In the present study, integrated models have been developed to find out the most appropriate cost of municipal solid waste (MSW) disposal using two potential and widely used methodologies, viz. landfill system with gas recovery (LFSGR) and aerobic composting (AC). Objective functions with important costs and benefits including externalities were developed to find out the net unit cost of disposal. Multivariate functional models have been developed for each activity of the objective functions. These integrated techno-economic models can be used not only to determine the most appropriate cost of waste disposal, but also to explain the interparametric linkages and even to compare the potentiality and suitability of a particular methodology for a set of conditions. This can give valuable information that can enhance environmental management leading to sustainable development.In the simulation studies carried out, LFSGR with its proven energy generating potential from MSW in the form of ...

We combine data on international trade linkages with network methods to examine the global trading system as an interdependent complex network. We map the topology of the international trade network and suggest new network based measures of international economic integration, at both a global system-wide level and a local country-level. We develop network based measures that incorporate not only the

Using a dataset detailing FDI flows from market economies to transition economies we examine two aspects FDI inflow determinants given insufficient prior attention: labour costs and institutional development. We find low unit labour costs and aggregate institutional development enhance FDI receipts. Examining disaggregated development indicators identifies specific institutions that positively influence FDI: private sector development, banking sector reform, price, foreign exchange and trade liberalisation, and legal development. Conversely we find non-bank financial sector development and competition policy do not enhance FDI. Our analysis highlights that Russian FDI receipts have suffered from a gap between extensiveness and effectiveness of legal reform.

The scale of the challenge posed by the recent universal adoption of the 2030 Agenda and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in relation to the achievement of economic, social and environmental objectives is formidable. In order to achieve the trade-related targets included in the 2030 Agenda and SDGs, understanding the trade policy levers with the most potential to advance them remains critical for policy makers. This includes at the bilateral as well as regional level. In this paper, the inclusion of criteria related to sustainable development within free trade agreements (FTAs) is critically reviewed. Through this analysis, the demand for greater coherence amongst levels of trade policy becomes obvious in order to more effectively promote the 2030 Agenda. Finally, impact assessments and review mechanisms will also need to be bolstered.

Commonwealth International Trade Working Paper 2017/01

© The Commonwealth, London
FULL TEXT: http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/commonwealth/trade/international-trade-working-paper_24133175

The birth of the EU (European Union) and ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) is nearly two decades apart but both organizations are strongly influenced by the bipolar world in the time of cold war. However, after more than 60 years of EU development, it is recognized by the world as the most successful regional, economic and political association. In contrast, ASEAN is initially established with 5 members: Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines with the first motive of
cooperation and coordination on security and politics. Although established with the same purpose, both organizations have different goals and integration principles from which to bring about different achievements. The paper analyzes and compares
deeply the process of international economic integration of countries in the EU and ASEAN.

This article compares the economic performance of the EU cohesion countries -Greece, Spain, Portugal and Ireland -from 1960 to the present, in order to identify the processes that have promoted or inhibited real convergence prospects at various points in time. The likely impacts of EMU in strengthening or weakening these processes are then analysed. Amongst the factors studied are labour-market performance, macroeconomic stability and the efficacy of microeconomic policy-making.

Une version étendue de cette analyse est disponible dans Scheurette L. et Manço A. (2021), « "Médiation interculturelle en entreprise : favoriser l'inclusion des diversités dans le monde du travail », Manço A. et Scheurette L. (éds), L'inclusion des personnes d'origine étrangère sur le marché de l'emploi. Bilan des politiques en Wallonie ,

Вторая половина XX в. — начало XXI в. характеризуются все более
возрастающей интернационализацией экономических связей и выходом производительных сил за пределы национальных границ государств. Для определения данного процесса, берущего свое начало в необходимости международного разделения труда и влекущего за собой усиление взаимозависимости национальных экономик государств мира, принято применять термин «международная экономическая интеграция».

The New Growth Strategy aims to create demand and jobs through regulatory reform and fiscal measures. The Strategy focuses on key challenges, notably climate change and population ageing, which can be turned into sources of growth. Given Japan's ...

In this article, Kurt Bassuener assesses the Biden administration's recent strong advocacy for the "Open Balkan" initiative, championed by Serbian President Aleksandar Vucic, in the context of the current security crisis in Bosnia and Herzegovina.  Not only has the Biden administration effectively adopted a variant of the Trump administration's transactional policy in the Western Balkans, the policy represents an embrace of the EU's functionalist approach in the region - a failure. What this means is a de facto embrace of a Serbian/Albanian/Croatian co-prosperity sphere in the region.

