Experiment -1

To analyse a given salt for an acid radical and basic radical.

I Physical Properties Observation Inference
1. Colour White NH4+ , Pb2+ , Al3+ may be present
2. Odour Smell of ammonia NH4+ may be present
3. Solubility Soluble in H2O
4. Dry heating test Smell of ammonia evolved NH4+ may be present
and gives dense white fumes

II Chemical Properties:
Test for Acidic Radicals,
Experiment Observation Inference
1. Salt + Dil. H2SO4 No reaction CO32-, SO32-
and NO2- are absent
-
2. Salt + Conc. H2SO4 Pungent and Choking gas Cl may be present
evolved, which gives dense
white fumes with NH4OH
3. (a) Salt + K2Cr2O7 + Conc. H2SO4 Reddish brown vapour Cl- is confirmed
evolved
(b) Pass vapour in NaOH Yellow colour obtained
(c) add acetic acid and lead acetate Yellow ppt is obtained
Test for Basic Radicals,
Experiment Observation Inference
Salt + NaOH Smell of ammonia evolved NH4+ may be present
which gives dense white
fumes with HCl
Salt + NaOH + Nessler’s reagent Brown Ppt. formed NH4+ confirmed

Result:
Acidic Radical : Cl-
Basic Radical: NH4+
Experiment -2
To analyse a given salt for an acid radical and basic radical.
I Physical Properties Observation Inference
1. Colour White NH4+ , Pb2+ , Al3+ may be present
2. Odour Smell of ammonia NH4+ may be present
3. Solubility Soluble in H2O
4. Dry heating test Smell of ammonia evolved NH4+ may be present
and gives dense white fumes

II Chemical Properties:
Test for Acidic Radicals,
Experiment Observation Inference
1. Salt + Dil. H2SO4 Brisk effervescence of CO32- may be present
colourless and odourless gas.
Salt + H2O  divide into 2 parts
Part 1 + dil. HCl Brisk effervescence which CO32- Confirmed
convert lime water milky and
excess gas causes
disappearance of milkyness
Part 2 + Phenolphthalein Solution turns pink CO32- Confirmed

Test for Basic Radicals,

Experiment Observation Inference
Salt + NaOH Smell of ammonia evolved NH4+ may be present
which gives dense white
fumes with HCl
Salt + NaOH + Nessler’s reagent Brown Ppt. formed NH4+ confirmed

Result:
Acidic Radical : CO32-
Basic Radical: NH4+
Experiment - 3
To analyse a given salt for an acid radical and basic radical.
I Physical Properties Observation Inference
1. Colour White Pb2+ may be present
2. Odour Smell of Vineger CH3COO- may be present
3. Solubility Partly soluble in H2O Pb2+ may be present
4. Dry heating test smell of vineger evolved with CH3COO- may be present
a colourless gas

II Chemical Properties:
Test for Acidic Radicals,
Experiment Observation Inference
1. Salt + Dil. H2SO4 smell of vineger evolved with CH3COO- may be present
a colourless Vapour
(i) Salt + small amount of oxalic acid + few Smell of vinegar evolved CH3COO- Confirmed
drops of water + rub the content and smell it

(ii) Aq. Solution of salt + neutral FeCl3 Red colour appear CH3COO- Confirmed
solution + Boil

Test for Basic Radicals,

Experiment Observation Inference
Salt + NaOH + Glass rod dipped in Conc. HCl No. Smell of ammonia Group 0 is absent
evolved and donot gives dense
white fumes with HCl
Salt + H2O + dl. HCl White ppt obtained Group 1 present , Pb+2 may be
present
Filter the ppt and collect it in test tube , add 4
to 5 ml water in it and boil the solution .
Divide the solution in two parts:
Part 1+ KI Yellow ppt obtained Pb2+ Confirmed
Part 2 + K2CrO4 Orange-yellow ppt formed Pb2+ Confirmed

Result:
Acidic Radical : CH3COO-
Basic Radical: Pb2+
Experiment - 4
To analyse a given salt for an acid radical and basic radical.
I Physical Properties Observation Inference
1. Colour White -
2. Odour Ouderless -
3. Solubility Soluble in H2O -
4. Dry heating test Brown coloured gas evolved NO3- may be present

II Chemical Properties:
Test for Acidic Radicals,
Experiment Observation Inference
1. Salt + Dil. H2SO4 No reaction Weak group absent

1. Salt + Conc. H2SO4 Brown gas evolved which get Strong group present , NO3- may
intensify on adding copper be present.
turnings
Brown ring test:
Aq. Solution of salt + Dil. H2SO4 + freshly Brown coloured ring formed at NO3- Confirmed
prepared FeSO4 + add conc. H2SO4 along the junction of two liquids
wall of test tube
Test for Basic Radicals,
Experiment Observation Inference
Salt + NaOH + Glass rod dipped in Conc. HCl No. Smell of ammonia Group 0 is absent
evolved and donot gives dense
white fumes with HCl
Salt + H2O + dl. HCl White ppt obtained Group 1 present , Pb+2 may be
present
Filter the ppt and collect it in test tube , add 4
to 5 ml water in it and boil the solution .
Divide the solution in two parts:
Part 1+ KI Yellow ppt obtained Pb2+ Confirmed
Part 2 + K2CrO4 Orange-yellow ppt formed Pb2+ Confirmed

