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    Cognitive Dissonance Theory

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    Nur Syafiqah Mohd Roslan
    Cognitive dissonance theory proposed by Leon Festinger suggests that individuals have an inner drive to hold all their attitudes and beliefs in harmony and avoid mental conflict or discomfort. When there is an inconsistency between cognitions (beliefs, opinions, etc.), it creates cognitive dissonance, an unpleasant mental state. The theory posits that people are motivated to reduce dissonance by changing their attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors; or justifying/rationalizing their existing ones. Festinger proposed that the amount of dissonance experienced depends on the magnitude of the conflicts between cognitions. The theory has faced some criticism around its concepts not being directly observable and questions around individual differences in experiencing dissonance.

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    Cognitive Dissonance Theory

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    Nur Syafiqah Mohd Roslan
    437 views15 pages
    Cognitive dissonance theory proposed by Leon Festinger suggests that individuals have an inner drive to hold all their attitudes and beliefs in harmony and avoid mental conflict or discomfort. When there is an inconsistency between cognitions (beliefs, opinions, etc.), it creates cognitive dissonance, an unpleasant mental state. The theory posits that people are motivated to reduce dissonance by changing their attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors; or justifying/rationalizing their existing ones. Festinger proposed that the amount of dissonance experienced depends on the magnitude of the conflicts between cognitions. The theory has faced some criticism around its concepts not being directly observable and questions around individual differences in experiencing dissonance.

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    its a theory on the human dissonance.

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    COGNITIVE DISSONANCE THEORY

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    Cognitive dissonance theory proposed by Leon Festinger suggests that individuals have an inner drive to hold all their attitudes and beliefs in harmony and avoid mental conflict or discomfort. When there is an inconsistency between cognitions (beliefs, opinions, etc.), it creates cognitive dissonance, an unpleasant mental state. The theory posits that people are motivated to reduce dissonance by changing their attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors; or justifying/rationalizing their existing ones. Festinger proposed that the amount of dissonance experienced depends on the magnitude of the conflicts between cognitions. The theory has faced some criticism around its concepts not being directly observable and questions around individual differences in experiencing dissonance.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    437 views15 pages

    Cognitive Dissonance Theory

    Uploaded by

    Nur Syafiqah Mohd Roslan
    Cognitive dissonance theory proposed by Leon Festinger suggests that individuals have an inner drive to hold all their attitudes and beliefs in harmony and avoid mental conflict or discomfort. When there is an inconsistency between cognitions (beliefs, opinions, etc.), it creates cognitive dissonance, an unpleasant mental state. The theory posits that people are motivated to reduce dissonance by changing their attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors; or justifying/rationalizing their existing ones. Festinger proposed that the amount of dissonance experienced depends on the magnitude of the conflicts between cognitions. The theory has faced some criticism around its concepts not being directly observable and questions around individual differences in experiencing dissonance.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 15

    TEORI DISONAN KOGNITIF

    NUR SYAFIQAH MOHD ROSLAN 163030 TUAN NOR AZANI SYED MUSTAFA 164943

    COGNITIVE DISSONANCE THEORY

    BACKGROUND
    Leon Festinger Born : 8th May 1919 (New York City) Died : 11th February 1989 Education
    1939 : Bachelor of Science degree, City College of New York

    1942 : Ph.D. in psychology, Iowa State University

    Career
    University of Rochester The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) The University of Michigan etc

    WHAT IS??
    Cognitive

    MAIN CONCEPTS

    The mental processes of perception, memory, judgment, and reasoning, as contrasted with emotional and processes.

    Dissonance
    Conflict or unease

    Cognitive Dissonance
    A state of mental conflict A feeling of discomfort due to inconsistent thoughts or behaviors

    COGNITIVE DISSONANCE THEORY


    Suggests that :
    we have an inner drive to hold all our attitudes and beliefs in harmony and avoid dissonance.

    Distressing mental state people feel when they find themselves doing things that do not fit with their opinions or what they know.

    VARIABLE
    Independent Variable :
    Conflicts Between the Cognitions
    (i.e.: Beliefs, opinions, attitudes, behaviors)

    Dependent Variable :
    Reaction
    (Strengthen of Dissonance)

    Conflicts between cognition , dissonance Conflicts between cognition , dissonance

    Festinger proposes that people have a motivational drive to reduce dissonance


    By changing : attitudes, beliefs and behaviors,

    Or
    By justifying or rationalizing : attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors

    ASSUMPTION
    1. Humans are sensitive to inconsistencies between actions and beliefs. 2. Recognition of this inconsistency will cause dissonance, and will motivate an individual to resolve the dissonance. 3. Dissonance will be resolved in one of three basic ways:
    Change beliefs

    Change actions
    Change perception of actions

    REDUCING DISSONANCE
    Selective Exposure Prevents Dissonance
    The tendency to avoid information that creates cognitive dissonance and seek out information, or people who support our beliefs. Avoid anything that causes discomfort HOW?
    Have a warm personal relationships with people Have a talk, discussion

    Post-decision Dissonance Creates a Need for Reassurance


    Strong doubts experienced after making an important, closecall decision that is difficult to undo and can generate huge amounts of internal tension
    is it OK?, what have I done?

    Three conditions heighten post-decision dissonance: 1. 2. 3. the importance of the issue the amount of time an individual delays in choosing the difficulty involved in reversing the decision once its been made

    Minimal Justification for Action Induces Shift in Attitude


    Change the dissonant beliefs, attitude or behavior so that they are no longer inconsistent The best way to change attitude : Get someone to behave in a way dissonant with their beliefs with the least amount of incentive If there is not significant external incentive, people tend to change attitudes to justify their behavior If external incentive too high, merely achieve compliance/obedience (behavioral conformity without attitude change)

    WHEN DISSONANCE OCCURS...


    Change our behavior. Justify our behavior by changing the conflicting cognition. Justify our behavior by adding new cognitions.

    CRITICS
    Cannot physically observe cognitive dissonance
    Cannot objectively measure it.

    Ambiguity about the term dissonance


    a perception (as 'cognitive' suggests), or a feeling, or a feeling about a perception? dissonance is really nothing more than guilt (Aronson)

    Individual differences
    Many people seem able to cope with considerable dissonance and not experience the tensions the theory predicts.

    Low ecological validity


    Not explain clearly and how a person will be trying to reduce dissonance. E.g : turning pegs (as in Festinger's experiment) is an artificial task that doesnt happen in everyday life.

    THE FUTURE of THE THEORY


    Dissonance research might be applied to reduce stereotypes and prejudice. To resolve the conflicting predictions between self-consistency and selfaffirmation theory. Try to better clarify the dynamic role of the self in dissonance-reduction processes.

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