Référence: GUELDICH (H.), "L'Accord portant création de la zone de libre échange continentale africaine", in BEN ACHOUR (R.) et GUELDICH (H.), Intégration et régionalisme en Afrique: où en est l'Union africaine aujourd'hui?, Journée d'étude du 1e novembre 2018, éditions 2019, SIMPACT, pp.112-125

Through six intensive and semi-structured interviews, this research paper examines the role social support networks may or may not have played in facilitating the resettlement experiences of Chinese-Vietnamese refugees living in Canada after the Vietnam War. It was observed that those who were privately-sponsored emphasized the instrumental role their benefactors played in assisting their successful resettlement, whereas those who were government-sponsored were forced to adopt a more independent mindset of forming their own social support systems. Regardless of sponsorship type, the notion of hard work was a commonality found amongst the participants. They arrived at the receiving country expecting and willing to accept conditions of underemployment and downward mobility. The effects of pre-migration enabling factors such as marital status and educational attainment are also acknowledged. Within a social support framework, theories of social capital and resiliency are used to analyze the lives of the participants after the traumatic experience of forced migration.

Keywords: Chinese-Vietnamese refugees, resettlement, Canada, social support network, resiliency theory

We address three themes on the New Regionalism. First, the prominent analogy to a "spaghetti bowl" of economic integration agreements (EIAs) should be replaced by reference to a "market" for EIAs. We suggest a systematic economic framework for analyzing "competitive liberalization" of governments in a static, long-run context. Second, we address why ex post measurements of the average (treatment) effects of EIAs on trade seem so "small." Third, after addressing evidence for long-run determinants of competitive liberalization, we discuss how one might conceptualize the process by which governments select into EIAs over time, that is, the growth of regionalism.

This paper analyzes the impact of both the long-term presence and additional influxes of refugees on the local population in Uganda. Uganda has a unique legal framework of local integration which makes it an interesting case study. Refugees are allowed to work and move freely. The political aim is to integrate them economically and socially into the host communities. The impact of this approach on Ugandan households’ objective and subjective welfare as well as their access to public services is the focus of this study. Two different household surveys covering the years 2002–10 are used in order to employ a difference-in-differences approach. In doing so, the natural experiment of two sudden inflows is exploited, while simultaneously controlling for the long-term trends in refugee numbers. The findings presented here suggest that the Ugandan population living near refugee settlements benefits both in terms of consumption and public service provisions. However, their negative perceptions regarding their own economic situation and their alienation from their national state in favor of their ethnic identity contradict this objective improvement of livelihoods. This is the first study to empirically analyze the effect of a long-term presence of displaced populations on local communities. With refugee situations becoming increasingly protracted, the findings offer important policy insights and point toward an interesting new field of research.

Mercosul: Fundamentos e Perspectivas
(São Paulo: Editora LTr, 1998, 160 p.; ISBN: 85-7322-548-3)
Brasília, 23 março 2020, 143 p.
Reformatação completa do livro para fins de livre acesso nas redes de intercâmbio acadêmico.

Índice

Prefácio 11

1. O MERCOSUL no contexto global 14
O que é o MERCOSUL? 14
O livre-comércio e o MERCOSUL 16
O MERCOSUL: um novo perfil internacional para a região 18

2. A integração econômica na Europa: etapas 21
O contexto econômico e político do pós-guerra 21
Na origem da integração europeia: o BENELUX 24
O projeto comunitário: da CECA ao Mercado Comum 25
Entre a abertura e o protecionismo 27
Do Mercado Comum ao Espaço Econômico Europeu 28
A “nova” União Europeia 31
O euro e seu impacto nas relações econômicas internacionais 36

3. A integração na América Latina: um longo processo 39
A integração em perspectiva histórica 39
Da ALALC à ALADI: ideal integracionista e prática protecionista 39
Uma nova realidade: a sub-regionalização da integração 42

4. A relação Brasil-Argentina: do conflito à cooperação 46
Antecedentes do MERCOSUL 46
Brasil-Argentina: do conflito à cooperação 47
O aprofundamento da integração 48
A Ata de Buenos Aires: aceleração do processo 49

5. O MERCOSUL na fase de transição 51
O Tratado de Assunção e a experiência integracionista anterior 51
Etapas da união aduaneira no MERCOSUL 52
O Protocolo de Ouro Preto e a Tarifa Externa Comum 55

6. Estrutura institucional do MERCOSUL 57
Os órgãos do MERCOSUL 57
Comparação com o modelo europeu 58
O sistema de solução de controvérsias 60
A questão da supranacionalidade 64

