Melbourne, FL

Weather Forecast Office

NWS Melbourne Research

Research Page

Since beginning operations in 1990 as the first modernized National Weather Service (NWS) office in the nation, the Melbourne staff has taken part in many interesting and valuable research projects. The initial projects involved compiling climatologies of east-central Florida temperatures, rainfall, and severe weather events. The severe weather climatologies helped to define which "threats" posed the greatest danger to the lives and properties of local residents and visitors. Later research concentrated on improving the forecast and warning challenges associated with these primary threats; thunderstorms (specifically lightning), flooding associated with heavy tropical rainfall, marine impacts (rip currents, waterspouts, and severe storms), and tropical cyclone / hybrid storm (combination of tropical and non-tropical characteristics) tornadoes. Currently, a top priority is local modeling and several studies have also been published on this topic. Many of these studies (and related presentations) are available in electronic form on this server, and can be accessed from the links below. Please email the study author(s) or NWS Melbourne Impact Meteorology Unit Program Leader for additional information

Listings with links are available in electronic form.

AMS Copyright Policies

Referenced Journals, Digests and Symposiums

Case, J.L., J. Manobianco, T.D. Oram, T. Garner, P.F. Blottman, and S.M. Spratt, 2002: Local Data Integration over East-Central Florida Using the ARPS Data Analysis System, Wea. Forecasting, 17, 3-26. Copyright 2002 by AMS.

Choy, B. K., and D. H. Adams, 1995: An Observation of a basking shark, cetorhinus Maximus, Feeding along a thermal front off the east central coast of Florida. Florida Scientist, Vol. 58, No. 4, 313-319.

France (Glitto), P. A., 1990: Utilizing radar estimates of areal rainfall coverage as a verification and forecasting tool. NWA Digest, 15, 17-22.

Glitto, P. A., and B. K. Choy, 1997: A Comparison of WSR-88D Storm Total Precipitation Performance during Two Tropical Systems following Changes to the Multiplicative Bias and Upper Reflectivity Threshold. Wea. Forecasting, 12, 459-471. Copyright 1997 by AMS.

Hagemeyer, B. C., and G. K. Schmocker, 1993: Characteristics of east central Florida tornado environments. The Tornado: Its Structure, Dynamics, Prediction, and Hazards. C. Church et. al. eds. AGU Geophysical Monograph Series Vol. #79. Amer. Geophysical Union, Washington D.C. 625-632.

Hennon, Christopher C., Charles N. Helms, Kenneth R. Knapp, Amanda R. Bowen, 2011: An objective algorithm for detecting and tracking tropical cloud clusters: implications for tropical cyclogenesis prediction. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 28, 1007–1018.

Williams, E., B. Boldi, M. Matlin, M. Weber, S.J. Hodanish, D. Sharp, S. Goodman, R. Raghavan, and D. Buechler, 1999: The behavior of total lightning activity in severe Florida thunderstorms. Atmospheric Research, 51, 245-265. Copyright 1999 by AMS.

Klazura, G.E., J.M. Thomale, D.S. Kelly, and P. Jendrowski, 1999: A Comparison of NEXRAD WSR-88D Radar Estimates of Rain Accumulation with Gauge Measurements for High- and Low-Reflectivity Horizontal Gradient Precipitation Events. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 16, 1842-1850. Copyright 1999 by AMS.

Lascody, R. L., 1993: A different look at Hurricane Andrew - lightning around the eyewall. NWA Digest, 17, 39-40.

Lascody, R. L., 1998: East Central Florida Rip Current Program. NWA Digest, 22, 25-30. Notice.

Lazarus, S.M., C.G. Calvert, M.E. Splitt, P. Santos, D.W. Sharp, P.F. Blottman, and S.M. Spratt, 2007: Real-Time, High-Resolution, Space-Time Analysis of Sea Surface Temperatures from Multiple Platforms. Monthly Weather Review, 135, 3158-3173. Copyright 2007 by AMS.

Spratt, S. M., D. W. Sharp, P. Welsh, A. Sandrik, F. Alsheimer, and C. Paxton, 1997: A WSR-88D assessment of tropical cyclone outer rainband tornadoes. Wea. Forecasting, 12, 479-501. Copyright 1997 by AMS.

Southern Region Technical Memorandums

Choy, B. K., and S. M. Spratt, 1994: A WSR-88D approach to waterspout forecasting. NOAA Tech. Memo. NWS SR-156. 26 pp. Notice.

Choy, B. K., and M. Trexler, 1994: SWIFT BOAT '94: Using a fast chase boat to investigate offshore weather features in conjunction with WSR-88D observations. NOAA Tech. Memo. NWS SR-159. 18 pp. Notice.

Choy, B. K., L. Mazrowski, and P. Glitto, 1996: Tropical Storm Gordon: 72-hour rainfall totals over east-central Florida and WSR-88D comparisons. NOAA Tech. Memo. NWS SR-174. 19 pp. Hagemeyer, B. C., and D. W. Matney, 1994: Peninsular Florida tornado outbreaks (1950-1993). NOAA Tech. Memo. NWS SR-151. Hagemeyer, B. C., and J. S. Carney, 1995: Florida Hazardous Weather Day-by-Day.Special Publication, NWS Southern Region HQs. Fort Worth, TX, November 1995. 98pp. Schmocker, G. K., D. W. Sharp, and B. C. Hagemeyer, 1990: Three initial climatological studies for WFO Melbourne, Florida: A first step in the preparation for future operations. NOAA Tech. Memo. SR-132. 52 pp. Notice.

Sharp, D. W., 1995: Report on the 1995 Southeastern U.S. WSR-88D Users Workshop, February 22-23, 1995, Patrick AFB, Florida. NOAA Tech. Memo. SR-168, 25 pp. Notice.

Spratt, S. M., and M. Wheeler, 1995: Forecasting the potential for central Florida microbursts . NOAA Tech. Memo. SR-163. 9 pp. Notice.

Southern Region Technical Attachments

Blottman, P.F., S.M. Spratt, D.W. Sharp, A.J. Cristaldi, J.L. Case, and J. Manobianco, 2001: An Operational Local Data Integration System (LDIS) at NWS Melbourne, NOAA Tech. Attach., NWS SR/SSD 2001-14, Ft. Worth, TX, 6 pp. Notice.

Choy, B. K., 1994: The buoy-mounted optical rain gauge dilemma. NOAA Tech. Attach. SR/SSD 94-8. 9 pp.

Holle, R. L., R. E. Lopez, R. Ortiz, A. I. Watson, D. L. Smith, D. M. Decker, and C. H. Paxton, 1992: Cloud-to-ground lightning related to deaths, injuries, and property damage in central Florida. NOAA Tech. Attach. SR/SSD 92-29. 11 pp.

Hagemeyer, B. C., 1991: First impressions of the WSR-88D at Melbourne, Florida. NOAA Tech. Attach. SR/SSD 91-48. 3 pp.

Hagemeyer, B. C., G. K. Schmocker, and K. E. Hileman, 1991: Mean atmosphere over Cape Canaveral, Florida. NOAA Tech. Attach. SR/SSD 91- 11. 7 pp.

Hagemeyer, B. C., 1994: First look at a marine supercell over the Gulf Stream . NOAA Tech. Attach. SR/SSD 94-23. 7 pp. Notice.

Hagemeyer, B. C., S. J. Hodanish, 1995: Florida tornado outbreaks associated with tropical cyclones . NOAA Tech. Attach. SR/SSD 95-17. 3 pp. Notice.

Raghvan, R., S. Goodman, P. Meyer, B. Boldi, A. Matlin, M. Weber, E. Williams, D. Sharp, S. Hodanish, J. Madura, and C. Lennon, 1997: A real time examination of the incremental value of lighting data in diagnosing convective storm characteristics. NOAA Tech. Attach. SR/SSD 97-47. 4 pp.

Lascody, R. L., 1991: Relationship of hail occurrence to lightning strokes in a central Florida thunderstorm. NOAA Tech. Attach. SR/SSD 91-37. 8 pp.

Lascody, R. L., 1992: A different look at Hurricane Andrew - lightning around the eyewall. NOAA Tech. Attach. SR/SSD 92-44. 4 pp.

Livingston, J. L., 1990: An example of incorrect data and how it can affect the analysis and forecast problem of the day. NOAA Tech. Attach. SR/SSD 90-26. 5 pp.

Sabones, M. E., and D. W. Sharp, 1991: Lightning data applications for east central Florida at WSO Melbourne. NOAA Tech. Attach. SR/SSD 91-13. 9 pp.

Sharp, D.W., D.L. Jacobs, J.C. Pendergrast, S.M. Spratt, P.F. Blottman, and B.C Hagemeyer, 2000: Graphically depicting east-central Florida hazardous weather forecasts, NOAA Tech. Attach. SR/SSD 2000-27. 4 pp. Notice.

Smith, R., and R. Goree, 1992: Contributions of helicity to the formation of a relatively long-lived tornado in central Florida. NOAA Tech. Attach. SR/SSD 92-21. 7 pp.

Snyder, W. B., 1993: Evening probability of precipitation (PoP) forecast guidance for selected Florida locations. NOAA Tech. Attach. SR/SSD 93-19. 4 pp.