Result:
Acidic Radical : NO3-
Basic Radical: Pb2+
Experiment - 5
To analyse a given salt for an acid radical and basic radical.
I Physical Properties Observation Inference
1. Colour Blue Cu2+ may be present
2. Odour Odourless -
3. Solubility Soluble in H2O -
4. Dry heating test Odourless -

II Chemical Properties:
Test for Acidic Radicals,
Experiment Observation Inference
1. Salt + Dil. H2SO4 No reaction CO32- , S2- , SO32- , CH3COO- is
absent
1. Salt + Conc. H2SO4 No reaction NO3- , Cl- , Br- , I- is absent
Salt + dil, BaCl2 White ppt forms SO42- may be present
Dissolve ppt in conc. HNO3 Ppt do not dissolve SO42- Confirmed
Aq. Solution of salt + acetic acid + White ppt forms SO42- Confirmed
Pb(CH3COO)2
Test for Basic Radicals,
Experiment Observation Inference
Salt + NaOH + Glass rod dipped in Conc. HCl No. Smell of ammonia Group 0 is absent
evolved and donot gives dense
white fumes with HCl
Salt + H2O + dl. HCl No reaction Group 1 is absent
Pass H2S gas in Original solution Black ppt forms Group 2nd is present – Cu2+ may
be present
Dissolve ppt in HNO3 and divide this in two
parts
Part 1 + K4[Fe(CN)6] Chocolate brown coloured ppt Cu2+- Confirmed
is observed
Part 2 + CH3COOH + KI White ppt in brown coloured Cu2+- Confirmed
solution

Result:
Acidic Radical : SO4-2
Basic Radical: Cu2+
Experiment -6
To analyse a given salt for an acid radical and basic radical.
I Physical Properties Observation Inference
1. Colour White -
2. Odour Odourless -
3. Solubility Sparingly soluble in H2O -
4. Dry heating test Odourless -

II Chemical Properties:
Test for Acidic Radicals,
Experiment Observation Inference
1. Salt + Dil. H2SO4 No reaction CO32- , S2- , SO32- , CH3COO- is
absent
1. Salt + Conc. H2SO4 No reaction NO3- , Cl- , Br- , I- is absent
Salt + dil, BaCl2 White ppt forms SO42- may be present
Dissolve ppt in conc. HNO3 Ppt do not dissolve SO42- Confirmed
Aq. Solution of salt + acetic acid + White ppt forms SO42- Confirmed
Pb(CH3COO)2
Test for Basic Radicals,
Experiment Observation Inference
Salt + NaOH + Glass rod dipped in Conc. HCl No. Smell of ammonia Group 0 is absent
evolved and donot gives dense
white fumes with HCl
Salt + H2O + dl. HCl No reaction Group 1 is absent
Pass H2S gas in Original solution No reaction Group 2nd is Absent
Original solution + NH4Cl + NH4OH White gelatinous ppt is Al3+ may be present
observed
Add dil. HCl in White gelatinous ppt and
divide it in two parts
Part 1 + 2 drops of blue litmus + NH4OH Blue ppt floats on colourless Al3+ Confirmed
solution
Part 2 + excess of NH4OH White ppt dissolved Al3+ Confirmed

Result:
Acidic Radical : SO4-2
Basic Radical: Al3+
Experiment -7
To analyse a given salt for an acid radical and basic radical.
I Physical Properties Observation Inference
1. Colour White Zn2+ may be present
2. Odour Smell of Vineger CH3COO- may be present
3. Solubility Partly soluble in H2O -
CH3COO- may be present
4. Dry heating test smell of vineger evolved with
a colourless gas

II Chemical Properties:
Test for Acidic Radicals,
Experiment Observation Inference
-
1. Salt + Dil. H2SO4 smell of vinegar evolved with CH3COO may be present
a colourless Vapour
(i) Salt + small amount of oxalic acid + few Smell of vinegar evolved CH3COO- Confirmed
drops of water + rub the content and smell it

(ii) Aq. Solution of salt + neutral FeCl3 Red colour appear CH3COO- Confirmed
solution + Boil

Test for Basic Radicals,

Experiment Observation Inference
Salt + NaOH + Glass rod dipped in Conc. HCl No. Smell of ammonia Group 0 is absent
evolved and donot gives dense
white fumes with HCl
Salt + H2O + dl. HCl No white ppt obtained Group 1 absent
Pass H2S gas in Original solution No reaction Group 2nd is Absent
Original solution + NH4Cl + NH4OH No white gelatinous ppt or Group 3rd is Absent
green ppt is observed
Original solution + NH4Cl + NH4OH + Pass Dirty yellow ppt is observed Group 4th is present – Zinc may
H2S gas in given solution be present
Dissolve the ppt in dil HCl to the above
solution and boil off H2S
Divide above solution in two parts:
Part 1 + NaOH White ppt appears Zn2+ confirmed
Part 2 - K4[Fe(CN)6] Bluish white ppt Zn2+ confirmed

Result:
Acidic Radical : CH3COO-
Basic Radical: Zn2+
Experiment -8
To analyse a given salt for an acid radical and basic radical.
I Physical Properties Observation Inference
1. Colour White -
Ouderless -
2. Odour
Soluble in H2O -
3. Solubility
Brown coloured gas evolved NO3- may be present
4. Dry heating test

