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This document provides an overview of basic concepts in chemistry, including the definition of chemistry, branches of the field, properties of matter, atomic structure, chemical reactions, and the mole concept. It also covers key topics such as chemical bonding, acids and bases, and the periodic table. Important formulas and definitions are summarized to aid in understanding foundational chemistry principles.

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4 views

chem notes

This document provides an overview of basic concepts in chemistry, including the definition of chemistry, branches of the field, properties of matter, atomic structure, chemical reactions, and the mole concept. It also covers key topics such as chemical bonding, acids and bases, and the periodic table. Important formulas and definitions are summarized to aid in understanding foundational chemistry principles.

Uploaded by

aditya31rajput
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as TXT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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## **Chemistry Notes: Basic Concepts of Chemistry**

### **Page 1: Introduction to Chemistry**

Chemistry is the scientific study of matter—its composition, structure, properties,


and the changes it undergoes during chemical reactions. It bridges physics and
biology and is often called the “central science.”

Branches of Chemistry:

* **Physical Chemistry**: Studies the physical properties and behavior of matter.


* **Organic Chemistry**: Focuses on carbon-containing compounds.
* **Inorganic Chemistry**: Deals with elements and compounds not covered by organic
chemistry.
* **Analytical Chemistry**: Involves identifying the components of substances.
* **Biochemistry**: Explores chemical processes within living organisms.

Key concepts:

* **Matter**: Anything that has mass and occupies space.


* **Element**: A pure substance made of only one kind of atom.
* **Compound**: A substance made from two or more elements chemically bonded.
* **Mixture**: A combination of substances that are not chemically bonded.

### **Page 2: Properties of Matter**

**Physical properties**: Can be observed without changing the substance (e.g.,


color, melting point, density).
**Chemical properties**: Can only be observed during a chemical change (e.g.,
flammability, reactivity).

**States of matter**:

* **Solid**: Definite shape and volume.


* **Liquid**: Definite volume, no definite shape.
* **Gas**: No definite shape or volume.

**Changes in matter**:

* **Physical change**: Does not change the composition (e.g., melting ice).
* **Chemical change**: Changes the substance into something new (e.g., rusting
iron).

Indicators of chemical change:

* Color change
* Temperature change
* Formation of gas
* Precipitate formation

### **Page 3: Atoms, Molecules, and Ions**

**Atom**: The smallest unit of an element that retains its identity. Composed of:

* **Protons** (positive charge, in nucleus)


* **Neutrons** (neutral charge, in nucleus)
* **Electrons** (negative charge, in shells/orbitals)

**Atomic number** = number of protons


**Mass number** = protons + neutrons

**Molecule**: Two or more atoms chemically bonded together.


**Ion**: An atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to loss or gain of
electrons.

* **Cation**: Positively charged ion (loss of electrons)


* **Anion**: Negatively charged ion (gain of electrons)

### **Page 4: Chemical Reactions and Equations**

A **chemical reaction** involves the transformation of reactants into products.

**Chemical equation**: A symbolic representation of a chemical reaction.


Example:
$2H_2 + O_2 \rightarrow 2H_2O$

**Balancing chemical equations** ensures the law of conservation of mass is


followed (mass of reactants = mass of products).

**Types of chemical reactions**:

1. Combination/Synthesis: $A + B \rightarrow AB$


2. Decomposition: $AB \rightarrow A + B$
3. Single displacement: $A + BC \rightarrow AC + B$
4. Double displacement: $AB + CD \rightarrow AD + CB$
5. Combustion: Hydrocarbon + O₂ → CO₂ + H₂O

### **Page 5: The Mole Concept**

A **mole** is a unit for counting atoms/molecules, equal to $6.022 \times 10^{23}$


particles (Avogadro’s number).

**Molar mass**: Mass of one mole of a substance (in grams per mole).

Key relationships:

* **Moles = Mass / Molar Mass**


* **Number of particles = Moles × Avogadro's number**
* **Volume of gas at STP = Moles × 22.4 L**

The mole concept allows chemists to count atoms by weighing them.

### **Page 6: Atomic Structure**

**Bohr’s model**: Electrons orbit the nucleus in fixed energy levels (shells).

Electron configuration tells us how electrons are arranged in an atom.


Example:
Carbon (6 electrons): 1s² 2s² 2p²

**Quantum mechanical model**: Describes electrons as wave-like, existing in


orbitals defined by probabilities.

Four quantum numbers:


1. **Principal (n)**: Energy level
2. **Angular (l)**: Subshell (s, p, d, f)
3. **Magnetic (m)**: Orbital orientation
4. **Spin (s)**: Electron spin (+½ or −½)

### **Page 7: Periodic Table and Periodicity**

The periodic table organizes elements based on atomic number and electron
configuration.

**Groups (columns)**: Elements with similar chemical properties.


**Periods (rows)**: Show the number of electron shells.

Important trends:

* **Atomic radius**: Decreases across a period, increases down a group.


* **Ionization energy**: Increases across a period, decreases down a group.
* **Electronegativity**: Tendency to attract electrons. Increases across a period,
decreases down a group.

Metals are on the left, nonmetals on the right, metalloids in between.

### **Page 8: Chemical Bonding**

**Ionic bonding**: Transfer of electrons between metals and nonmetals. Forms ionic
compounds (e.g., NaCl).

**Covalent bonding**: Sharing of electrons between nonmetals.


Can be:

* Single bond: 1 pair of electrons


* Double bond: 2 pairs
* Triple bond: 3 pairs

**Metallic bonding**: Positive metal ions surrounded by a sea of electrons,


explaining properties like conductivity and malleability.

**Polarity**:

* Nonpolar: Electrons shared equally.


* Polar: Electrons shared unequally (dipole formed).

### **Page 9: Acids, Bases, and pH**

**Acid**: Donates H⁺ ions (proton donor).


**Base**: Accepts H⁺ ions (proton acceptor) or donates OH⁻.

**pH scale**: Measures acidity/basicity (0–14 scale)

* pH < 7: Acidic
* pH = 7: Neutral
* pH > 7: Basic

Common acids: HCl (hydrochloric acid), H₂SO₄ (sulfuric acid)


Common bases: NaOH (sodium hydroxide), NH₃ (ammonia)

**Neutralization reaction**:
Acid + Base → Salt + Water
Indicators like litmus, phenolphthalein, or universal indicator are used to test
pH.

### **Page 10: Summary and Key Formulas**

#### **Key Definitions Recap**:

* Atom, molecule, ion


* Ionic and covalent bonds
* Physical vs. chemical change
* Law of conservation of mass
* Mole, molar mass, Avogadro’s number
* pH and acids/bases

#### **Important Formulas**:

* Moles = Mass / Molar Mass


* Number of particles = Moles × $6.022 \times 10^{23}$
* Volume at STP = Moles × 22.4 L
* pH = −log\[H⁺]
* Mass = Density × Volume

Understanding these basics lays the foundation for more advanced chemistry topics
like thermodynamics, kinetics, organic chemistry, and equilibrium.

---

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