Harappa Civilisation Important

Harappa
Civilisation
(Static GK)
By – Indo Pathshala
Contact Number – 9123206137
https://www.youtube.com/@indopathshala400
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 Harappan Civilization is the earliest known urban culture of the Indian subcontinent.
 The nuclear dates of the civilization appear to be about 2500–1750 BCE, though the
southern sites may have lasted later into the 2nd millennium BCE.It is also known as
the Indus Valley Civilization
 The Indus Valley Civilization thrived from 3300 to 1300 BCE in its early years and from
2600 to 1900 BCE in its prime years.
 This civilization’s domain stretched from what is now northeast Afghanistan through
Pakistan and northwest India along the Indus River
 This civilization is famous for its advanced urban planning, craftsmanship, and script.
 The Indus Civilisation was the most widespread of the three early civilizations of the
ancient world, along with Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia
 Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro were thought to be the two great cities of the Indus Valley
Civilization, emerging around 2600 BCE along the Indus River Valley in the Sindh and
Punjab provinces of Pakistan.
 Their discovery and excavation in the 19th and 20th centuries provided important
archaeological data about ancient cultures
 It is called Harappa because this civilization was first discovered in 1921 at the modern
site of Harappa situated in West Punjab (Pakistan)
 Harappa was excavated in 1921, by Dayaram Sahni while Mohenjo-Daro was discovered
by R. Das Banerji in 1922 in the Larkana district of Sindh
 It is said that the shape of the civilization was triangular being spread over 12,99,600 sq.
km
 Some of the major Harappan sites are-
 Dholavira and Lothal are located in Gujarat
 Balathal and Kalibangan are located in the state of Rajasthan
 Rakhigarhi is situated in Haryana
 Ropar is another site currently located in Punjab

Harappan Civilization Time Period
 Three are four phases of Harappan Civilization in terms of the time period. They are as
follows
 Early Harappan Phase (3300 BCE to 2600 BCE)
 Mature Harappan Phase (2600 BCE to 1900 BCE)
 Late Harappan Phase (1900 BCE to 1300 BCE)
 Later Harappan phase (which is found in Rangpur and Rojdi in the Kathiawar Peninsula,
Gujarat)
Early Harappan Phase From 3300 to 2600 BCE

 The Early Harappan Phase, spanning 3300 to 2600 BCE, witnessed the emergence of
settlements with rudimentary urban features in the Indus Valley. These early
communities displayed initial signs of craftsmanship and trade
Mature Harappan Phase From 2600 to 1900 BCE

 The Mature Harappan Phase, lasting from 2600 to 1900 BCE, marked the apex of the
Indus Valley Civilization. Flourishing cities, advanced urban planning, sophisticated trade
networks, and intricate craftsmanship characterized this period
Late Harappan Phase From 1900 to 1300 BCE

 The Late Harappan Phase, spanning 1900 to 1300 BCE, saw a decline in urbanism and
centralized authority in the Indus Valley. The disintegration of major cities, shifts in
settlement patterns, and changes in trade routes marked this phase, signifying the
civilization’s gradual decline
Archaeological Sites of Harappan Civilization
Archaeological
Discoverers of Sites Year of Discovery
Sites Findings
Harappan sites and Archaeological Findings
 6 granaries
 Seal (figure of a
goddess on it)
 Stone symbols of
male and female
Harappa sex organs. Dayaram Sahni 1921
 Painted Pottery
 Vanity Box
 Copper made
Mirror
 Dice
 Clay figure of

Archaeological Discoverers of Sites Year of Discovery
Sites Findings
Mother Goddess
 Wheat and
barley in a
wooden mortar
 Great Granary
 Great bath
(largest building
of Harappa
civilization)
 Assembly Hall
 Pashupati
Mahadev
 Bronze Image of
women dancer
 Steatite image of
a bearded man
 Human Skeletons
Mohenjo-Daro Rakhal Das Banerji 1922
huddled together
 Clay figured
Mother Goddess
 Painted Seal
 Fragment of
woven cotton
 Brick Kilns
 2 Mesopotamian
Seals
 Dice
 Seals (more than
50% of the seals
have been found
from here)
 Dockyard
 Rice Husk
 Shell ornament
Lothal maker S.R.Rao 1957
 Bead makers’
shop
 Fire altars
 Terracotta

Sites Findings
figurine of a
horse
 Double burial
 Terracotta model
of ship Iranian
and Bahraini seal
 Metal Workers
 Painted Jar
 Ploughed field
 7 fire altars
 Decorated bricks
Kalibangan Luigi Pio Tessitori 1953
 Wheels of aToy
Cart
 Mesopotamian
cylindrical seal
 No citadel
 Inkpot
 Lipstick
 Metal workers
 Shell ornament
makers
Chanhudaro N.G.Majumdar 1931
 Bead makers
 Imprint of a
dog’s paw on the
brick
 Terracotta model
of a bullock
 Bronze toy cart
 Grid pattern
town planning
 Toy plough
Ravindra Singh
Banawali  Clay figures of 1974
Mother Goddess. Bhist
 Lack of
systematic
drainage pattern