II Chemical Properties:
Test for Acidic Radicals,
Experiment Observation Inference
1. Salt + Dil. H2SO4 No reaction Weak group absent

1. Salt + Conc. H2SO4 Brown gas evolved which get Strong group present, NO3- may
intensify on adding copper be present.
turnings
Brown ring test:
Aq. Solution of salt + Dil. H2SO4 + freshly Brown coloured ring formed at NO3- Confirmed
prepared FeSO4 + add conc. H2SO4 along the junction of two liquids
wall of test tube
Test for Basic Radicals,
Experiment Observation Inference
Salt + NaOH + Glass rod dipped in Conc. HCl No. Smell of ammonia Group 0 is absent
evolved and donot gives dense
white fumes with HCl
Salt + H2O + dl. HCl No white ppt obtained Group 1 absent
Pass H2S gas in Original solution No reaction Group 2nd is Absent
Original solution + NH4Cl + NH4OH No white gelatinous ppt or Group 3rd is Absent
green ppt is observed
Original solution + NH4Cl + NH4OH + Pass No dirty yellow ppt is Group 4th is absent
H2S gas in given solution observed
Original solution + (NH4)2 (CO3) + NH4OH White ppt formed Group 5th is present, Ba2+, Ca2+,
Sr2+ may be present.
Dissolve the ppt in CH3COOH and add Yellow ppt forms Ba2+ is confirmed
K2CrO4
Result:
Acidic Radical : NO3-
Basic Radical: Ba2+
Experiment -9
To analyse a given salt for an acid radical and basic radical.
I Physical Properties Observation Inference
1. Colour White -
Ouderless -
2. Odour
Soluble in H2O -
3. Solubility
Brown coloured gas evolved NO3- may be present
4. Dry heating test

II Chemical Properties:
Test for Acidic Radicals,
Experiment Observation Inference
1. Salt + Dil. H2SO4 No reaction Weak group absent

1. Salt + Conc. H2SO4 Brown gas evolved which get Strong group present, NO3- may
intensify on adding copper be present.
turnings
Brown ring test:
Aq. Solution of salt + Dil. H2SO4 + freshly Brown coloured ring formed at NO3- Confirmed
prepared FeSO4 + add conc. H2SO4 along the junction of two liquids
wall of test tube
Test for Basic Radicals,
Experiment Observation Inference
Salt + NaOH + Glass rod dipped in Conc. HCl No. Smell of ammonia Group 0 is absent
evolved and donot gives dense
white fumes with HCl
Salt + H2O + dl. HCl No white ppt obtained Group 1 absent
Pass H2S gas in Original solution No reaction Group 2nd is Absent
Original solution + NH4Cl + NH4OH No white gelatinous ppt or Group 3rd is Absent
green ppt is observed
Original solution + NH4Cl + NH4OH + Pass No dirty yellow ppt is Group 4th is absent
H2S gas in given solution observed
Original solution + (NH4)2 (CO3) + NH4OH White ppt formed Group 5th is present, Ba2+, Ca2+,
Sr2+ may be present.
Dissolve the ppt in CH3COOH and divide it in
two parts
Part 1 + add K2CrO4 No yellow ppt forms Ba2+ is absent
Part 2 + (NH4)2SO4 White ppt forms Sr2+ is present

Result:
Acidic Radical : NO3-
Basic Radical: Sr2+
Experiment - 10
To analyse a given salt for an acid radical and basic radical.
I Physical Properties Observation Inference
1. Colour White -
Odourless -
2. Odour
Soluble in H2O -
3. Solubility
Brown coloured gas evolved NO3- may be present
4. Dry heating test

II Chemical Properties:
Test for Acidic Radicals,
Experiment Observation Inference
1. Salt + Dil. H2SO4 No reaction Weak group absent

1. Salt + Conc. H2SO4 Brown gas evolved which get Strong group present, NO3- may
intensify on adding copper be present.
turnings
Brown ring test:
Aq. Solution of salt + Dil. H2SO4 + freshly Brown coloured ring formed at NO3- Confirmed
prepared FeSO4 + add conc. H2SO4 along the junction of two liquids
wall of test tube
Test for Basic Radicals,
Experiment Observation Inference
Salt + NaOH + Glass rod dipped in Conc. HCl No. Smell of ammonia Group 0 is absent
evolved and donot gives dense
white fumes with HCl
Salt + H2O + dl. HCl No white ppt obtained Group 1 absent
Pass H2S gas in Original solution No reaction Group 2nd is Absent
Original solution + NH4Cl + NH4OH No white gelatinous ppt or Group 3rd is Absent
green ppt is observed
Original solution + NH4Cl + NH4OH + Pass No dirty yellow ppt is Group 4th is absent
H2S gas in given solution observed
Original solution + (NH4)2 (CO3) + NH4OH White ppt formed Group 5th is present, Ba2+, Ca2+,
Sr2+ may be present.
Dissolve the ppt in CH3COOH and divide it in
three parts
Part 1 + add K2CrO4 No yellow ppt forms Ba2+ is absent
Part 2 + (NH4)2SO4 No white ppt forms Sr2+ is absent
Part 3 + (NH4)2C2O4 White ppt forms Ca2+ confirmed