Spratt, S. M., and B. K. Choy, 1994: A WSR-88D Routine Product Set (RPS) List for Waterspouts. SR/SSD 94-43. 8 pp. Notice.

Spratt, S. M., 1996: The National Weather Service Support for the Sailing Venue during the 1996 Centennial Olympic Games . NOAA Tech. Attach., NWS SR/SSD 96-45, Ft. Worth, TX. 11 pp. Notice.

Spratt, S. M., and S.J. Hodanish, 1997: Summary of AMS 22nd Conference on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology. NOAA Tech. Attach., NWS SSD 97-33. Ft. Worth, TX. 3 pp. Notice.

Spratt, S. M., and A.J. Cristaldi, 2000: Familiarization Flight Trip Report - A NOAA Reconnaissance Mission into T.D. 12, NOAA Tech. Attach., NWS SR/SSD 2000-29, Ft. Worth, TX. 4 pp. Notice.

Spratt, S. M., and D.W. Sharp, 2001: Florida Tropical Cyclone Workshop Summary, NOAA Tech. Attach., NWS SR/SSD 2001-12, Ft. Worth, TX. 7 pp. Notice.

National Conferences

Phillips, G. L., and D. V. Baker , 1993: An application of wind profiler data in the forecast decision-making process. Preprints, 13th Conference on Weather Analysis and Forecasting, Amer. Meteor. Soc., Vienna, VA, 592-595.

Blottman, P.F., S.M. Spratt, D.W. Sharp, A.J. Cristaldi, J.L. Case, and J. Manobianco, 2001: An Operational Local Data Integration System (LDIS) at NWS Melbourne, Preprints, 18th Conference on Weather Analysis and Forecasting and the 14th Conference on Numerical Weather Prediction, Amer. Meteor. Soc., Ft. Lauderdale, FL, J135-138. Copyright 2001 by AMS.

Zavodsky, B.T., S.M. Lazarus, P.F. Blottman, and D.W. Sharp, 2004: Assimilation of MODIS Temperature and Water Vapor Profiles into a Mesoscale Analysis System. Preprints, 20th Conference on Weather Analysis and Forecasting and the 16th Conference on Numerical Weather Prediction, Amer. Meteor. Soc., CD-ROM, 2.5. Copyright 2004 by AMS.

Case, J.L., T.D. Oram, T. Garner, P.F. Blottman, and S.M. Spratt, 2001: A Real-time Configuration of the ARPS Data Analysis System to Support Operational Forecasting in East-central Florida. Presented to the National Weather Association 26th Annual Meeting, Spokane, WA (10/01). Notice.

Blottman, P.F., S.M Spratt, D.W. Sharp, K.R. Waters, and B.N. Meisner, 2002: Local Data Analysis on AWIPS at NWS Melbourne, FL, Preprints, The Interactive Symposium on the Advanced Weather Interactive Processing System (AWIPS), Amer. Meteor. Soc., Orlando, FL, 1-6. Copyright 2002 by AMS .

Blottman, P.F., J.C. Pendergrast, S.M. Spratt, and D.W. Sharp, 2003: High Resolution Diagnostics and Short Term Prognostics in Support of Fire Weather Operations at NWS Melbourne, FL, Preprints, 5th Symposium on Fire and Forest Meteorology, Amer. Meteor. Soc., Orlando, FL, CD-ROM, JP2.4. Copyright 2003 by AMS.

Blottman, P.F., S.M. Spratt, D.W. Sharp and J.J.Mosely, 2003: High Resolution Diagnostic and Short Term Prognostics in Support of Weather Forecast and Warning Operations at NWS Melbourne, FL. Presented to the National Weather Association 28th Annual Meeting; Jacksonville, FL, (10/03). Notice.

Case, J.L., P.F. Blottman, S.M. Spratt, D.W. Sharp, and M.R. Volkmer, 2003: High Resolution Diagnostic and Short Term Prognostics in Support of Weather Forecast and Warning Operations at NWS Melbourne, FL. Presented to the National Weather Association 28th Annual Meeting; Jacksonville, FL (10/03). Notice.

Case, J., P. Blottman, B. Hoeth, and T. Oram, 2006: An Operational Configuration of the ARPS Data Analysis System to Initialize WRF in the NWS Environmental Modeling System. Presented to the National Weather Association 31st Annual Meeting, Cleveland, OH, (10/06). Notice.

Watson, L.R., B. Hoeth, P.F. Blottman, 2007: Weather Research and Forecasting Model Sensitivity Comparisons for Warm Season Convective Initiation. Preprints, 22nd Conference on Weather Analysis and Forecasting & 18th Conference on Numerical Weather Prediction, Amer. Meteor. Soc., Park City, UT, J11A1. Copyright 2007 by AMS.

Barrett, J.H., M. Volkmer, P.F. Blottman, 2008: Displaying Composite and Archived Soundings in the Advanced Weather Interactive Processing System. Presented to the National Weather Association Annual Meeting, Louisville, KY, 10/08.

Wheeler, M.M., P.F. Blottman, D.W. Sharp, 2009. Configuring a Graphical User Interface for Managing Local HYSPLIT Model Runs through AWIPS. Presented to the National Weather Association 34th Annual Meeting, Norfolk, VA, (10/09).

Watson, L.R., P.F. Blottman, D.W. Sharp, and B. Hoeth, 2010: Maintaining a local data integration system in support of weather forecast operations. Preprints, 14th Symposium on Integrated Observing and Assimilation Systems for the Atmosphere, Oceans, and Land Surface (IOAS-AOLS), Amer. Meteor. Soc., Atlanta, GA, 5A.2. Copyright 2010 by AMS.

Blottman, P. F., D.W. Sharp, and M. R. Volkmer and M.C. Mahalik, 2011. Forecasting Convection over East-Central Florida Using Near-Storm Scale Numerical Models within a Frequent Cycling Strategy. Presented to the National Weather Association 36th Annual Meeting; Birmingham, AL, (10/12).

Blottman, P.F., M.R. Volkmer, D.W. Sharp, A.R. Bowen, J.C. Guseman, 2012. Near-Storm Scale Numerical Models for Local WFO Operations: A Unique Strategy for Frequent Assessments of the Evolving Convective Threat. National Weather Association, 37th Annual Meeting, Madison WI, (10/12)

Crawford, W.C., P.F., Blottman, 2014. Configuration and Evaluation of a Dual-Doppler Wind Field System. National Weather Association 39th Annual Meeting, Salt Lake City, UT, (10/14).

Blottman, P.F., D.W. Sharp and J. Dreher, 2015.Using High Resolution Model Output in Support of the HYSPLIT Dispersion Model. Presented to Amer. Meteor. Soc., 95th Annual Meeting, 3rd Weather-Ready Nation Symposium, Phoenix, AZ (1/15).

Blottman, P.F., S.M. Spratt, and D.W. Sharp, 2015. EMSA - A Prototype Method for Maintaining Weather-Related Situational Awareness within Emergency Operations Centers. National Weather Association, 40th Annual Meeting, Oklahoma City, OK. (10/15).

Johnson, D.R., P.F. Blottman, and D.W. Sharp, 2015. Providing NWS Forecasters with Mesoscale Domain Options of the WRF-EMS for Enhancing Local Decision Support, Continuity of Operations, and Service Backup. National Weather Association, 40th Annual Meeting, Oklahoma City, OK. (10/15).

Johnson, D.R., P.F. Blottman, and D.W. Sharp, 2016. Providing Forecasters with Mesoscale Domain Options of the WRF-EMS for Enhancing Local Decision Support, Continuity of Operations, and Service Backup Amer. Meteor. Soc., 96th Annual Meeting, Fourth Symposium on Building a Weather-Ready Nation: Enhancing Our Nation's Readiness, Responsiveness, and Resilience to High Impact Weather Events, New Orleans, LA. (1/16).

Blottman, P.F., D.W. Sharp, S.M. Spratt, and M.R. Volkmer, 2016. The Impact Weather Update - 10 Years of Successfully Communicating Impact Based Weather with Florida Residents. National Weather Association, 41st Annual Meeting, Norfolk, VA. (9/16).

Blottman, P.F., J. Combs, D.W. Sharp, 2017. The Benefits of Multiple Short-term Deterministic Model Solutions During Hurricane Events. National Weather Association, 42nd Annual Meeting, Garden Grove, CA. (9/17).

Choy, B. K., 1993: The future in rainfall measurement: optical rain gauges on offshore buoys as ground truth for the WSR- 88D. Presented to National Weather Association 18th Annual Meeting, Raleigh, NC (12/93).

Choy, B. K., 1994: Using a chase boat to interrogate WSR-88D detected marine weather features. Presented to National Weather Association 19th Annual Meeting. Salt Lake City, UT (10/94). Notice.

Choy, B. K., and S. Spratt, 1995: Using the WSR-88D to predict east central Florida waterspouts. Preprints, 14th Conference on Weather Analysis and Forecasting, Amer. Meteor. Soc., Dallas, TX, 376-381. Copyright 1995 by AMS.

Glitto, P.A., 1996: Steps toward improving KMLB WSR-88D rainfall estimation during tropical systems. Presented to the 21st Annual Meeting of the National Weather Association. Cocoa Beach, FL (12/96).