7. O futuro do MERCOSUL: dilemas e opções 68
Opções extremas: entre um mercado comum completo e a ALCA 70
Opções de Realpolitik: a grande estratégia do MERCOSUL 75
A agenda institucional do MERCOSUL: direito comunitário? 77
O futuro do MERCOSUL: a work in progress 81

8. Cronologia dos processos integracionistas no hemisfério 85
Origens e desenvolvimento da ideia integracionista 85
O processo Brasil-Argentina: o Mercado Comum do Sul 88
O MERCOSUL: etapas e desenvolvimento institucional 89
O processo de integração hemisférica: a ALCA 92
Desenvolvimentos recentes e agenda futura da integração 93

9. Documentos fundamentais 94
Tratado de Assunção (26/03/1991) 94
Protocolo de Ouro Preto (17/12/1994) 110
Protocolo de Brasília para a solução de controvérsias (17/12/1991) 122

Glossário 129
Bibliografia selecionada sobre o MERCOSUL e a integração 136
Biobibliografia do autor 140

This paper examines the impact of exchange rate volatility on economic growth. An empirical investigation based on a sample of 45 developing and emerging countries over the period of 1985~2015 is conducted using the difference and system generalized method of moments estimators. Findings suggest that the generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity-based measure of nominal and real exchange rate volatility has a negative impact on economic growth. Also, the effect of exchange rate volatility depends on the exchange rate regimes and financial openness, that is, volatility is more harmful when countries adopt flexible exchange rate regimes and financial openness.

Civil War in Syria created a large scale humanitarian crisis causing a mass human migration up to seven million in total. The largest neighboring country-Turkey has the greatest number of Syrian refugees exceeding 2.7 million. In the expectation of a quick resolution for the conflict and sending the immigrants back, the host country has taken only palliative temporary actions. This study investigates the options that Turkey has for the immigration problem. Elaborating on integration techniques for immigrants, the paper suggests possible policies for implementation of social integration in the future decades. Based on strategic management principles, the author presents advantages and disadvantages of integration, maintenance of status quo, and prevention of immigration.

The EU-sponsored Barcelona conference in 1995 set the ambitious goal of creating the Euro-Mediterranean Free Trade Area (EUROMED) that would include the European Union and the MENA countries by 2010. The intermediate steps towards building the EUROMED have involved bilateral "vertical" trade liberalization between the EU and the particular MENA countries as well as "horizontal" trade liberalization among themselves. In this paper we evaluate empirically the effects of the new EU Association Agreements with the MENA countries using the augmented gravity equations derived from a variety of neoclassical and new trade theory models and panel data for the period 1980-2004. We find that while these agreements increased significantly imports of the MENA countries from the EU they had no positive impact on their exports to the EU which can be attributed to the asymmetry in trade liberalization between the EU and the MENA countries.

L’analyse présentée s’intéresse à l’insertion professionnelle des jeunes sans qualifications ou diplômes (NEET) — de surcroît issus de l’immigration. Ce public reste méconnu : qui sont-ils  ? Combien sont-ils  ? Où sont-ils  ? Que font-ils  ? De quoi vivent-ils  ? Quelles sont les pistes qui leur sont proposées  ? Avec quels résultats  ?... Ce sont les nombreuses questions que Joseph Gatugu et Altay Manço tentent rencontrer et leurs réponses critiques révèlent la complexité du travail d’insertion professionnelle avec ce groupe hétérogène.

À partir de l’évolution de la configuration réticulaire des voies de communication terrestres transfrontalières, cette thèse propose une analyse historique du processus d’intégration régionale entre le Cameroun et les pays limitrophes d’Afrique Centrale entre 1920 et 2016. Il s’agit de répondre à la préoccupation de savoir comment est-ce que, du point de vue du Cameroun, la construction desdites voies a influencé son rapport à ses voisins durant la période indiquée. Les méthodes de recherche et d’analyse historique sont couplées à la pluridisciplinarité. La démarche diachronique articule les mutations en deux temps.
Le temps colonial va de 1920 à 1960. Il est marqué, durant l’entre-deux-guerres, par des investissements importants en infrastructures de transports terrestres de la part de l’administration coloniale française pour projeter l’économie du Cameroun vers les colonies d’Afrique Centrale et leur faire profiter de sa position stratégique. Un processus d’intégration de fait s’esquisse entre le Cameroun et l’AEF. Toutefois, dès les années 1930 l’administration coloniale pense avoir établi la quantité de liaisons interterritoriales nécessaire pour susciter des interactions économiques entre le Cameroun et l’AEF. De 1940 à 1960 l’on constate une baisse progressive de l’intensité des travaux. En effet, le contexte politique heurte les enjeux économiques malgré la planification après 1945. La symétrie entre constructions des routes transfrontalières et désir d’exploitation économique harmonisée des territoires du Cameroun et de l’AEF qui cède à la construction d’un espace politique fragmentée au voisinage de 1960.
C’est dans ce contexte que le Cameroun et ses voisins de l’ex-AEF (Gabon, Congo, République Centrafricaine et Tchad) accèdent à l’indépendance. Considérablement, l’intégration est à reconstruire entre ces territoires qui décident de former une union douanière en 1964. Le Cameroun et ses voisins de l’UDÉAC l’envisagent tout en campant sur l’héritage matériel et immatériel (politique) colonial. Il est en résulte une stagnation du réseau routier transfrontalier et une dynamique d’intégration atténuée durant les trente-cinq ans de l’union. L’avènement de la CÉMAC en 1994 s’accompagne d’une cascade de projets d’infrastructures. Le Cameroun apparaît comme le point de départ ou d’aboutissement de plusieurs d’entre eux dans le sillage des travaux qui s’en suivent. Il en découle une redynamisation du processus d’intégration régionale avec les pays de la sous-région. Cependant, il est désormais sous l’influence de la mondialisation et du capital néolibéral.