Result:
Acidic Radical : NO3-
Basic Radical: Ca2+
Experiment - 11
To analyse a given salt for an acid radical and basic radical.
I Physical Properties Observation Inference
1. Colour White -
Odourless -
2. Odour
Soluble in H2O -
3. Solubility
- _
4. Dry heating test

II Chemical Properties:
Test for Acidic Radicals,
Experiment Observation Inference
1. Salt + Dil. H2SO4 No reaction CO32- , S2- , SO32- , CH3COO- is
absent
1. Salt + Conc. H2SO4 No reaction NO3- , Cl- , Br- , I- is absent
Salt + dil, BaCl2 White ppt forms SO42- may be present
Dissolve ppt in conc. HNO3 Ppt do not dissolve SO42- Confirmed
Test for Basic Radicals,
Experiment Observation Inference
Salt + NaOH + Glass rod dipped in Conc. HCl No. Smell of ammonia Group 0 is absent
evolved and donot gives dense
white fumes with HCl
Salt + H2O + dl. HCl No white ppt obtained Group 1 absent
Pass H2S gas in Original solution No reaction Group 2nd is Absent
Original solution + NH4Cl + NH4OH No white gelatinous ppt or Group 3rd is Absent
green ppt is observed
Original solution + NH4Cl + NH4OH + Pass No dirty yellow ppt is Group 4th is absent
H2S gas in given solution observed
Original solution + (NH4)2 (CO3) + NH4OH No white ppt formed Group 5th is absent

Original solution + (NH4)2 (CO3) + NH4OH White ppt formed Mg2+ ion confirmed
+ Na2HPO4
Result:
Acidic Radical : SO42-
Basic Radical: Mg2+
Experiment - 12
Aim :
Prepare 0.05 M solution of ferrous ammonium sulphate. using
this solution find out the molarity and strength of the given
KMnO4 solution
Apparatus and Chemical Required:
Mohar salt , Volumeric flask , funnel , distilled water,
electronic balance, dil. H2SO4 , Beaker, Conical Flask,
Burette, Pippet, KMnO4 solution , Clamp , Stand.
Theory:
(i) Mohar salt having the formula FeSO4(NH4)2SO4.6H2O
Has molar mass 392g mol-1, its equivalent mass is 392 gm eq
as its n factor is 1 as per the following equation.
Fe2+ Fe3+ + e-
(ii) The reaction between KMnO4 and Mohar salt is a redox
reaction and the tiraration is is known as redox titration.
(iii) Mohar salt is a reducing agent and KMnO 4 is the
oxidizing agent.
(iv) KMnO4 is the oxidizing agent, in all mediums i.e acidic,
basic and neutral.
(v) KMnO4 is the strongest oxidizing agent in acidic medium
hence dilute H2SO4 is added before starting the titration.
Chemical Equation:
(i) Molecular Equation:
2 KMnO4 + 3 H2SO4 K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 3H2O+5[O]
2FeSO4(NH4)2SO4.6H2O Fe2(SO4)3 + 2 (NH4)2SO4 +
13 H2O ] × 5

2 KMnO4 + 8 H2SO4 + 10 FeSO4(NH4)2SO4.6H2O

K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 68H2O+ Fe2(SO4)3 + 10 (NH4)2SO4

(ii) Ionic Equations:

MnO4- + 8H++ 5e- Mn2+ + 4H2O
Fe2+ Fe3+ + e- ] × 5

MnO4- + 8H+ + Fe2+ Mn2+ + 4H2O + Fe3+

Indicator: KMnO4 act as a self indicator

End Point : Colorless to light pink

Calculations: Observation Table:

1. Molarity of KMnO4 S.No. Volume Initial Final Volume of

of reading reading KMnO4
N1V1 = N2V2 pipette on on (Vi – Vf)
M1 × nf 1 × V1 = M2 × nf 2 × V2 (ml) burette burette
(Vi) (Vf)
Here,
1. 20
N1 = Normality of FAS
N2 = Normality of KMnO4 2. 20
M1 = Molarity of FAS (0.05 M) 3. 20
M2 = Molarity of KMnO4 4. 20
V1 = Volume of FAS used (20 ml) Concordant value:
V2 = Volume of KMnO4 used Weight of mohr’s salt = 4.9gm
nf 1 = Valance Factor of FAS (1) Volume of solution prepared = 250 ml
nf 2 = Valance Factor of KMnO4 (5) Solution taken in burette = KMnO4 solution
0.05 × 1 × 20 = M2 × 5 × _ Molarity of mohr’s salt solution : 0.05 M
𝟎. 𝟎𝟓 × 𝟏 × 𝟐𝟎
𝑴𝟐 = Result :
𝟓×_ Molarity of KMnO4 =
Strength Of KMnO4 =
2. Strength of KMnO4: Precautions:
Strength = M2 × molar mass of KMnO4 (i) Glass apparatus should be washed properly with water
Strength = M2 × 158 g/L (ii) Inner side of burette and funnel should be rinsed with
KMnO4 whereas inner walls of pipette and conical flask
should be rinsed with FAS
(iii) No air column or bubble should be there in burette and
pipette.
Experiment - 13
Aim :
Prepare 0.02 M solution of Oxalic Acid. using this solution
find out the molarity and strength of the given Potassium
Permanganate (KMnO4) solution
Apparatus and Chemical Required:
Oxalic Acid, Volumeric flask , funnel , distilled water,
electronic balance, dil. H2SO4 , Beaker, Conical Flask,
Burette, Pippet, KMnO4 solution , Clamp , Stand, Water bath.
Theory:
(i) Oxalic Acid having the formula H2C2O4.2H2O has molar
mass 126.07 g mol-1, its equivalent mass is 126.07 gm eq as
its n factor is 1 as per the following equation.
C2O42+ CO2
(ii) The reaction between KMnO4 and Oxalic Acid is a
redox reaction and the tiraration is is known as redox titration.
(iii) Oxalic Acid is a reducing agent and KMnO4 is the
oxidizing agent.
(iv) KMnO4 is the oxidizing agent, in all mediums i.e acidic,
basic and neutral.
(v) KMnO4 is the strongest oxidizing agent in acidic medium
hence dilute H2SO4 is added before starting the titration.
(vi) heating of reaction mixture is necessary as this reaction
requires high temperature
Chemical Equation:
(i) Molecular Equation:
2 KMnO4 + 3 H2SO4 K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 3H2O+5[O]
H2C2O4.2H2O CO2 + 3 H2O ] × 5