Lane, J., L. Jones, T. Kasparis, F. Merceret, P. Glitto, D. Sharp, B. Fisher, and G. McFarquhar, 1998: Steps Toward Improving Radar Estimates of Convective Rainfall using Spatial Averages Obtained from Rain Gauge Clusters. First International Conference on Geospatial Information in Agriculture and Forestry. Lake Buena Vista, FL (6/98).

Hagemeyer, B. C., 1989: Forecasting tornadic tradewind dry intrusion events via 700 mb theta-W analysis and NGM output. Preprints, 12th Conference on Weather Analysis and Forecasting, Amer. Meteor. Soc., Monterey, CA, 212-217.

Hagemeyer, B. C., and G. K. Schmocker, 1991: Characteristics of central Florida tornado environments. Presented to Tornado Symposium III. Norman, OK (4/91).

Hagemeyer, B. C., and G. K. Schmocker, 1992: A study of central Florida tornado outbreaks. Preprints, Symposium On Weather Forecasting, Amer. Meteor. Soc., Atlanta, GA, 148-154.

Hagemeyer, B. C., 1992: Examples of WSR-88D products from Melbourne, Florida. Presented to 16th Annual Meeting of the National Weather Association. St. Louis, MO (10/92).

Hagemeyer, B. C., 1993: Operational experience with the WSR-88D in the central Florida region. Presented to 9th International Conference on Interactive Information and Processing Systems for Meteorology, Oceanography and Hydrology, Amer. Meteor. Soc., Anaheim, CA.

Hagemeyer, B. C., 1993: Examples of significant weather events over the southeastern United States as seen by the Melbourne, Florida WSR-88D. Presented to 23rd Conference on Broadcast Meteorology, Amer. Meteor. Soc., Charleston, SC.

Hagemeyer, B. C., 1993: The March 1993 "Storm of the Century" as seen by the Melbourne, Florida WSR-88D. Presented to National Weather Association 18th Annual Meeting. Raleigh, NC (12/93).

Hagemeyer, B. C., and D. A. Matney, 1993: Relationship of twenty upper air indices to central Florida tornado outbreaks. Preprints, 13th Conference on Weather Analysis and Forecasting, Amer. Meteor. Soc., Vienna, VA, 574-577.

Hagemeyer, B. C., and D. A. Matney, 1993: An examination of central Florida hybrid tornado outbreaks. Preprints, 17th Conference on Severe Local Storms, Amer. Meteor. Soc., St. Louis, MO, 332-336.

Ruscher, P., K. Gould, B. C. Hagemeyer, and J. Korotky, 1994: Doppler weather radar studies of the Florida sea breeze and associated mesoscale flow systems. Preprints 14th Conference on Weather Analysis and Forecasting, Amer. Meteor. Soc., Dallas, TX, 343-346.

Hagemeyer, B. C., and D. W. Sharp, 1995: Applications of new technologies and operational research at WFO Melbourne, Florida. Presented to: 11th International Conference on Interactive Information Processing Systems - Modernization and Associated Restructuring (MAR) Workshop, Amer. Meteor. Soc., Dallas, TX, (1/95).

Hagemeyer, B. C., and S. J. Hodanish, 1995:Florida tornado outbreaks associated with tropical cyclones. Preprints, 21st Conference on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology, Amer. Meteor. Soc., Miami, FL, 312-314. Copyright 1995 by AMS.

Hagemeyer, B. C., and J. S. Carney, 1995: Florida Weather History Interactive Resource Library (WHIRL). Presented to: Workshop on the Internet, the World-Wide-Web, and operational meteorology. National Weather Association 20th Annual Meeting, Houston, TX (12/95). Original publication. Notice.

Hagemeyer, B. C., and J. S. Carney, 1996: Florida Weather History Interactive Resource Library (WHIRL). Preprints, 12th International Conference on Interactive Information and Processing Systems for Meteorology, Oceanography and Hydrology, Amer. Meteor. Soc., Atlanta, GA, Copyright 1996 by AMS.

Hagemeyer, B. C., 1996: Peninsular Florida Tornado Outbreaks: A Review and a Look to the Future. Presented to the 21st Annual Meeting of the National Weather Association. Cocoa Beach, FL (12/96).

Hagemeyer, B. C., 1997: An Investigation of Tornado and Thunderstorm Deaths in Florida. Presented to the 22nd Annual Meeting of the National Weather Association. Reno, NV (10/97).

Hagemeyer, B. C., 1998: Significant Tornado Events Associated with Tropical and Hybrid Cyclones in Florida. Preprints, 16th Conference on Weather Analysis and Forecasting, Amer. Meteor. Soc., Phoenix, AZ, 4-6. Copyright 1998 by AMS.

Hagemeyer, B. C., D. Sharp, S. Spratt, and S. Hodanish, 1998: The Use of Total Lightning Information to Improve Forecasts and Warnings at Melbourne, Florida. Poster session presentation at the 14th International Conference on Interactive Information and Processing Systems for Meteorology, Oceanography, and Hydrology, Amer. Meteor. Soc. Phoenix, AZ.

Hagemeyer, B. C., 1998: Significant extratropical tornado occurrences in Florida during strong El Nino and strong La Nina events. Preprints, 19th Conference on Severe Storms, Amer. Meteor. Soc., Minneapolis, MN, 412-415. Copyright 1998 by AMS.

Hagemeyer, B. C., 1999: El Nino and significant tropical and hybrid cyclone tornado events in Florida. Preprints, 23rd Conference on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology, Amer. Meteor. Soc., Dallas, TX, 415-418. Copyright 1999 by AMS.

Hagemeyer, B. C., 2000: Development of a Low Pressure Index as a Proxy for Dry Season Severe Weather in Florida and its Relationship with ENSO. Preprints, 15th Conference on Probability and Statistics, Amer. Meteor. Soc., Asheville, NC, J22-25. Copyright 2000 by AMS.

Hagemeyer, B. C., 2000: Development of a Low Pressure Index as a Proxy for Dry Season Severe Weather in Florida and its Relationship with ENSO. Preprints, 12th Conference on Applied Climatology, Amer. Meteor. Soc., Asheville, NC, J22-25. Copyright 2000 by AMS.

Hagemeyer, B. C., 2000: Development of a Low Pressure Index as a Proxy for Dry Season Severe Weather in Florida and its Relationship with ENSO. Preprints, 20th Conference on Severe Local Storms, Amer. Meteor. Soc., Orlando, FL, 439-442. Copyright 2000 by AMS.

Hagemeyer, B. C., 2000: Development of a Low Pressure Index as a Proxy for Dry Season Severe Weather in Florida and its Relationship with ENSO. Presented to National Weather Association 25th Annual Meeting. Gaithersburg, MD (10/00).

Hagemeyer, B. C., 2001: Communicating experimental Florida dry season forecasts and regionalized climatic information to users via the Internet. Presented to National Weather Association 26th Annual Meeting. Spokane, WA (10/01). Notice.

Hagemeyer, B. C., 2001: Communicating experimental Florida dry season forecasts and regionalized climatic information to users via the Internet. NOAA 26th Annual Climate Diagnostics and Prediction Workshop. San Diego, CA (10/01). Notice.

Hagemeyer, B. C., and R. A. Almeida, 2002: Experimental Forecasting of Dry Season Storminess over Florida and the Southeast United States from the ENSO Signal using Multiple Linear Regression Techniques. Preprints, 16th Conference on Probability and Statistics in the Atmospheric Sciences, Amer. Meteor. Soc., Orlando, FL, J3.10. Copyright 2002 by AMS.

Hagemeyer, B. C., and R. A. Almeida, 2002: Experimental Forecasting of Dry Season Storminess over Florida and the Southeast United States from the ENSO Signal using Multiple Linear Regression Techniques. Preprints, 13th Symposium on Global Change and Climate Variations, Amer. Meteor. Soc., Orlando, FL, J3.10. Copyright 2002 by AMS.

Hagemeyer, B.C. and S.M. Spratt, 2002: Thirty years after Hurricane Agnes - The forgotten Florida Tornado Disaster. Preprints, 25th Conference on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology, Amer. Meteor. Soc., San Diego, CA, 422-423. Copyright 2002 by AMS.

Hagemeyer, B.C. and R.A. Almeida, 2003: Experimental forecasting of dry season storminess over Florida from the ENSO signal: latest results and advancements, Preprints, 14th Symposium on Global Change and Climate Variations, Amer. Meteor. Soc., Long Beach, CA, xxx-xxx. Copyright 2003 by AMS.

Hagemeyer, B.C., 2003: Experiments in Downscaled Seasonal Forecasting – A Review of the Impact of the 2002-03 El Niño on Florida Dry Season Storminess and Experimental Forecast Performance. Presented to the National Weather Association 28th Annual Meeting; Jacksonville, FL, (10/03).

Hagemeyer, B.C. and R.A. Almeida, 2004: Extreme Interseasonal and Intraseasonal Variability of Florida Dry Season Storminess and Rainfall and the Role of the MJO, PNA, and NAO, Preprints, 15th Symposium on Global Change and Climate Variations, Amer. Meteor. Soc., Seattle, WA, CD-ROM P7.1.

