04 Ang Etika NG Dapat Ni Immanuel Kant June 29
04 Ang Etika NG Dapat Ni Immanuel Kant June 29
04 Ang Etika NG Dapat Ni Immanuel Kant June 29
NI IMMANUEL KANT
Buhay
Isinilang 22 Abril 1724, sa Konigsberg,
Alemanya, ika2 sa 5 magkakapatid.
Mahirap ang mga magulang, manggawa ng
‘strap’ ngunit mga ulirang mga magulang,
relihiyoso.
Maagang namatay ang mga magulang, kayat
naging ‘working student’ (‘tutoring’) sa
pamantasan.
Matagal (12 taon) bago natanggap na propesor
sa logic at metaphysics.
Isang araw sa buhay ni Kant:
“Punctually at five minutes to five in the morning, his devoted servant
Lampe, an old soldier from Wurszburg, used to rouse him. At five o’clock
sharp, the Professor, presumably in his dressing-gown, was installed at the
desk in his study. While making notes for his lectures, he would drink a cup
of tea and smoke one pipe. He was in the lecture-room promptly at seven,
where discoursed for an hour on Logic or Metaphysics, followed by an hour
on some less abstract theme. During the remainder of the morning he
worked at his manuscripts. Halting at precisely 12.45, he announced the
time to the cook, who would depend on this verbal signal to make ready for
lunch. Guest to the number of five (Kant’s stock of plate would not
accommodate more) might be expected daily, each invitation being issued
that same morning in order to secure immediate acceptance or otherwise.
Nor was any guest likely to receive a second invitation who appeared late
for the first. Abstemious though he was in his habits, Kant enjoyed nothing
better than to extend hospitality to his friends; and having sat down to a
three-course lunch, he liked to linger as much as four hours over the
dessert and the wine.
He was himself a good conversationalist, and was not
without a sense of humour, though he maintained high
standards of decorum. It was his maxim that
conversation at mealtimes should pass naturally through
the three stages of narration, discussion and jest. In his
own case, the two themes upon which jest was debarred
were metaphysics (a subject which, being the
preoccupation of the rest of his life, was banned
altogether from meals) and his own bachelor status, to
which he barely made reference. (The two women in
whom he appears to have taken more than casual
interest were, we gather, unable to preserve their single
state long enough for the philosopher to calculate
whether or not he should invite them to change it.)
Once the conversation had passed the third stage, Kant did not
hesitate to make clear to his companions that it was time for his
afternoon walk. In the case of this regular promenade, te word
‘constitutional’ was particularly appropriate. Kant was far from being
robust, and, like some other confirmed bachelors, he displayed a
tendency to hypochondria. As he was convinced that every possible
anti-germ precaution should be observed, he rarely departed from
the practice of taking his walks unaccompanied, thereby enabling
him to keep his mouth firmly closed. For the same reason he
studiously refrained from indulging in exercise violent enough to
induce perspiration, of which he had a particular dread. Thus,
except towards the close of his life, he succeeded in keeping
physically fit to a degree which, taking into account his sedentary
labours, was remarkable. The mind being in his case driven harder
than his body, it is not surprising that the former should have been
first to show signs of collapse.
His walk over, Kant would spend an hour or two reading the
newspapers—his very isolation from the world made him an avid
collector of news—and also such books and journals as he
considered worth a professional philosopher’s scrutiny. Having
refreshed his mind with new matter, he would turn once more to the
particular philosophical problems which held his attention. In the
winter season this reflective mood would seize him about the hour of
darkness. It was then his custom to fix his eye, as an aid to
concentration, upon the tower of Lobernicht Church, just as during
his lectures it had been his habit to stare at a particular button on the
coat of one of his regular pupils. One season, it appears, the rapid
growth of some nearby poplar trees obscured the view upon which
he had come to depend, just as one day the particular button he
habitually kept in view was found to be missing. In both cases Kant
suffered genuine mental torment; nor was his peace of mind
restored until in the one case the trees were cut by the kindness of a
neighbour and in the other the button was replaced.
It is not possible here to cite all the various idiosyncrasies that
have been attributed to Kant: his habits of dress (and in particular
the elaborate mechanism whereby his stockings were suspended)
and his peculiar mannerisms. Suffice it to say that such details are
all in keeping with his meticulous unbending character. The witty
account by Heine (1799-1856), the German poet sums up the
impression made by Kant upon his fellow townsfolk:
Interest: Interes
Ang interes ay isang suhetibong prinsipyo ng pagkilos ng
isang kilos-loob na hindi kailangangang-kailangan
(contingent).
Incentive: Pangganyak
Isang suhetibong batayan ng pagnanasa ang
pagganyak. Nagsisilbi itong materyal o laman (kaysa sa
pormal) na prinsipyo ng kilos-loob. Habang ang interes
ay ukol sa kalagayang loob, ang pangganyak ay tungo
na sa obheto o sa bagay na ninananais.
Hal. hindi pagsingil ng labis ng isang groser (pagsunod
sa tungkuling maging tapat ngunit dahil sa interes).
Dalawang uri:
a) Problematic or Technical Imperative:
Problematikal o Kautusang Tekniko, Kautusang
Tungo sa Posibleng Layunin