2 KMnO4 + 3 H2SO4 + 5 H2C2O4.2H2O K2SO4 + 2MnSO4

+ 18H2O + 10 CO2

(ii) Ionic Equations:

MnO4- + 8H++ 5e- Mn2+ + 4H2O ] ×2
2- -
C2O4 CO2 + e ] × 5

MnO4- + 8H+ + C2O42+ Mn2+ + 4H2O] × 2

Indicator: KMnO4 act as a self indicator
End Point : Colorless to light pink
Calculations: Observation Table:
1. Molarity of KMnO4 S.No. Volume Initial Final Volume of
of reading reading KMnO4
N1V1 = N2V2 pipette on on (Vi – Vf)
M1 × nf 1 × V1 = M2 × nf 2 × V2 (ml) burette burette
Here, (Vi) (Vf)
N1 = Normality of Oxalic Acid 1. 20
N2 = Normality of KMnO4 2. 20
M1 = Molarity of Oxalic Acid (0.02 M) 3. 20
M2 = Molarity of KMnO4 4. 20
V1 = Volume of Oxalic Acid used (20 ml)
V2 = Volume of KMnO4 used Concordant value:
nf 1 = Valance Factor of Oxalic Acid (1) Weight of mohr’s salt = 4.9gm
nf 2 = Valance Factor of KMnO4 (5) Volume of solution prepared = 250 ml
0.05 × 1 × 20 = M2 × 5 × _ Solution taken in burette = KMnO4 solution
𝟎. 𝟎𝟓 × 𝟏 × 𝟐𝟎 Molarity of mohr’s salt solution : 0.05 M
𝑴𝟐 =
𝟓×_ Result :
Molarity of KMnO4 =
2. Strength of KMnO4: Strength Of KMnO4 =
Strength = M2 × molar mass of KMnO4 Precautions:
Strength = M2 × 158 g/L (i) Glass apparatus should be washed properly with water
(ii) Inner side of burette and funnel should be rinsed with
KMnO4 whereas inner walls of pipette and conical flask
should be rinsed with Oxalic Acid
(iii) No air column or bubble should be there in burette and
pipette.
Experiment – 14

To analyse a given salt for an acid radical and basic radical.

I Physical Properties Observation Inference

1. Colour Blue Cu2+ may be present

-
2. Odour Odourless

-
3. Solubility Soluble in H2O

4. Dry heating test Gives greenish blue flame and Cu2+ may be present
Reddish brown gas is evolved
on strong heating. A black Nitrate may be present
ppt is formed

II Chemical Properties:

Test for Acidic Radicals,

Experiment Observation Inference

1. Salt + Dil. H2SO4 No reaction CO32- , S2- , SO32- , CH3COO- is

absent

1. Salt + Conc. H2SO4 + warming Brown fumes with pungent NO3- May be present
smell, Intensify on adding a Cu
turning

Confirmatory Test:
A little of salt mixed with equal volume of A Brown ring is appeared at Nitrate is confirmed
freshly prepared ferrous sulphate solution and the junction of two liquids
shaken well con.H2SO4 is then added to this
mixture along the walls of the test tube

Test for Basic Radicals,

Experiment Observation Inference

Salt + NaOH + Glass rod dipped in Conc. HCl No. Smell of ammonia Group 0 is absent
evolved and donot gives dense
white fumes with HCl

Salt + H2O + dl. HCl No reaction Group 1 is absent

Pass H2S gas in Original solution Black ppt forms Group 2nd is present – Cu2+ may
be present
Dissolve ppt in HNO3 and divide this in two
parts

Part 1 + K4[Fe(CN)6] Chocolate brown coloured ppt Cu2+- Confirmed

 is observed

Part 2 + CH3COOH + KI White ppt in brown coloured Cu2+- Confirmed

solution

Result:

Acidic Radical : NO3-

Basic Radical: Cu2+

Experiment -15

To analyse a given salt for an acid radical and basic radical.