Hagemeyer, B.C. and R.A. Almeida, 2004: Forecasting Florida Dry Season Storminess from the ENSO Signal and Communicating Likelihood of Impacts to Decision Makers. Climate Prediction Applications Science Workshop. Center for Ocean-Atmospheric Prediction Studies, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, (3/04).

Hagemeyer, B.C. and R.A. Almeida, 2005: Towards greater understanding of inter-seasonal and multi-decadal variability and extremes of extratropical storminess in Florida, Preprints, 16th Conference on Climate Variability and Change, Amer. Meteor. Soc., San Diego, CA, CD-ROM P5.19.

Hagemeyer, B.C., 2006: ENSO, PNA and NAO Scenarios for extreme storminess, rainfall and temperature variability during the Florida dry season, Preprints, 18th Conference on Climate Variability and Change, Amer. Meteor. Soc., Atlanta, GA, CD -ROM P2.4. Copyright 2006 by AMS.

Hagemeyer, B.C., 2006: ENSO, PNA, and NAO scenarios for extreme storminess, rainfall, and temperature variability during the Florida dry season: challenges of communicating uncertainty to decision makers, 4th Annual NOAA Climate Prediction Applications Science Workshop: Research on Applications on Use and Impacts, Tucson, AZ (3/06).

Hagemeyer, B.C., 2007: The relationship between ENSO, PNA, and AO/NAO and extreme storminess, rainfall, and temperature variability during the Florida dry season: thoughts on predictability and attribution, Preprints, 19th Conference on Climate Variability and Change, Amer. Meteor. Soc., San Antonio, TX, CD-ROM JP2.16. Copyright 2007 by AMS.

Hagemeyer, B. C., 2007: Attribution of extreme variability of temperature and rainfall in the Florida dry season. NOAA 32nd Annual Climate Diagnostics and Prediction Workshop. Tallahassee, FL (10/07). Notice.

Hagemeyer, B.C., 2008: Attribution of extreme variability of temperature to major teleconnections and development of probabilistic aides for decision making using logistic regression: A case study of a Florida frost hollow. Preprint, 20th Conference on Climate Variability and Change, Amer. Meteor. Soc., New Orleans, LA, CD-ROM P2.2. Copyright 2008 by AMS.

Hagemeyer, B.C., 2008: Attribution of extreme variability of temperature, rainfall and storminess in the Florida dry season and development of probabilistic aides for decision makers, Climate prediction application science workshop 2008, Chapel Hill, NC (03/08). Notice.

Hagemeyer, B.C., 2009: The mega—tornado outbreak in a high—density built environment : An under—appreciated hurricane hazard: a Florida worst—case scenario. Preprints, Fourth Symposium on Policy and Socio-Economic Research, Amer. Meteor. Soc., Phoenix, AZ, CD-ROM P1.14. Copyright 2009 by AMS.

Hagemeyer, B.C., 2009: The extreme wind warning and its role in improving public preparation and response to extreme landfalling hurricane winds in the urban environment. Preprints, Symposium on Urban High Impact Weather and 23rd Conference on Hydrology, Amer. Meteor. Soc., Phoenix, AZ, CD-ROM J8.5. Copyright 2009 by AMS.

Hagemeyer, B.C, L. A. Jordan, A. L. Moses, S. M. Spratt, and D. F. Van Dyke, 2010: Climatological, meteorological, and societal implications for the large number of fatalities from central Florida Dry Season tornadoes during El Niño. Preprints, 22nd Conference on Climate Variability and Change, First Symposium on Planetary Atmospheres, First Environment and Health Symposium, 20th Conference on Probability and Statistics in Atmospheric Science, 24th Conference on Hydrology, 18th Conference on Applied Climatology, First Conference on Weather, Climate, and the New Energy Economy. Amer. Meteor. Soc., Atlanta, GA, CD-ROM J4.5. Recorded Presentation Copyright 2010 by AMS.

Hagemeyer, B. C., 2010: The 2009-10 El Niño and Florida Dry Season Tornadoes: A Reality Check for the Limits of Predictability. 35th NOAA Annual Climate Diagnostics and Prediction Workshop, Raleigh, NC, 4-7 October 2010.

Madura, J. T., W. H. Bauman, F. J. Merceret, W. P. Roeder, F. C. Brody, and B. C. Hagemeyer, 2011: The Applied Meteorology Unit: Nineteen Years Successfully Transitioning Research Into Operations For America’s Space Program.Preprints Joint between the 27th Conference on Interactive Information Processing Systems (IIPS); and the First Conference on Transition of Research to Operations: Successes, Plans and Challenges. Amer. Meteor. Soc., Seattle, WA, Paper J10.2.

Hagemeyer, B. C., 2011: The 2009-10 El Niño and Florida Dry Season Tornadoes: A Reality Check for the Limits of Predictability.Preprints, 23rd Conference on Climate Variability and Change. Amer. Meteor. Soc., Seattle, WA, Paper 1B.1. Recorded Oral Presentation.

Hagemeyer, B. C., and W. A. Ulrich, 2011: The Impact of Strong Negative Arctic Oscillations on the 2009-10 and 2010-11 Florida Dry Seasons. 19^th Conference on Applied Climatology. Amer. Meteor. Soc., Asheville, NC. P35

Hagemeyer, B. C., 2013: Florida's Unprecedented Dry Season "Significant Tornado Drought". Preprints, 25th Conference on Climate Variability and Change. Amer. Meteor. Soc., Austin, TX. Paper 586.

Hodanish, S. J., 1993: Documentation of a long-lived supercell occurring over Georgia and South Carolina. Presented to National Weather Association 18th Annual Meeting. Raleigh, NC (12/93).

Hodanish, S. J., 1996: Integration of lightning detection systems in a modernized weather service office. Preprints, 18th Conference on Severe Local Storms, Amer. Meteor. Soc., San Francisco, CA, 428-432. Copyright 1996 by AMS.

Hodanish, S. J., 1996: Forecasting lightning for the 1996 Olympic events in Orlando, Florida. Presented to the 21st National Weather Association meeting. Cocoa Beach, FL (12/96).

Hodanish, S. J., 1996: Analysis of the 30 March 1996 severe weather event over East Central Florida. Presented to the 21st National Weather Association meeting. Cocoa Beach, FL (12/96).

Hodanish, S. J., 1996: Analysis of an experimental lightning system at the NWS in Melbourne, Florida. Presented to the 21st National Weather Association meeting. Cocoa Beach, FL (12/96).

Hodanish, S. J., S.M. Spratt, and D.W. Sharp, 1997: WSR-88D Characteristics of Tornado-Producing Convective Cells Associated with Tropical Cyclones. Preprints, 22nd Conference on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology, Amer. Meteor. Soc., Ft. Collins, CO, 675-676. Copyright 1997 by AMS.

Boldi, R., E. Williams, A. Matlin, M. Weber, S. Hodanish, D. Sharp, S. Goodman, and R. Raghavan, 1998: The design and evaluation of the lightning imaging sensor data applications display (LISDAD). Preprints, 19th Conference on Severe Storms, Amer. Meteor. Soc., Minneapolis, MN, 631-634.

Hodanish, S., D. Sharp, E. Williams, B. Boldi, A. Matlin, M. Weber,S. Goodman, and R. Raghavan, 1998: Observations of total lightning associated with severe convection during the wet season in central Florida. Preprints, 19th Conference on Severe Storms, Amer. Meteor. Soc., Minneapolis, MN, 635-638.

Goodman, S., R. Raghavan, R. Ramachandran, D. Buechler, S. Hodanish, D. Sharp, E. Williams, B. Boldi, A. Matlin, and M. Weber, 1998: Total lightning and radar storm characteristics associated with severe storms in central Florida. Preprints, 19th Conference on Severe Storms, Amer. Meteor. Soc., Minneapolis, MN, 639-642.

Williams, E., B. Boldi, A. Matlin, M. Weber, S. Hodanish, D. Sharp, S. Goodman, R. Raghavan, and D. Buechler, 1998: Total lightning as a severe weather diagnostic in strongly baroclinic systems in central Florida. Preprints, 19th Conference on Severe Storms, Amer. Meteor. Soc., Minneapolis, MN, 643-647.

Hodanish, S., D. Sharp, E. Williams, B. Boldi, A. Matlin, M. Weber, S. Goodman, and R. Raghavan, 1998: Comparisons between total lightning data, mesocyclone strength, and storm damage associated with the Florida tornado outbreak of February 23 1998. Preprints, 19th Conference on Severe Storms, Amer. Meteor. Soc., Minneapolis, MN, 681-684.

Kelly, D.S., M.W. Bragaw, and S.M. Spratt, 2000: The 1999 Hurricane Season in East Central Florida - Multiple Storms with Multiple Impacts, Preprints, 24th Conference on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology, Amer. Meteor. Soc., Ft. Lauderdale, FL, 153-154. Copyright 2000 by AMS.

Kelly, D.S., D.W. Sharp, S.M. Spratt, and P.F. Blottman, 2002: Tornadoes Associated with Tropical Storm Gabrielle, Presented to the 27th Annual Meeting of the National Weather Association, Ft. Worth, TX (10/02). Notice.