After a long period of industrialization based on import substitution (ISI), Mexico started to open up its economy by accessing the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1986. The exportpromotion strategy was transformed into one of regional integration with the signing of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in 1994. The paper explores the impact of the opening of the economy on regional disparities in Mexico using 6 and +-convergence analyses. Four different samples have been employed to control for possible data bias linked to the inclusion of oil-producing and maquiladora-based states. The results show that whereas the final stages of the ISI period were dominated by convergence trends, trade liberalization (GATT) and economic integration (NAFTA) have led to divergence. In particular, the NAFTA period is related to divergence regardless of the type of analysis chosen and the sample used.

The modern world is stepping towards a globalised economy, and not even a single company can shut its eyes to globalisation and escape the challenges caused by globalisation. This paper critically examines the challenges faced by the local companies due to the introduction of Globalisation. It also analyses the impact of global challenges on the local companies. The persistent outstanding barrier for the small and local companies is market competition. Globalisation stimulates competition from large ventures and international companies. MNCs have the capability to eliminate global challenges than small companies. In the matter of reduced barriers and receptiveness of the world, the inexorable procedure of globalisation portrays the projects which are touching the success potentials and risk potentials. Innumerable challenges have been created by the economic globalisation for small and local companies owing to expeditious climb in the competition. Hence, the collapse rate of small companies is climbing the ladder. Correspondingly, small and local companies need to ensue the survival strategies mentioned in the review in order to succeed in challenging the global challenges. Arising out of the industrial revolution until today, irrevocable economic integration persists. The rationale is straightforward, business and profits do not acknowledge the boundaries. Wherever nearly a give and take relationship is created, a business connection is promptly established.

NAFTA, or NORTH AMERICAN FREE TRADE AGREEMENT, is a trade block that is substantially different from the European Union and in particular by its simple institutional set-up. Consequently, it is less bureaucratized and easier to manage.
As such it could be used as a model for some inspiring economies willing to more integrate without the unnecessary burden of such an bureaucratized institutional set-up

The refugee issue which has been termed a crisis in Europe has almost become a household discussion; not only has the ‘crisis’(UNHCR, ) lingered for years, but it in turn created more problems to which the international community seeks solutions for.(D.W.COM); Postelnicescu, 2016; Schilling et al., 2017). The need for durable solutions to the Refugee crisis, stems from the protracted and equally continuous nature of the situation, leading many states to shut their doors to reception of new asylum seekers.(Patrick Wintour, 2017; Woolsey, 2018). While the UNHCR and other stakeholders desire longer lasting solutions beyond life in an asylum camp, the former has however promoted Local integration as one of such solutions to the crisis.(United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, ) 
For Europe however, the local integration of refugees has become the new challenge.(For europe, integrating refugees is the next big challenge.2016) A number of reasons underscore this challenge. The forerunner of them being the difficulty in defining such a concept that has both legal and social dimensions, and therefore understanding how encompassing it should be.(Ager & Strang, 2008). Besides the definition challenge, “lack of early community preparation and involvement”, as well the structure of integration policies which focuses mainly on refugees’ economic integration, and which places the burden to integrate mainly, (if not only) on refugees (what I refer to as a one-sided approach) all contribute to obstacles in local integration in Europe. The consequential shortcomings of this approach to local integration, have made it increasingly crucial to re-evaluate related practices and policies for the sake of the sustainability of an inevitably more diverse host society, and to prevent the perpetuation of division among communities. A two-sided approach of a well-rounded integration program, multifaceted, involving different layers of the society, as well as the entire community is an ideal durable solution for the refugee situation facing Europe.
It is based on this premise that this paper will describe and analyze two main types of obstacles that slow down, or in many cases hinder the integration of refugees in Europe.