I Physical Properties Observation Inference

1. Colour Colourless crystalline salt Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Mn2+, Co2+salts

are absent

2. Odour -
Odourless

3. Solubility Soluble in H2O -

4. Dry heating test No characteristic flame is Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Mn2+,

observed & Loss of water Co2+salts are absent & Hydrated
salt

II Chemical Properties:

Test for Acidic Radicals,

Experiment Observation Inference

1. Salt + Dil. H2SO4 No reaction CO32- , S2- , SO32- , CH3COO- is

absent

1. Salt + Conc. H2SO4 No reaction NO3- , Cl- , Br- , I- is absent

Salt + dil, BaCl2 White ppt forms SO42- may be present

Dissolve ppt in conc. HNO3 Ppt do not dissolve SO42- Confirmed

Aq. Solution of salt + acetic acid + White ppt forms SO42- Confirmed
Pb(CH3COO)2

Experiment Observation Inference

Salt + NaOH + Glass rod dipped in Conc. HCl No. Smell of ammonia Group 0 is absent
evolved and donot gives dense
white fumes with HCl

Salt + H2O + dl. HCl No white ppt obtained Group 1 absent

Pass H2S gas in Original solution No reaction Group 2nd is Absent

Original solution + NH4Cl + NH4OH No white gelatinous ppt or Group 3rd is Absent
green ppt is observed

Original solution + NH4Cl + NH4OH + Pass Dirty yellow ppt is observed Group 4th is present – Zinc may
H2S gas in given solution be present

Dissolve the ppt in dil HCl to the above

solution and boil off H2S
 Divide above solution in two parts:

Part 1 + NaOH White ppt appears Zn2+ confirmed

Part 2 - K4[Fe(CN)6] Bluish white ppt Zn2+ confirmed

Result:

Acidic Radical : SO42-

Basic Radical: Zn2+

Experiment -16

To analyse a given salt for an acid radical and basic radical.

I Physical Properties Observation Inference

1. Colour White NH4+ , Pb2+ , Al3+ may be present

2. Odour Smell of ammonia NH4+ may be present

3. Solubility Soluble in H2O

NH4+ may be present

4. Dry heating test Smell of ammonia evolved
and gives dense white fumes

II Chemical Properties:

Test for Acidic Radicals,

Experiment Observation Inference

1. Salt + Dil. H2SO4 No reaction CO32- , S2- , SO32- , CH3COO- is

absent

1. Salt + Conc. H2SO4 + warming Brown fumes with pungent NO3- May be present
smell, Intensify on adding a Cu
turning

Confirmatory Test:
A little of salt mixed with equal volume of A Brown ring is appeared at Nitrate is confirmed
freshly prepared ferrous sulphate solution and the junction of two liquids
shaken well con.H2SO4 is then added to this
mixture along the walls of the test tube

Test for Basic Radicals,

Experiment Observation Inference

Salt + NaOH Smell of ammonia evolved NH4+ may be present

which gives dense white
fumes with HCl

Salt + NaOH + Nessler’s reagent Brown Ppt. formed NH4+ confirmed

Result:

Acidic Radical : NO3-

Basic Radical: NH4+

Experiment - 17
To analyse a given salt for an acid radical and basic radical.
I Physical Properties Observation Inference
1. Colour White -
Odourless -
2. Odour
Soluble in H2O -
3. Solubility
- _
4. Dry heating test

II Chemical Properties:
Test for Acidic Radicals,
Experiment Observation Inference
1. Salt + Dil. H2SO4 No reaction Weak group absent

1. Salt + Conc. H2SO4 Brown gas evolved which get Strong group present, NO3- may
intensify on adding copper be present.
turnings
Brown ring test:
Aq. Solution of salt + Dil. H2SO4 + freshly Brown coloured ring formed NO3- Confirmed
prepared FeSO4 + add conc. H2SO4 along the at junction of two liquids
wall of test tube

Test for Basic Radicals

Experiment Observation Inference
Salt + NaOH + Glass rod dipped in Conc. No. Smell of ammonia Group 0 is absent
HCl evolved and donot gives
dense white fumes with HCl
Salt + H2O + dl. HCl No white ppt obtained Group 1 absent
Pass H2S gas in Original solution No reaction Group 2nd is Absent
Original solution + NH4Cl + NH4OH No white gelatinous ppt or Group 3rd is Absent
green ppt is observed
Original solution + NH4Cl + NH4OH + Pass No dirty yellow ppt is Group 4th is absent
H2S gas in given solution observed
Original solution + (NH4)2 (CO3) + NH4OH No white ppt formed Group 5th is absent

Original solution + (NH4)2 (CO3) + NH4OH White ppt formed Mg2+ ion confirmed
+ Na2HPO4
Result:
Acidic Radical : NO3-
Basic Radical: Mg2+
Experiment – 18
Identify the functional group present in the given organic compound
I Physical Properties Observation
1. Colour Colourless
2. Physical state Liquid
3. Odour Smell of vinegar
4. Solubility Soluble in H2O

S.No. Experiment Observation Inference

1. Nature of compound – Organic compound is acidic in
put a blue litmus paper in compound Litmus paper turns red nature and may be –COOH
2. Burning test – Compound is aliphatic
take some organic compound on glass rod The compound burns with
and bring it in to the flame non-sooty flame
3. Detection of element-
Lassaigne solution + NaOH + Freshly Green ppt
prepared FeSO4 N is absent