Lascody, R. L., 1991: Relationship of hail occurrence to lightning strokes in a central Florida thunderstorm. Presented to 15th Annual Meeting of the National Weather Association. Salt Lake City, UT (10/91).

Mosely, J.J., and S.M. Spratt, 2004: Utilizing a Local Data Assimilation and Prognostic System to Aid with the Timing, Placement, and Impact of Short-Range Tropical Weather Hazards. Preprints, 26th Conference on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology, Amer. Meteor. Soc., Miami, FL, 274-275. Copyright 2004 by AMS.

Pendergrast, J.C., D.W. Sharp, D.L. Jacobs, 2000: Graphically Depicting the Hazardous Weather Outlook for East Central Florida, Preprints, 20th Conference on Severe Local Storms, Amer. Meteor. Soc., Orlando, FL, 289-292. Copyright 2000 by AMS.

Luchs, S. and J. Pendergrast, 2013:Using Dual Polarimetric to Assess Prescribed and Wildland Fire Intensity in Florida. Preprints, 17th Conference on Integrated Observing and Assimilation Systems for the Atmosphere, Oceans and Land Surface. Amer. Meteor. Soc., Austin, TX. Paper 233. Extended Abstract. Poster.

Golden, J. H., and M. E. Sabones, 1991: Tornadic waterspout formation near intersecting boundaries. Preprints, 25th International Conference on Radar Meteorology, Amer. Meteor. Soc., Paris, France, 420-423.

Biggar, D. G., W. P. Roeder, and D. W. Sharp, 1995: A Report on the 1995 Southeastern United States WSR-88D user workshop. Preprints, 27th Conference on Radar Meteorology, Amer. Meteor. Soc., Aspen, CO, 77-79.

Sharp, D.W., 1996: The role of the east coast sea breeze to the existence of springtime supercells over east central Florida. Presented to the 21st Annual Meeting of the National Weather Association. Cocoa Beach, FL (12/96).

Sharp, D.W., 1996: The Applied Meteorology Unit at the National Weather Service in Melbourne, FL. Presented to the 21st Annual Meeting of the National Weather Association. Cocoa Beach, FL (12/96).

Raghvan, R., S. Goodman, P. Meyer, B. Boldi, A. Matlin, M. Weber, E. Williams, D. Sharp, S. Hodanish, J. Madura, and C. Lennon, 1996: A real time examination of the incremental value of lightning data in diagnosing convective storm characteristics. Preprints, 7th Conference on Aviation, Range and Aerospace Meteorology, Amer. Meteor. Soc., xxx-xxx.

Sharp, D. W., and S. J. Hodanish, 1996: A survey of supercells over east central Florida. Preprints, 18th Conference on Severe Local Storms, Amer. Meteor. Soc., San Francisco, CA, 335-339.

Sharp, D. W., J. Medlin, S.M. Spratt, and S.J. Hodanish, 1997: A Spectrum of Outer Spiral Rain Band Mesocyclones Associated with Tropical Cyclones. Preprints, 22nd Conference on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology, Amer. Meteor. Soc., Ft. Collins, CO, pp 117-118. Copyright 1997 by AMS.

Sharp, D.W., 1997: An early assessment of the Warning Decision Support System in potential support of the nation's space program. Preprints, 28th Conference of Radar Meteorology, Amer. Meteor. Soc., Austin, TX., 426-427.

Sharp, D.W., D.L. Jacobs, and B.C. Hagemeyer, 1997: LANTERN: A Guiding Light for NWS Melbourne, FL. NOAA Webshop 97. Silver Spring, MD (10/97).

Lane, J., T. Kasparis, L. Jones,/ P. Glitto, D. Sharp, /F. Merceret, G. Mcfarquhar, and B. Fisher,/ 1998: Steps towards improved estimates of convective rainfall using spatial averages obtained from rain gauge clusters. ERIM 1st International Conference on Geospatial Information in Agriculture and Forestry, June 1-3, Lake Buena Vista, FL, pp. II-395-II-407.

Starr, S., D. Sharp, J. Madura, F. Merceret, and M. Murphy, 1998: LDAR, A Three-Dimensional Lightning Warning System: It's Development and Use by the Government and Transition to Public Availability. 35th Space Congress. Cocoa Beach, FL (4/98).

Sharp, D.W., 1998: Implications Involving the Issuance of Public Lightning Advisories for Florida. Preprints, 19th Conference on Severe Local Storms, Amer. Meteor. Soc., Minneapolis, MN, 571-574.

Sharp, D.W., A. Cristaldi, S.M. Spratt, and B.C. Hagemeyer, 1998: A Multifaceted Review of the East Central Florida Tornado Outbreak of 22-23 February 1998, Preprints, 19th Conference on Severe Local Storms, Amer. Meteor. Soc., Minneapolis, MN, 140-143. Copyright 1998 by AMS.

Sharp, D.W., J.C. Pendergrast, and D. L. Jacobs, 2000: Graphically Depicting the Daily Hazardous Weather Outlook for Florida, Presented to the National Weather Association 25th Annual Meeting, Gaithersburg, MD (10/00). Notice.

Sharp, D.W., P.F. Blottman, and T.W. Troutman, 2000: Tornado Warning Situations for East Central Florida. Preprints, 20th Conference on Severe Local Storms, Amer. Meteor. Soc., Orlando, FL, 315-318. Copyright 2000 by AMS.

Sharp, D.W., and S.M. Spratt, 2001: Graphically Depicting Threat Assessment Information for Flood Situations in East Central Florida, Symposium on Precipitation Prediction: Extreme Events and Mitigation; 81st Annual AMS Meeting, Albuquerque, NM, 378-380. Copyright 2001 by AMS.

Sharp, D.W., and S.M. Spratt, 2001: Realtime Graphical Threat Depictions during Hurricane Situations. Presented to the National Weather Association 26th Annual Meeting, Spokane, WA (10/01). Notice.

Laing, A.G., C.H. Paxton, S.L. Goodrick, D.W. Sharp, P.F. Blottman, 2001. The Mesoscale Environment and Lightning Distribution during the 1998 Florida Wildfires. 18th Conference on Weather and Forecasting, 14th Conference on Numerical Weather Prediction, and 9th Conference on Mesoscale Processes. Amer. Meteor. Soc. (8/01).

Laing, A.G., C.H. Paxton, S.L. Goodrick, D.W. Sharp, P.F. Blottman, 2001. Florida Wildfire Initiation and Environmental Conditions during 1998. 4th Symposium of Fire and Forest Meteorology, Amer. Meteor. Soc. (11/01)

Sharp, D.W., 2002: An Update on the Graphical Hurricane Local Statement. Presented to the 56th Interdepartmental Hurricane Conference, New Orleans, LA.

Sharp, D.W., S.M. Spratt, P.F. Blottman, and J.L. Case, 2002: Using High-Resolution Diagnostics to Facilitate the Short-Term Threat Assessment of Tornadoes during Tropical Storm Gabrielle. Preprints, 21st Conference on Severe Local Storms, Amer. Meteor. Soc., San Antonio, TX, 623-626. Copyright 2002 by AMS.

Sharp, D.W., S.M. Spratt, and M.W. Bragaw, 2002: Use of Total Lightning Information at a National Weather Service Field Office. Presented to the 27th Annual Meeting of the National Weather Association, Ft. Worth, TX (10/02). Notice.

Sharp, D.W., S.M. Spratt, P.F. Blottman, D.S. Kelly, and J.L. Case, 2003: Using High-Resolution Diagnostics to Facilitate the Short-Term Threat Assessment of Tornadoes during Tropical Storm Gabrielle (2001). Presented to the 57th Interdepartmental Hurricane Conference; Miami, FL. Notice.

Sharp, D.W., and S.M. Spratt, 2003: An Update on the (Gridded) Graphical Hurricane Local Statement. Presented to the 57th Interdepartmental Hurricane Conference, Miami, FL. Notice.

Sharp, D.W., P.F. Blottman, S.M. Spratt, M.R. Volkmer, B.C. Hagemeyer, and J.L. Case, 2003: The NWS Southern Region Modeling Initiative at WFO Melbourne, FL. Presented to the National Weather Association 28th Annual Meeting; Jacksonville, FL, (10/03). Notice.

Merceret, F., W. Bauman, W. Roeder, R. Lafosse, and D. Sharp, 2004: A Decade of Weather Technology Delivered to America's Space Program by the Applied Meteorology Unit. 41st Space Congress, Cape Canaveral, FL. Notice.

Bauman, W., W. Roeder, R. Lafosse, D. Sharp, and F. Merceret, 2004: The Applied Meteorology Unit – Operational Contributions to Spaceport Canaveral. Preprints, 11th Conference on Aviation, Range, and Aerospace Meteorology, Amer. Meteor. Soc., Hyannis, MA, CD-ROM 6.3. Copyright 2004 by AMS.

Sharp, D.W., 2005: Operational Applications of Lightning Data at WFO Melbourne, FL: A 15-Year Retrospective. Preprints, Conference on Meteorological Applications of Lightning Data, Amer. Meteor. Soc, San Diego, CA, CD-ROM 1.1. Copyright 2005 by AMS.