High-speed trains could be used to solve two different accessibility problems. In the first case, where a point to point link is dominant, they are a potential substitute for air travelling. In the second case it links together many cities and, hence, creates a new type of region or corridor with a high interregional accessibility. One important hypothesis for the discussion in this paper is the degree to which cities that are linked together into a band of cities by means of a high-speed train connection are transformed to an extended functional region or in other words an integrated corridor economy. This paper particularly examines economic integration in a corridor economy in the short, medium and long term. In considering the short-term perspective we discuss not only the integration of goods and service markets but also the integration of labour markets and markets for shopping, private services and leisure activities. The discussion of the medium term perspective is concentrated on the relocation of households and firms within a high-speed train corridor. To study the long-term integration effects of a high-speed train corridor we maintain that the analysis must be conducted using a genuinely dynamic model for the specialisation of production and, hence, for trade with and transport of goods and services and consequently transport of people.

This chapter addresses the important issue of how China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) can best achieve its stated objective of promoting ‘unimpeded trade’ between China and the other BRI countries. Whilst many of the initiative’s announced proposals relate to infrastructure projects facilitating the transport of products and inputs across BRI countries, it is argued that it is equally important for the Chinese government to develop comprehensive trade liberalisation and competition policies emphasising cooperation between China and its BRI partners. This chapter has explained why cooperation in both trade liberalisation and antitrust enforcement across BRI countries is essential to the successful implementation of the initiative’s unimpeded trade objective, and has also explored strategies for the negotiation and conclusion of free trade agreements and antitrust enforcement cooperation arrangements. This chapter argues, in particular, that a BRI competition policy emphasising antitrust enforcement cooperation would ensure that the efficiency benefits derived from efforts to reduce natural and state-initiated trade barriers are not compromised by the anti-competitive conduct of private firms. It is argued that the effectiveness of a competition policy in the context of cross-border trade is crucially dependent on effective antitrust enforcement cooperation between the countries party to the free trade initiative. Owing to the legal and political complexities created by anti-competitive practices that impede free trade, such as export cartels and the abuse of power by local firms to exclude foreign entities, joint enforcement efforts are often required to successfully tackle such practices. This chapter contributes to the debate on the interaction between public and private trade barriers, and the broader relationship between trade liberalisation and antitrust enforcement, in the specific context of China and BRI countries.

Los procesos de globalización e integración en su dimensión económica generan retos y oportunidades para las estrategias de las empresas en su inserción foránea y también en el mercado doméstico. Así, el análisis de  estos procesos posee especial relevancia para la práctica de la mercadotecnia, debido al impacto extraordinario de la importación masiva de artículos que ejercen una presión competitiva y que puede desplazar con rela-tiva facilidad a productos nacionales elaborados con tecnología inferior. Hoy más que nunca la planificación estratégica del mercadeo constituye una herramienta básica para el posicionamiento a cualquier escala. El principal objetivo de este artículo es analizar las oportunidades y retos del mercadeo internacional frente a la globalización y la integración económica. Y aunque estos procesos son distintos por el ámbito geográfico al cual hacen referencia, ambos presentan fortalezas, oportunidades, debilidades y amenazas sobre todo para las empresas cuyo origen sea de países en desarrollo.
Palabras claves: Globalización económica, integración económica, mercadeo internacional, internacionalización de empresas.

China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is often simplistically understood as being opposed by India and supported by Pakistan. The reality on the ground is rather more complex. The emerging consensus in India appears to be that, far from being exclusively an economic and infrastructure development program, the BRI may be understood as a long-term strategic initiative that seeks to convert China’s current economic might into diplomatic influence. While attempts have been made by Beijing, the reflexive Indian suspicion of Chinese international projection, including of China’s BRI, has not yet been met by a coherent discourse designed to specifically address Indian concerns. In contrast, in Pakistan, widespread acceptance of the importance and necessity of the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor is increasingly coupled with concerns within sectors of Pakistani society over the fairness, transparency and eventual economic outcomes of the project. Accordingly, this paper is divided into two parts: the first looks at how Indian analysts have viewed and responded to the Chinese discourse and arguments on the BRI, while the second considers the debate over the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor within Pakistan.

The Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) is among several regional blocs that have improved in terms of economic integration. The basic premise for economic integration has been the idea behind the possibility of having a single monetary unit in the future. The paper reviews the nominal GDP per capita with a comparison of four macroeconomic variables namely inflation rate, exchange rate, interest rate and unemployment rate. The theoretical framework is patterned from the Maastricht Criteria and the conceptual framework of Kabir and Salim's into an operational framework of ASEAN convergence criteria index. The research findings for the correlation coefficients were used in identifying intertwining variables for the four macroeconomic factors. Based on the results, Singapore has shown tremendous economic sustainability and a potential for a future anchor currency on the region. However, there are no empirical proofs that sustain a single monetary unit currency in the region but can be a potential monetary policy in the future.

Integration is an important tool for managing relations and encouraging cohesion between groups in pluralistic societies. Integration can be a positive force in a community in that it can result in economic prosperity and social action. Integration is beneficial for migrants because it helps ensure enjoyment of fundamental human rights and ideally gives migrants social, economic and political opportunities equal to those afforded to the local community. It encourages migrants to actively participate and invest within the receiving society by means of social and cultural exchange- working together with the local population to ensure a better future. However, the realities of integration policies often differ in practice because all aspects of integration are interrelated and interdependent. In the case of Cyprus, migrants are given access to education, healthcare and are protected by anti-discrimination policies but face barriers to integration due to poor accommodation standards, restrictions on citizenship and family reunification, and limited access to the labor market. Through a literature review of integration approaches and from an analysis of empirical findings, this paper seeks to pinpoint affect of Cyprus’s integration policies on beneficiaries of international protection and argues that Cypriot integration policies are largely concerned with deterring migrants from arrival rather than encouraging a multifaceted sociocultural, political and economic integration. This report also serves to acknowledge the gap between integration policy and practice in Cyprus. Cyprus’s policies, as well as policies in other societies, must acknowledge the unique challenges and needs of every individual and work to create an approach that encourages integration and protects the rights and opportunities of all people.

If you request the paper, please email me at dk406@cam.ac.uk and I will send you a PDF copy.

The article analyzes the political and social discourses towards the Eurasian integration in Central Asia. I focus on the independent non-Russian political elites and wider popular response to the integration in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan and on the motivations leading these decision makers and societies into the further Eurasian economic integration. The focus is on Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan – the only Central Asian countries in the Eurasian Economic Union, and on their respective populations. I demonstrate how post-Soviet Kazakhstani and Kyrgyz regimes facilitated ideas and ideals of Eurasianism so closely connected to their own economic but also socio-political contexts. But the focus is also to unveil the complex web of interests, identities and mobilities of groups and individuals behind the political façade of integration talks in Central Eurasia. In doing so the study focuses on the historical approach and elite-led discourses combined with the sociological data of social response to the integration projects at different stages of its development.

Keywords: Eurasia, Eurasian Economic Union, elites, integration, migration.

W 2014 r. Międzynarodowy Fundusz Walutowy ogłosił, że wielkość gospodarki Chińskiej Republiki Ludowej, mierzona za pomocą parytetów siły nabywczej (purchasing power parities – PPP), przekroczyła wielkość gospodarki Stanów Zjednoczonych. Tym samym w regionie Azji i Pacyfiku doszło nominalnie do zrównania potencjałów gospodarczych dwóch kluczowych państw regionu, co skłoniło do refleksji na temat utrzymania dotychczasowego kształtu systemu międzynarodowego w tym regionie, gdzie dominującym graczem państwowym są nadal Stany Zjednoczone.
Ostatnie 25 lat, czyli okres od zakończenia zimnej wojny, to nieustanny wzrost znaczenia regionu Azji i Pacyfiku w świecie, ale też okres stopniowego budowania coraz ściślejszych powiązań instytucjonalnych, które można uznać za komplementarne bądź konkurencyjne. Swoistym ukoronowaniem instytucjonalizacji, przynajmniej w Azji Południowo-Wschodniej, jest projekt utworzenia do końca 2015 r. Wspólnoty ASEAN, która będzie się składać z trzech elementów: Wspólnoty Gospodarczej, Wspólnoty Politycznej i Bezpieczeństwa oraz Wspólnoty Społeczno-Kulturowej. Również w szerszym regionie Azji i Pacyfiku powstają nowe inicjatywy integracyjne, takie jak np. Partnerstwo Transpacyficzne (Trans-Pacific Partnership – TPP).
Istniejąca w regionie architektura instytucjonalna jest wypadkową wielu czynników, w tym często konkurencyjnych interesów podstawowych aktorów systemu regionalnego, czyli państw narodowych. Można to zaobserwować zarówno na poziomie rywalizacji wewnątrz instytucji czy organizacji integracyjnych, jak i pomiędzy nimi. Biorąc pod uwagę powyższe czynniki kształtujące tę architekturę, zdecydowano się na analizę procesów integracyjnych w regionie Azji i Pacyfiku, z ciągle dominującą rolą Forum Współpracy Gospodarczej Azji i Pacyfiku (Asia-Pacific Economic Co-operation – APEC), oraz w jego subregionie – Azji Wschodniej, gdzie centralną organizacją pozostaje Stowarzyszenie Narodów Azji Południowo-Wschodniej (Association of South-East Asian Nations – ASEAN).
W monografii, opierając się na podejściu systemowym oraz teoriach integracji regionalnej, przedstawiono procesy i ugrupowania integracyjne w regionie Azji i Pacyfiku. Uwzględniono modele biegunowości w tym systemie, biorąc pod uwagę rolę mocarstw regionalnych, pokazano ewolucję transnarodowego wymiaru integracji oraz przedstawiono analizę czterech podstawowych wymiarów integracji gospodarczej, a przede wszystkim przedstawiono dwa modele integracji regionalnej: z jednej strony integrację w regionie Azji i Pacyfiku, egzemplifikowaną przez Forum Współpracy Gospodarczej Azji i Pacyfiku (ale też faworyzowane przez USA Partnerstwo Transpacyficzne – TPP), z drugiej zaś integrację w regionie Azji Wschodniej, gdzie centralną organizacją pozostaje Stowarzyszenie Narodów Azji Południowo-Wschodniej (ASEAN), zamierzające do końca 2015 roku utworzyć Wspólnotę ASEAN i stanowiące podstawę do ugrupowań takich jak ASEAN Plus Trzy, Szczyt Azji Wschodniej czy Forum Regionalne ASEAN.