Add few drops of Dil. H2SO4 Solution does not turns green
or blue
4. Test for unsaturation-
0.5g of organic compound + 1 ml of 2% aq. Pink colour Of KMnO4 do not Compound is saturated
KMnO4 drop wise disappear

5. Test for functional group:

(i) Compound + a pinch of NaHCO3 Brisk effervescence -COOH Group is present
colourless and odourless gas
(ii) Ester Test: evolved
Organic compound+2 to 3 drops H2SO4 +
0.5 ml C2H5OH + Warm Fruity smell evolved -COOH group is confirmed

(iii) FeCl3 test:

5 ml water in test tube + 0.5 g of organic Red precipitate is observed -COOH group is confirmed
Compound + NH4OH until a clear
solution in not observe + FeCl3 (neutral)

Result: Carboxylic Acid (-COOH) group is present in the given organic compound
Experiment - 19
Identify the functional group present in the given organic compound
I Physical Properties Observation
1. Colour Colourless
2. Physical state Liquid
3. Odour Pleasant smell like that of spirit
4. Solubility Soluble in H2O

S.No. Experiment Observation Inference

1. Nature of compound – Organic compound is neutral
put a blue litmus paper in compound No reaction
put a Red litmus paper in compound No reaction
2. Burning test – The compound burns with Compound is aliphatic
take some organic compound on glass rod non-sooty flame
and bring it in to the flame
3. Detection of element- Green ppt N is absent
Lassaigne solution + NaOH + Freshly
prepared FeSO4

Add few drops of Dil. H2SO4 Solution does not turns green
or blue
4. Test for unsaturation-
0.5g of organic compound + 1 ml of 2% aq. Pink colour Of KMnO4 do not Compound is saturated
KMnO4 drop wise disappear

5. Test for functional group:

(i) Compound + ceric ammonium nitrate Solution turns Red -OH group is confirmed
solution

(ii) Ester Test:

Organic compound+2 to 3 drops conc. Fruity smell evolved -OH group is confirmed
H2SO4 + CH3COONa + Warm

(iii) Sodium Test:

Organic liquid + Na Piece Brisk effervescence with -OH group is confirmed
evolution of odourless gas
(H2)

(iv) Xanthate test:

Organic compound + 2 to 3 drops carbon di Yellow precipitate appears -OH group is confirmed
sulphide + Warm

Result: Alcoholic (-OH) group is present in the given organic compound

Experiment - 20
Identify the functional group present in the given organic compound
I Physical Properties Observation
1. Colour Pink Colour
2. Physical state solid
3. Odour Phenolic smell
4. Solubility Soluble in H2O

S.No. Experiment Observation Inference

1. Nature of compound –
put a blue litmus paper in compound Blue litmus turns Red Organic compound is Acidic,
may be phenolic or carboxylic
Acid
2. Burning test – The compound burns with Compound is Aromatic
take some organic compound on glass rod sooty flame
and bring it in to the flame
3. Detection of element- Green ppt N is absent
Lassaigne solution + NaOH + Freshly
prepared FeSO4

Add few drops of Dil. H2SO4 Solution does not turns green
or blue
4. Test for unsaturation-
0.5g of organic compound + 1 ml of 2% aq. Pink colour Of KMnO4 do not Compound is saturated
KMnO4 drop wise disappear

5. Test for functional group:

(i) FeCl3 Test -
Aq. Solution of compound+ neutral FeCl3 Solution turns Green Phenolic Group is present
Solution

(ii) Libemann Nitroso Test

(a) Compound + solid NaNO2 + Dil. Blue Coloured solution is
H2SO4 obtained

(b) Dilute the above solution with The solution become red. Phenolic Group is confirmed
distilled water

(c) Above red Solution + NaOH The colour of above solution

again become blue
(iii) Phthalein Test:
0.5 g of organic compound + 0.1 g of
Phthalic anhydride + 1-2 drops of conc. Intense pink colour produced Phenolic Group is confirmed
H2SO4 + add whole content in water
containing Beaker

Result: Phenolic ( >C-OH) group is present in the given organic compound

Experiment - 21
Identify the functional group present in the given organic compound
I Physical Properties Observation
1. Colour Colourless
2. Physical state Liquid
3. Odour Pungent Smell
4. Solubility Soluble in H2O

S.No. Experiment Observation Inference

1. Nature of compound –
put a blue litmus paper in compound No reaction Organic compound is neutral
put a Red litmus paper in compound No reaction
2. Burning test – The compound burns with Compound is aliphatic
take some organic compound on glass rod non-sooty flame
and bring it in to the flame
3. Detection of element- Green ppt N is absent
Lassaigne solution + NaOH + Freshly
prepared FeSO4

Add few drops of Dil. H2SO4 Solution does not turns green
or blue
4. Test for unsaturation-
0.5g of organic compound + 1 ml of 2% aq. Pink colour Of KMnO4 do not Compound is saturated
KMnO4 drop wise disappear

5. Test for functional group:

(i) Compound + 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine Yellow ppt forms Carbonyl Group is present
+ Shake