Sharp, D.W., and B.C. Hagemeyer, 2005: WFO Melbourne Hurricane Operations: An Operational Paradigm and Lessons Learned from the 2004 Hurricane Season. Presented to the 59th Interdepartmental Hurricane Conference, Jacksonville, FL. Notice.

Calvert, C.G., S.M. Lazarus, P. Santos, D.W. Sharp, P.F. Blottman, and S.M. Spratt, 2005: Assimilation of Multi-Satellite High Resolution Sea Surface Temperatures for a Real-Time Local Analysis and Forecasting System. Preprints, 9th Symposium on Integrated Observing and Assimilation Systems for the Atmosphere, Oceans, and Land Surface (IOAS-AOLS), Amer. Meteor. Soc, San Diego, CA, CD-ROM 7.3. Copyright 2005 by AMS.

Lazarus, S.M., C.G. Calvert, M. Splitt, P. Santos, D. Sharp, P. Blottman, and S.M. Spratt, 2006: Multi-Platform Real-Time Sea Surface Temperature Analysis for the Initialization of Short-Term Operational Forecasts. Preprints, 10th Symposium on Integrated Observing and Assimilation Systems for the Atmosphere, Oceans, and Land Surface (IOAS-AOLS), Amer. Meteor. Soc., Atlanta, GA, CD-ROM 6.12. Copyright 2006 by AMS.

Lambert, W., D. Sharp, S.M. Spratt, and M. Volkmer, 2006: Using Cloud-to-Ground Lightning Climatologies to Initialize Gridded Lightning Threat Forecasts for East Central Florida. Preprints, Second Conference on Meteorological Applications of Lightning Data, Amer. Meteor. Soc., Atlanta, GA, CD-ROM 1.3. Copyright 2006 by AMS.

Sharp, D.W., M.R. Volkmer, P. Santos, G. Rader, and M. Sardi, 2006: Employing hurricane wind probabilities to enhance local forecasts and improve guidance for decision-makers. Preprints, 27th Conference on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology, Amer. Meteor. Soc., Monterey, CA, CD-ROM 9.3. Copyright 2006 by AMS.

Berkowitz, D., D. Zittel, M. Fresch, C. McAdie, D. Sharp, and S. Spratt, 2006: The WSR-88D Tropical Cyclone Operations Plan: a living document. Presented to the 60th Interdepartmental Hurricane Conference, Mobile, AL. Notice.

Sharp, D.W., S.M. Spratt, B.C. Hagemeyer, and D.L. Jacobs, 2006: Major land-falling hurricanes as mesoscale convective systems: a paradigm shift for WFO operations. Preprints, 23rd Conference on Severe Local Storms, Amer. Meteor. Soc., St. Louis, MO, CD-ROM 11.4. Copyright 2006 by AMS.

Smith, T.M., D.W. Burgess, K. L. Manross, K. Ortega, K. Scharfenberg, D. Andra, J.G. LaDue, L. Lemon, M. Magsig, G.J. Stumpf, D.J. Miller, S. Nelson, and D.W. Sharp, 2007: Experimental Probabilistic Warning Guidance for Severe Convective Weather Threats, Presented to the National Weather Association 32nd Annual Meeting, Reno, NV, October 13-18, 2006. Notice.

J.E. Lane, D.W. Sharp, T.C. Kasparis, and N.J. Doesken, 2008: Hail disdrometer array for launch systems support, Preprints, 13th Conference on Aviation, Range and Aerospace Meteorology, Amer. Meteor. Soc., New Orleans, LA, CD-ROM P2.10. Copyright 2008 by AMS.

P. Santos, D. Sharp, M. Volkmer, and G. Rader, 2008: Employing hurricane wind probabilities to convey forecast uncertainty and potential impact through NWS field office forecast products, Preprints, 19th Conference on Probability and Statistics and Tropical Meteorology Special Symposium, Amer. Meteor. Soc., New Orleans, LA, CD-ROM JP1.3. Copyright 2008 by AMS.

Sharp, D.W., P. Santos, T. J. LeFebvre, M. R. Volkmer, F W. Alsheimer, and T. Schott. An Examination of the Logic within WFO Software Applications used to Generate Tropical Cyclone Impact Graphics, Preprints, 28th Conference on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology. Amer. Meteor. Soc., Orlando, FL, 13A.5. Copyright 2008 by AMS

K. Howard, and G. Zarillo, M. Splitt, S. Lazarus, S. Chiao, P. Santos, and D. Sharp, 2009: The impact of atmospheric model resolution on a coupled wind/wave forecast system. Preprints, 16th Conference on Air-Sea Interaction, Amer. Meteor. Soc., Phoenix, AZ, 9.2. Copyright 2009 by AMS.

P. Santos, D. Sharp, M. DeMaria, and S. Kiser, 2009: The Determination of Optimal Thresholds of Tropical Cyclone Incremental Wind Speed Probabilities to Support Expressions of Uncertainty in Text Forecasts. Preprints, Symposium on Urban High Impact Weather, Amer. Meteor. Soc., Phoenix, AZ, P1.5. Copyright 2009 by AMS.
P. Santos, D. Sharp, M. DeMaria, and S. Kiser, 2010: The Determination of Optimal Thresholds of Tropical Cyclone Incremental Wind Speed Probabilities to Support Expressions of Uncertainty in Text Forecasts: An Update. Preprints,20th Conference on Probability and Statistics in the Atmospheric Sciences,14th Conference on Aviation, Range, and Aerospace Meteorology, 8th Conference on Artificial Intelligence Applications to Environmental Science, Amer. Meteor. Soc., Atlanta, GA, J10.2. Copyright 2010 by AMS.

Snyder, W. B., and P. A. (Glitto) France, 1992: Applications of climatological rainfall averages and frequencies to forecasting the probability of precipitation in central Florida. Preprints Symposium On Weather Forecasting, Amer. Meteor. Soc., Atlanta, GA, 99-106.

Spratt, S. M., and B. K. Choy, 1994: Employing the WSR-88D for waterspout forecasting. Postprints, NEXRAD Users Conference. Norman, OK. National Weather Service, 248-258. Notice.

Spratt, S. M., and A. Nash, 1995: Central Florida WSR-88D observations and NWSO operations during Tropical Cyclones Alberto, Beryl and Gordon (1994). Preprints, 21st Conference on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology, Amer. Meteor. Soc., Miami, FL, 298-300. Copyright 1995 by AMS.

Spratt, S. M., and S.J. Hodanish, 1996: A Spectrum of Mesoscale Circulations Observed within Tropical Cyclone Rain Bands. Poster session presentation at the National Weather Association's 21st Annual Meeting, Cocoa Beach, FL (12/96). Notice.

Spratt, S. M., and D.W. Sharp, 1996: Radar Detected Mesocyclones Within Tropical Cyclone Gordon (1994). Presented to the National Weather Association 21st Annual Meeting, Cocoa Beach, FL (12/96). Notice.

Spratt, S. M., and D.W. Sharp, 1997: Hurricane Operations at NWSO Melbourne: Applied Research and Real-time Forecasts/Warnings. Preprints, 22nd Conference on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology, Amer. Meteor. Soc., Ft. Collins, CO, 659-660. Copyright 1997 by AMS.

Spratt, S. M., D.W. Sharp, and S.J. Hodanish, 1998: Observed Relationships Between Total Lightning Information and Doppler Radar Data During Two Recent Tropical Cyclone Tornado Events In Florida. Preprints, 19th Conference on Severe Local Storms, Amer. Meteor. Soc., Minneapolis, MN, 659-662. Copyright 1998 by AMS.

Spratt, S. M., and D.W. Sharp, 1999: Dominant tropical cyclone outer rainbands related to tornadic and non-tornadic mesoscale circulation families. Preprints, 23rd Conference on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology, Amer. Meteor. Soc., Dallas, TX, 455-458. Copyright 1999 by AMS.

Spratt, S. M., F.D. Marks, P.P. Dodge, and D.W. Sharp, 2000: Examining the Pre-Landfall Environment of Mesovortices within a Hurricane Bonnie (1998) Outer Rainband. Preprints, 24th Conference on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology, Amer. Meteor. Soc., Ft. Lauderdale, FL, 300-301. Copyright 2000 by AMS.

Dodge, P.P., S.M. Spratt, F.D. Marks, D.W. Sharp, and J. Gamache, 2000: Dual-Doppler Analyses of Mesovortices in a Hurricane Rainband, Preprints, 24th Conference on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology, Amer. Meteor. Soc., Ft. Lauderdale, FL, 302-303. Copyright 2000 by AMS.

Spratt, S.M. and R.F. Morales, 2002: Inland Tropical Cyclone Wind Forecasts for Peninsular Florida, Preprints, 25th Conference on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology, Amer. Meteor. Soc., San Diego, CA, 13-14. Copyright 2002 by AMS.

Rao, G.V., D. Gallagher, J. Scheck, K. Santhanam, R. Edwards, J.T. Schaefer, S.M. Spratt, and B.C. Hagemeyer, 2003: Radar Characteristics of Mesocyclones Associated with Tropical Cyclones (TC) and a Simulation of the Mesocyclone Characteristics using MM5, 10th Conference on Mesoscale Processes, Amer. Meteor. Soc., Portland, OR, CD-ROM P2.10. Copyright 2003 by AMS.