Managing international business requires understanding economic, cultural, and political environments. This essay elaborates three theories that are key to economic analysis. Based on literature research, we provide an overview of the theoretic concepts and elaborate each in an example, focusing on one of the world’s least developed regions, the East African Community countries.
The first concept described, forms the basis for any market analysis – Growth Indicators. We link growth to trade since this is especially relevant for multinationals. We then consider the field of trade policy, elaborating Economic Integration as a key concept of trade creation and attraction of foreign businesses; the case study of the East African Community demonstrates challenges in practical implementation. One of the desired outcomes of Economic Integration is increased Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), which also has impact on economic growth and is therefore the third concept to form part of this literature research.

The paper assesses the contribution of gender approaches to understanding Europeanintegration. It offers a conceptualization of such approaches as including a distinctontology, epistemology and methodology. While feminist literature on the EuropeanUnion is diverse, all such literature sheds light on the gendered process of Europeanintegration. The authors identify two distinct contributions of this literature: (a) itillustrates the relevance of movement actors and other advocates in shaping EU policies;(b) it shows that economic integration entails the creation of new gender regimes. Thepaper illustrates these contentions presenting case studies of the EU’s response to sextrafficking, the reform of the common agricultural policy, and of enlargement.

В учебнике охвачены как научные проблемы международной экономической интеграции, путем изучения сущности, видов, форм, и теории региональной экономической интеграции (РЭИ), так и их практические вопросы, охватывающие современные тенденции развития РЭИ, подходы к оценке и их мониторингу, а также правила ВТО в отношении РЭИ. 


Каждая глава настоящего учебника для удобства освоения имеет одинаковое внутреннее строение. Она открывается списком основных учебных вопросов, после чего следует изложение их существа, которое завершается кратким выводом, перечнем вопросов и заданий для семинарского занятия, а также тестовыми вопросами.  Изложенные вопросы и задания для семинарского занятия предполагают дискуссионные обсуждения и сопоставление различных точек зрения.


Учебник состоит из 7 разделов, которые в свою очередь разбиты на 15 глав, охватывающих весь спектр отношений регулируемых международной экономической интеграцией. Таким образом, общий объем учебника составляет 278 страниц, в котором использованы ссылки на 34 русскоязычных и 135 англоязычных авторов и материалов.


Несмотря на то, что настоящий учебник составлен полностью исходя из современного состояния региональных интеграционных процессов в разных странах, он описывает также и исторические этапы их развития. В процессе работы, также были широко использованы обширные источники актуальных статистических данных по состоянию на 2018-2019 гг.


Учебник предназначен для студентов, изучающих учебную дисциплину «Международная экономическая интеграция» и обучающихся по направлению подготовки: «Мировая экономика» (квалификация (степень) «бакалавр» и «магистр»).

