT -XX

Aim-To study some simple tests of carbohydrates.

S.No. Experiment Observation Inference

1. Molisch’s Test

Take 1-2 mL of aqueous A red violet ring Given sample is

solution of carbohydrate and is produced at the carbohydrate.
add few drops of Molisch’s junction of two
reagent (1% alcoholic solution layers.
of 1-naphthol). Put 1 mL of
conc. H2SO4 slowly along the
sides of the test tube.

2. Iodine test

To the aqueous suspension of No appearance of Absence of starch

the sample, add 1-2 drops of blue colouration. indicated.
iodine solution.

3. Fehling’s Test
 Take 2 mL of aqueous Reddish ppt. is Given sample is
solution of carbohydrate not formed. non-reducing
(nearly 5%) and add 1-2 mL sugar.
each of Fehling’s solution A
and Fehling’s solution B.
Keep the test tube in boiling
water bath.

4. Tollen’s Test

Take 2-3 mL of aqueous A shining silver Given sample is

solution of carbohydrate in a mirror is not non-reducing
test tube. Add 2-3 mL each of formed. sugar.
Tollen’s reagent. Keep the test
tube in boiling water bath for
10 minutes.

Result: The given sample is non-reducing sugar (Sucrose)

EXPERIMENT -XXI

Aim-To study some simple tests of oils and fats.

S.No. Experiment Observation Inference

1. Solubility Test

Shake a small amount of

given sample with 5 mL
each of-
i.Water Sample is immiscible Oil or fat present.
ii.Alcohol Sample forms lower Oil or fat present.
layer, which dissolves
on heating.
iii.Chloroform Sample is immiscible Oil or fat present.

2. Translucent Spot Test

 Press a little of the Appearance of Oil or fat present
substance in the folds of translucent or greasy
the filter paper. Unfold spot. The spot grows
the paper. larger on heating and
drying the filter paper.

3. Baudouin Test

Shake 5 mL of sample Rose red colour Sesame oil

with 5 mL of conc. HCl appears present.
and 2-3 drops of 2%
furfural solution in
alcohol. Keep it aside for
5-10 minutes.

Result: The given sample is sesame oil.

EXPERIMENT -XXII

Aim-To study some simple tests of oils and fats.

S.No. Experiment Observation Inference

1. Biuret Test

To the dispersion of the Bluish violet Protein

substance to be tested add colouration seen. confirmed.
about 2 mL of NaOH
solution. Now add 4-5
drops of 1% CuSO4
solution. Warm the mixture
for about five minutes.

2. Xanthoproteic Test

Take about 2 mL of sample A yellow Protein

in a test tube and add a few colouration is confirmed.
drops of conc. HNO3 and obtained.
heat.
Result: The given sample is protein.