Rao, G.V., K. Santhanam, J. Scheck, S. M. Spratt, B.C. Hagemeyer, R. Edwards, J. Schaefer, J.L. Case, and E. Kemp, 2004: MM5-3DVAR Simulations of Precipitation and Mesocyclone Dynamics Associated with TC Gabrielle (2001) Using High Resolution Data of East Central Florida. Preprints, 26th Conference on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology, Amer. Meteor. Soc., Miami, FL, 596-597. Copyright 2004 by AMS.

Rao, G.V., K. Santhanam, S.M. Spratt, and B.C. Hagemeyer, 2004: Improved Rainfall Predictions Pertaining to Land-falling Tropical Cyclone Gabrielle (2001) Based upon Ingest of High-Resolution Observational Data and MM5 Integrations. Presented to the National Weather Association 29th Annual Meeting, Portland, OR, October 16-21, 2004. Notice.

Spratt, S.M., B.C. Hagemeyer, D.L. Jacobs, 2006: Providing short-fused warnings for the onset of extreme hurricane winds - a final opportunity to minimize casualties. Preprints, 27th Conference on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology, Amer. Meteor. Soc., Monterey, CA, CD-ROM 5A.5. Copyright 2006 by AMS.

Case, J., S. Spratt, and D. Sharp, 2006: High-Resolution Analysis Products to Support Severe Weather and Cloud-to-Ground Lightning Threat Assessments over Florida. Presented to the National Weather Association 31st Annual Meeting, Cleveland, OH, October 15-19, 2006. Notice.

Spratt, S.M. B.C. Hagemeyer and D.W. Sharp, 2008: Treating hurricanes as mesoscale convective systems - A paradigm shift for WFO landfall operations. Preprints, 28th Conference on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology, Amer. Meteor. Soc., Orlando, FL, CD-ROM 11C.7. Notice.

Baker, E.J. and T.W. Troutman, 2000: An Analysis of the Public Response to the East Central Florida Tornado Outbreak of 22-23, February 1998, Preprints, 20th Conference on Severe Local Storms, Amer. Meteor. Soc., Orlando, FL, 297-300. Copyright 2000 by AMS.

Troutman, T.W., M.A. Rose, and L.M. Trapasso, 2000: Utilizing Established Techniques in Forecasting the Potential for Derecho Development, Preprints, 20th Conference on Severe Local Storms, Amer. Meteor. Soc., Orlando, FL, 390-393. Copyright 2000 by AMS.

Marshall, T.P. and T.W. Troutman, 2000: Damage and Radar Analysis of the Nashville, TN Tornado, Preprints, 20th Conference on Severe Local Storms, Amer. Meteor. Soc., Orlando, FL, 420-423. Copyright 2000 by AMS.

Troutman, T.W., D.B. Elson, and M.A. Rose, 2000: A Severe Weather Threats Checklist to Determine Pre-storm Environment, Preprints, 20th Conference on Severe Local Storms, Amer. Meteor. Soc., Orlando, FL, 297-300. Copyright 2000 by AMS.

Lambert, W., D. Short, M. Volkmer, D. Sharp, S. Spratt, 2006: Using Cloud-to-Ground Lightning Climatologies to Initialize Gridded Lightning Threat Forecasts for East Central Florida. Presented to the National Weather Association 31st Annual Meeting, Cleveland, OH, October 15-19, 2006. Notice.

Lambert, W., D. Short, M. Volkmer, D. Sharp, S. Spratt, 2007: Using Cloud-to-Ground Lightning Climatologies to Initialize Gridded Lightning Threat Forecasts for East Central Florida. Preprints, 16th Conference on Applied Climatology, Amer. Meteor. Soc., San Antonia, TX, CD -ROM P2.1. Copyright 2007 by AMS.

Bauman, W.H., M. Volkmer, D. Sharp, S. Spratt, and R.A. Lafosse, 2007: Flow Regime Based Climatologies of Lightning Probabilities for Spaceports and Airports. Presented to the National Weather Association 32nd Annual Meeting, Reno, NV, October 13-18, 2006. Notice.

Bauman, W.H., M. Volkmer, D. Sharp, S. Spratt, and R.A. Lafosse, 2008: Flow Regime Based Climatologies of Lightning Probabilities for Spaceports and Airports. Preprints, 13th Conference on Aviation, Range, and Aerospace Meteorology, Amer. Meteor. Soc., New Orleans, LA, CD-ROM P2.8. Copyright 2008 by AMS.

Volkmer, M.R., S.M. Spratt, D.W. Sharp, C. Baxter, R. Mobbs, M. Rosencrans, J. Peters, C. Abelman, and P. Witsaman, 2009: A Tactical Decision Aid to Limit the Impacts of Thunderstorms on Climb and Descent Traffic at the Orlando International Airport. Preprints, Aviation, Range and Aerospace Meteorology Special Symposium on Weather-Air Traffic Management Integration, Amer. Meteor. Soc., Phoenix, AZ, CD-ROM P1.16. Copyright 2009 by AMS.

Anderson, A.R.S., R.D. Roberts, M.R. Volkmer and D.W. Sharp, 2011: Collaborative Efforts by the Atmospheric Research and Operations Communities for Improving a Thunderstorm Nowcasting System. 24th Conference on Weather and Forecasting/20th Conference on Numerical Weather Prediction, Amer. Meteor. Soc., Seattle, WA. Paper J20.8. Copyright 2011 by AMS.

Volkmer, M., D. S. Kelly, A. Cristaldi, P. Blottman, P. Glitto, R. Lascody, J. Pendergrast, A. Moses, T. Sedlock, R. Wimmer, M. Bragaw, A. Bowen, and D. Sharp, 2012: The 2011 Coumbus Day Weekend Storm: Overcoming Challenges in Diagnosing a Rapidly Strengthening Maritime Low Pressure System and Communicating the Associated Warning Message. 30th Conference on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology, Amer. Meteor. Soc., Ponte Vedra Beach, FL. April 16-20 2012. Copyright 2012 by AMS.

Volkmer, M.R., P.F. Blottman, J.C. Guseman, 2012. An Operational Strategy for Addressing the Dangers Posed by Peninsular Florida Landspouts. National Weather Association, 37th Annual Meeting, Madison WI, (10/12)

Mahalik, M.C., M.R. Volkmer, P.F. Blottman, S.M. Spratt, D.W. Sharp, 2012. The Evaluation of Enhanced Lightning Forecast and Warning Tools to Enhance Decision Support Services. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 92nd Annual Meeting, (1/12). Copyright 2012 by AMS.

Reinhart, B.J. , M. Volkmer, S. Spratt, and D. Sharp, 2010: Experimental lightning advisories/warnings for point locations in East Central Florida. Preprints, 26th Conference on Interactive Information and Processing Systems (IIPS) for Meteorology, Oceanography, and Hydrology, Amer. Meteor. Soc., Atlanta, GA, 11B.2. Copyright 2010 by AMS.

Miscellaneous

Almeida, R. and B.C. Hagemeyer, 2003: Florida El Nino Seasonal Outlook. Presented to the Florida NWS Technology and Best Practices Expo, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL.

Choy, B. K., 1994: NOAA weather radio, learn how to use it effectively. Florida Fishnews, 1(5), 6-7.

Choy, B. K., 1995: Forecasting techniques and operational biases discovered using the WSR-88D in a largely maritime tropical environment. COMET Tropical Mesoscale Meteorology Symposium. February 1995, Honolulu, HI.

Choy, B. K., 1995: SWIFT BOAT '94: A comprehensive Report . Local Training Paper #3. Melbourne, Florida, pp. Notice.

Choy, B. K., Glitto, and Mazarowski, 1995: Accuracy of STP products during T.S. Gordon (1994). Presented (by Spratt) to: Southern Region Advanced WSR-88D Workshop. Operational Support Facility/OTB, Norman, OK.

Cristaldi, A. and P.F. Blottman, 2003: Local Data Integration and Generation of Mesoscale Analyses and prognostics at WFO MLB. Presented to the Florida NWS Technology and Best Practices Expo, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL. Notice.

Guseman, J. C., 2011: East Central Florida Severe Weather Climatology 1950-2011. 32pp.

Guseman, J. C., 2011: Nowcasting Landspouts: A Case Study from June 18 2010. 20pp.

Hagemeyer, B. C., 1990: East Central Florida Weather Update. NWA Newsletter No. 90-8. 2pp.

Hagemeyer, B. C., 1991: CaPOW (cape Nowcasting) Experiment. NWA Newsletter, NO. 91-6. 1pp.

Hagemeyer, B. C., 1991: First Impressions of the WSR-88D at Melbourne, Florida. Critical Path. NWS-TPO-91-4. 3pp.

Hagemeyer, B. C., 1991: Forecasters gain experience with Doppler Radar. NWA Newsletter, NO. 91-10. 1 pp.

Hagemeyer, B. C., 1991: Melbourne, FL WSR-88D - first impressions. NWA Newsletter, NO. 91-12. 2 pp.

Hagemeyer, B. C., 1992: Melbourne WSR-88D training slide set and text. National Weather Service Southern Region. 42 Slides with 10 page text.