ÖZ 20. yüzyılın en belirgin özelliği ekonomik, kültürel/sosyal, teknolojik, iletişim, ulaşım, çevresel/demografik v.b. alanlarda ortaya çıkan yenilikler ve bu yeniliklerin ülkelere etkileri olarak görünmektedir. Bu değişimin hızı ve ülkeleri etkileyiş şekli her ülkenin bölgesel yapısı ile ülke içinde mevcut sosyal ve ekonomik yapısının durumuna bağlıdır. Ülkeler bu değişimin hızına ayak uydurmak, geride kalmamak amacıyla birbirleriyle birçok alanda ekonomik entegrasyonlar kurarak dünya refahından pay almaya çalışmışlardır. Ekonomik entegrasyonlar öncelikle ticari alanlarda serbestleşme olarak görünse de ileriki safhalarda ülkelerin ticaret dışında diğer alanlarda da ortak bir politika uyguladıkları bir küreselleşme aracıdır. Bu makalenin konusu, " Ekonomik entegrasyonların kapsamı ve türleri ile başarılı bir entegrasyonun kıstaslarının neler olması gerektiği, dünyadaki entegrasyon örneklerinin bölgesel yapıları, uluslararası ticarette ortaya çıkardığı statik ve dinamik etkiler ile entegrasyonların gelecekte nasıl bir dönüşüme uğrayacağıdır. ABSTRACT The most prominent feature of the 20th century is economic, cultural / social, technological, communication, transportation, environmental / demographic etc. The innovations emerging in the fields and the effects of these innovations on the countries. The speed of this change and the way it affects countries depends on the regional structure of each country and the current social and economic structure of the country. The countries have tried to get a share from the world's welfare by establishing economic integration in many areas with each other in order to keep up with the pace of this change or not to stay behind. While economic integrations appear primarily as liberalization in trade, they are a tool of globalization that countries in the future have adopted a common policy in areas other than trade. The issue of this article is about the scope and types of economic integration and what should be the criteria for successful integration, the regional structures of the examples of integration in the world, the static and dynamic effects of international trade, and finally how it will be transformed in the future. 1.GİRİŞ Dünya ülkeleri arasında rekabetin kontrolsüz bir şekilde artması, rekabetten kaynaklanan üretim ve tüketim kayıplarının serbest piyasa ekonomisini engellemesi ve ülkelerin birbirlerini kontrol edebilecekleri bir üçüncü örgütün olmaması iki dünya savaşının yaşanmasına neden olmuştur. II. Dünya Savaşı sonucu ortaya çıkan yıkımın etkisiyle, ülkeler bu yıkımın etkilerini azaltmak ve ekonomik dar boğazın önüne geçmek amacıyla birbirlerine karşı ekonomik alanlarda esnekliği hedeflemişlerdir. Bu amaçla üçüncü bir örgüt olarak 1948 yılında Ticaret Genel Tarife Anlaşması'nı (GATT) hayata geçirmişlerdir. Dünya ticaretinde tekrardan yıkıcı etkilerin oluşmaması amacıyla 1930 Büyük Buhran sonucu ortaya çıkan ticarette korunma önlemleri ikinci planda bırakarak ticareti serbestleştirecek kıstasların tüm üye ülkeler tarafından uygulanmasına karar verilmiştir. Bu kıstaslar aşağıdaki gibidir: En Çok Kayrılan Ülke Kuralı: Üye ülkelerin ticari partnerleri arasında ayrım yapmamasını zorunlu kılmaktadır. Bir başka deyişle, bir üye ülke, herhangi bir ülkeye tanıdığı elverişli bir gümrük tarife ve tarife dışı engelleri koşulsuz olarak tüm üye ülkelere uygulamak zorundadır. Lakin bu kurala istisna olarak kabul edilecek bir durum ülkelerin birbirleriyle girişecekleri entegrasyonlardır. Bunlar; gümrük birlikleri, serbest ticaret anlaşmaları gibi bölgesel ticaret anlaşmaları ve genel preferanslar sistemi (GPS) gibi gelişme yolundaki ülkeler lehine düşük gümrük vergisi alınması veya gümrük vergisinin alınmaması gibi ayrımcı nitelikteki

This report assesses the potential effects of integration of the Republic of Uzbekistan with the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), and lists the most promising areas of cooperation between the current Union member countries and Uzbekistan. The authors have examined the key indicators of social and economic development of Uzbekistan and the main areas of trade and investment cooperation between the republic and the EAEU, and have presented an in-depth review of two sectors that are critical for Uzbekistan and for Central Asia as a whole: transport and the water and energy complex. The authors have concluded that, inasmuch as Uzbekistan is a large and strategically positioned Central Asia player, resolution of regional development issues without its participation will not make much progress. Deeper economic integration between Uzbekistan and the EAEU may become a major driver of investment and trade cooperation.