(ii) Compound + Tollen’s Reagent + Warm Silver mirror is formed -CHO group is present
on Water bath

(iii) Compound + Fehling’s Solution (A+B) Red ppt is Formed -CHO group is present

(iv) Compound + Schiff’s reagent Red colouration -CHO group is confirmed

Result: Aldehyde (-CHO) group is present in the given organic compound

Experiment - 22
Identify the functional group present in the given organic compound
I Physical Properties Observation
1. Colour Colourless
2. Physical state Liquid
3. Odour Smell like Nail paint remover
4. Solubility Insoluble in H2O

S.No. Experiment Observation Inference

1. Nature of compound –
put a blue litmus paper in compound No reaction Organic compound is neutral
put a Red litmus paper in compound No reaction

2. Burning test –
take some organic compound on glass rod The compound burns with Compound is aliphatic
and bring it in to the flame non-sooty flame

3. Detection of element-
Lassaigne solution + NaOH + Freshly Green ppt
prepared FeSO4
N is absent
Add few drops of Dil. H2SO4
Solution does not turns green
or blue

4. Test for unsaturation-

0.5g of organic compound + 1 ml of 2% aq. Pink colour Of KMnO4 do not Compound is saturated
KMnO4 drop wise disappear

5. Test for functional group:

(i) Compound + 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine Yellow ppt forms Carbonyl Group is present
+ Shake

(ii) Compound + Tollen’s Reagent + Warm No reaction -CHO group is absent

on Water bath

(iii) Nitroprusside Test: A wine red colouration >C=O group is present

Compound + Sodium nitroprusside +
NaOH

(iv) m- Dinitrobenzene test-

Compound + powdered m- A violet colour appears >C=O group is confirmed
dinitrobenzene + Dil. NaOH in excess,
shake well

Result: Ketone (>C=O) group is present in the given organic compound

Experiment – 23
Identify the functional group present in the given organic compound
I Physical Properties Observation
1. Colour Colourless
2. Physical state Liquid
3. Odour Pungent Smell
4. Solubility Partly soluble in H2O

S.No. Experiment Observation Inference

1. Nature of compound –
Put a Red litmus paper in compound It turns Blue Organic compound is Basic In
Nature
2. Burning test – The compound burns with Compound is Aromatic
take some organic compound on glass rod sooty flame
and bring it in to the flame
3. Detection of element- Green ppt N is present
Lassaigne solution + NaOH + Freshly
prepared FeSO4

Add few drops of Dil. H2SO4 Solution turns blue Coloured

4. Test for unsaturation-

0.5g of organic compound + 1 ml of 2% aq. Pink colour Of KMnO4 do not Compound is saturated
KMnO4 drop wise disappear

5. Test for functional group:

(i) Organic Compound + few drops of conc. Orange –Red dye is formed Aromatic Amine group is
HCl + solid NaNO2. Cool the solution in Confirmed
ice bath. Add alkaline β-Napthol is cold

(ii) Organic Compound + few drops of conc. Brisk effervescence due to Aromatic Amine group is
HCl + 2 ml of ice cold NaNO2 solution the evolution of nitrogen gas Confirmed

Result: Amino (-NH2) group is present in the given organic compound

Experiment - 24
To analyse a given sample of food for the presence of Carbohydrate.
S. No Experiment Observation Inference
1. Molisch’s Test: A red violet ring is produced Carbohydrate is confirmed
1-2 ml of aqueous solution of substance + at their junction of two layers
1 to 2 drops of Molisch’s reagent + add
conc. H2SO4 along the wall of test tube.

2. Benedict’s Test: Red coloured precipitate Carbohydrate is confirmed

1-2 ml of aqueous solution of substance + appears
1 to 2 drops of Benedict’s reagent + Place
the test tube in water bath.

3. Fehling’s Test: Red coloured precipitate Carbohydrate is confirmed

1-2 ml of aqueous solution of substance + appears
1 to 2 drops of Fehling’s reagent (Fehling
A + Fehling B) + Place the test tube in
water bath

Result:
The given food stuff contains carbohydrate
Experiment – 25
To analyse a given sample of food for the presence of Fats.
S. No Experiment Observation Inference
1. Spot Test: A greasy spot or a translucent Fat is confirmed
Press a little of the substance in the folds spot on filter paper
of filter paper, unfold it after some time.

2. Acrolein Test: A pungent irritating smell Fat is confirmed

Food substance + KHSO4 + Heat

3. Solubility Test:
Food substance + Water Immiscible in water Fat is confirmed
Food substance + Alcohol Immiscible in alcohol but
become soluble on heating

Result:
The given food stuff contains Fats
Experiment – 26
To analyse a given sample of food for the presence of Proteins.
S. No Experiment Observation Inference
1. Biuret Test: Bluish Violet colouration Protein is confirmed
Food sample + 2ml of Conc. NaOH + 1%
CuSO4 + Warm The Solution

2. Xanthoproteic Test: Yellow Precipitate Appears Protein is confirmed

Food sample + 2ml of Conc. HNO3 +
Warm The Solution

3. Millon’s Test: Protein is confirmed

Food sample + 2 drops of Millon’s White ppt turns brick red
Reagent + Warm The Solution

Result:
The given food stuff contains Protein