Hagemeyer, B. C., 1992: Summary of TDWR Experiences at Melbourne, Florida. NWA Newsletter, NO. 92-5. 2 pp.

Hagemeyer, B. C., 1992: Hurricane Andrew viewed from WSO Melbourne. Critical Path. NWS-TPO-92-3. 2 pp.

Hagemeyer, B. C., 1994: Book Review: Tornado. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 75, 267-268.

Hagemeyer, B. C., 1994: A summary of experiences in implementing the WSR-88D at NWSO Melbourne, Florida. Local Training Paper #2. 44 pp.

Hagemeyer, B. C., and J. S. Carney, 1995: Florida Hazardous Weather Day-by-Day. NOAA Southern Region Special Publication. Melbourne, Florida, 98 pp. Notice.

Hagemeyer, B. C., 2001: Comparison of Confirmed Florida Tornadoes By F-Scale in Strong El Nino (1983) and La Nina (1989) Years From Official Storm Data Records.

Hagemeyer, B.C., and S.M. Spratt, 2002: Thirty years after Hurricane Agnes - The Forgotten Florida Tornado Disaster. Presented to the St. Louis Chapter of the American Meteorological Society. St. Louis, MO, 3/02. Notice.

Hagemeyer, B.C., 2003: Tropical Cyclone Tornado Outbreaks in Florida and Associated Risk of Mass Fatalities. Presented to the NOAA Hurricane Conference, Miami, FL.

Hagemeyer, B.C., 2003: Tropical & Hybrid Cyclone Tornadoes. Presented to the St. Louis AMS Chapter, St. Louis, MO, 3/03.

Hodanish, S.J., D.W. Sharp, and S.M. Spratt, 1998: Using Total Lightning Information for Local Severe Storm Discernment. Presented (by Spratt) to: Southern Region Operational Applications of Lightning Data Workshop. Ft. Worth, TX. Notice.

Lascody, R.L., 2002: The Onset of the Wet and Dry Seasons in East Central Florida, A Subtropical Wet-Dry Climate? Local Study. Notice.

Sabones, M. E., 1990: Science and Operations Officer (SOO) reflects on first year at WSO Melbourne Florida. Critical Path. NWS-TPO-90-4. 2 pp.

Sharp, D.W., 1997: Operational Assessment of the Warning Decision Support System, AMU Tasking Report, 7/97. Notice.

Sharp, D.W., S.M. Spratt, S.J. Hodanish, A.J. Cristaldi, D. Decker, and B.C. Hagemeyer, 1998: Total Lightning Information Initiative at NWSO Melbourne. Presented (by Spratt) to: Southern Region Operational Applications of Lightning Data Workshop. Ft. Worth, TX. Notice.

Sharp, D.W., and S.M. Spratt, 1998: Operational Severe Weather Forecasts - Tropical Cyclone Tornadoes - Lecture and Training Scenario. Presented to UCAR Advanced Study Program Hurricane at Landfall (HaL) Colloquium. Miami, FL.

Sharp, D.W., and S.M. Spratt, 2000: Graphically Depicting the Hurricane Local Statement. Presented to the NOAA Hurricane Conference, Miami, FL. Notice.

Sharp, D.W., P. Blottman, and S.M. Spratt, 2002: NWS Utilization of the ARPS/LDIS Analysis System for Short-term Forecasting in East-central Florida. Presented to the NWS Joint Symposium on Short-Term Forecasting and the Convective Weather Warning Process, Huntsville, AL. Notice.

Sharp, D.W., 2002: Experimental methods for conveying hazardous weather information to users. Presented to the NWS Joint Symposium on Short-Term Forecasting and the Convective Weather Warning Process, Huntsville, AL. Notice.

Sharp, D.W., 2002: Using High-Resolution Diagnostics for Short-Term Threat Assessment of Tornadoes During Tropical Storm Gabrielle (2001). Presented to the NOAA Hurricane Conference, Miami, FL.

Sharp, D.W., S.M. Spratt, P.F. Blottman, D.S. Kelly, and J.L. Case, 2003: Using High-Resolution Diagnostics to Facilitate the Short-Term Threat Assessment of Tornadoes during Tropical Storm Gabrielle (2001). Presented to the 57th Interdepartmental Hurricane Conference; Miami, FL. Notice.

Sharp, D.W., and S.M. Spratt, 2003: An Update on the (Gridded) Graphical Hurricane Local Statement. Presented to the 57th Interdepartmental Hurricane Conference, Miami, FL. Notice.

Sharp, D.W., and B.C. Hagemeyer, 2005: WFO Melbourne Hurricane Operations: An Operational Paradigm and Lessons Learned from the 2004 Hurricane Season. Presented to the 59th Interdepartmental Hurricane Conference, Jacksonville, FL. Notice.

Merceret, F.J., W.H. Bauman, W.P. Roeder, R.A. Lafosse and D.W. Sharp, 2007: The Applied Meteorology Unit - Past, Present and Future. Presented to the NASA "Constellation - Technical Interchange Meeting".

Spratt, S. M., 1995: Microburst events that occurred at Orlando, Florida and the Shuttle Landing Facility. Presented at the Southern Region Advanced WSR-88D Workshop. Operational Support Facility/OTB, Norman, OK.

Spratt, S. M., 1995: "The night of the meso's". Presented to: Southern Region Advanced WSR-88D Workshop. Operational Support Facility/OTB, Norman, OK.

Spratt, S. M., and B. K. Choy, 1995: Waterspout forecasting using the WSR-88D. Presented to at the Southern Region Advanced WSR-88D Workshop. Operational Support Facility/OTB, Norman, OK.

Spratt, S. M., 1997: A Spectrum of Tropical Cyclone Mesocyclones Examined via WATADS. Presented to the OSF Advanced Tropical Weather Workshop, Norman, OK. Notice.

Spratt, S. M., D.W. Sharp, and S.J. Hodanish, 1998: Tropical Cyclone Josephine (1996) - Radar and Total Lightning Signatures. Presented to the Hurricane Research Division, Key Biscayne, FL.

Spratt, S. M., D.W. Sharp, and S.J. Hodanish, 1998: Lightning Detection and Ranging (LDAR). Presented to at the Southern Region Operational Applications of Lightning Data Workshop. Ft. Worth, TX. Notice.

Spratt, S. M., and D.W. Sharp, 2001: Graphically Depicting the Hurricane Local Statement. Presented to the 55th Interdepartmental Hurricane Conference, Orlando, FL. Notice.

Spratt, S. M.,and D.W. Sharp, 2001: The Graphical Hurricane Local Statement. 12 pp pdf. Presented at the Florida Tropical Cyclone Workshop, Miami, FL. Notice.

Spratt, S.M., 2002: Improving NWS Tornado Warnings Associated with Tropical Cyclones. Presented to the St. Louis University Meteorology Department. St. Louis, MO, 3/02.

Spratt, S.M., 2003: Using High-Resolution Diagnostics for the Short-Term Threat Assessment of Tornadoes during Tropical Storm Gabrielle (2001). Presented to the St. Louis AMS Student Chapter, St. Louis, MO, 3/03.

Staff, 1992: Early examples from the Melbourne, Florida Weather Surveillance Radar - 1988 Doppler (WSR-88D). Local Training Paper #1. Melbourne, Florida, 70 pp.

Staff, 1993: Outstanding storms of the month: Hail storms strike central Florida. Storm Data, Vol. 34, no. 3. National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service. 2 pp.

Tollefsen, M. A., 2021: East Central Florida Severe Weather Climatology 2011-2020. 20pp.

Tollefsen, M. A., 2021: East Central Florida Severe Weather Climatology 1991-2020. 32pp.

Tollefsen, M. A., 2021: East Central Florida Severe Weather Climatology 1950-2020. 32pp.

Volkmer, M., and S.M. Spratt, 2003: A New Generation of Graphical Hazardous Weather Products at WFO MLB. Presented to the Florida NWS Technology and Best Practices Expo, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL. Notice.

COMET Cooperative & Partners Projects

Wildfire forecasting in Florida; with University of South Florida and NWS Tampa Bay, FL. August 1999-December 2002.

Analysis and forecasting of tornadoes associated with tropical cyclones; with Saint Louis University and the Storm Prediction Center. December 2002-March 2003.

Using MM5 to distinguish tornado-producing mesoscylones from non-tornadic mesocylones in TC Gabrielle; with Saint Louis University and the Storm Prediction Center. December 2002-November 2004.

Assimilation of MODIS temperature and water vapor profiles into a mesoscale analysis system; with Florida Institute of Technology. February 2003-January 2004.

Using GOES SSTs to retrieve over-ocean air temperatures in support of local data assimilation and modeling efforts; with Florida Institute of Technology and NWS Miami. July 2003-June 2004.

Assimilation of multi-satellite high resolution sea surface temperatures for a real-time local analysis and forecasting system. With Florida Institute of Technology and NWS Miami. July 2004-June 2006.

Towards development of a rapid response local wave model for the Melbourne, Florida, National Weather Service office. With the Hydrological Research Center. July 2007-June 2008.

Fresh Snow and Temperature Outlook Ahead of Christmas Day

Referenced Journals, Digests and Symposiums

Southern Region Technical Memorandums

Southern Region Technical Attachments

National Conferences

Miscellaneous

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