Sites Findings
 Water
harnessing
system
 Water drainage
system
 A large well and
Ravindra Singh
Dholavira a bath 1991
 The only site is Bhist
to be divided
into 3 parts
 Largest
Harappan
inscription
 A Stadium
 Bone of horse
Surkotada Sri Jagat Pati Joshi 1964-1968,
 Oval grave
 Pot burials
 Bronze images
with a charioteer
Daimabad B.P. Bopardikar 1958
with a chariot,
ox, elephant, and
rhinoceros.
 A trade point
Sutkagendor Stein 1929
between Harappa
and Babylon
Amri  Antelope N.G Majumdar 1935

evidence
Locations
Main Sites Related Rivers
Indus Valley Civilization on the Current Map

Locations
Main Sites Related Rivers
Montgomery District,
Harappa Ravi
Pakistan
Larkana District of Sindh,

Mohenjo-Daro Daro Sindhu
Pakistan
Hanumangarh of
Kalibanga Ghaghara
Rajasthan
Lothal Bhogwa Ahmedabad of Gujarat
Ropar Sutlej Ropar district of Punjab
Manda Chenab Jammu and Kashmir
Ahmednagar District of
Daimabad Pravara
Maharashtra
Meerut District of Uttar

Alamgirpur Hindon
Pradesh
Balochistan Makran
Sutkagendor Dasht
Coast, Pakistan
Kathiyawadi district of
Rangpur Madar
Gujarat

Urban Planning in Harappan Civilization
 The Indus Valley Civilization, flourishing from around 3300 to 1300 BCE, exhibited
advanced town planning that reflected a high level of urban sophistication
 Cities were planned on a grid pattern with well-defined streets that intersected at right
angles, indicating a remarkable sense of geometric planning
 The cities in Indus Valley Civilization were divided into two or more parts
 The eastern portion of the city was located in lower level but was larger in size. The
western portion of the city was situated higher but was much smaller in size, this was the
citadel
 In certain cities of Indus Valley Civilization, special buildings have been constructed on
citadel. For instance, in case of Mohenjodaro of Indus Valley Civilization, special tank had
been placed in citadel and it was termed as “Great Bath”.
 Streets were wide and laid out in a north-south and east-west orientation. They were
equipped with a sophisticated drainage system, including covered drains that ran
beneath the streets
 Houses were typically two or more stories high, with rooms arranged around a central
courtyard. They often included features like private wells and bathing areas, emphasizing
a focus on hygiene
 Burnt bricks were used in the construction
 Underground drainage system (giant water reservoirs were found in Dholavira)
 Houses in harappan civilization were well planned and the material which was used for
building included sun-dried bricks and burnt bricks
 Houses had a separate bathing areas and were mostly one or two- storeyed
 The houses had wells and each house had proper drainage system planned and were
connected with the streets
 The streets had proper planning of waste disposal, water supply and lighting
 Private baths were common in the cities of Lothal, Harappa, and Mohenjo-Daro as many of
them were excavated during archaeological digs

 Sanitary sewers were underground pathways for ways to travel. The main sewer was
connected to all of the north to south and east to west sewers, as it ran through the city
 Corbelled drains were the main source of collecting sewage and rainwater, they may have
also been used to drain large baths that the people use for ritual bathing
Indus Valley Civilization Great Bath

 The “first public water tank in the ancient world” is another name for Mohenjo-Great
Daro’s Bath. Mostly and exclusively utilised for religious rituals, the Great Bath was also
occasionally used for bathing
 There is no indication of a temple around, therefore they may have utilized this for
religious rituals. Due to their poverty or perceived lack of purity, some people were not
even permitted to attend the Great Bath
 The excavation shows that the Great Bath which was located inside the city was a larger
rectangular tank and meant for special rituals or ceremonial baths and was almost looked
similar to a modern-day swimming pool
 The tank was built inside a courtyard and was bordered by a corridor on all four
sides. The tank was coated with gypsum to prevent water leakage. Two entrances to the
tank one from the north and another from the south
 The tank had bricks in its edges and a huge drain on one side. Interestingly, there have
been additionally 3 showers simply close to the Great Bath. The tank was also surrounded
by side rooms like cloth changing rooms.
Society and Political System
 Archaeological records provide no immediate answers regarding a centre of authority or

depictions of people in power in Harappan society
 The extraordinary uniformity of Harappan artefacts is evident in pottery, seals, weights,

and bricks with standardised sizes and weights, suggesting some form of authority and
governance
 Over time, three major theories have developed concerning Harappan governance or
system of rule
 The first is that there was a single state encompassing all the communities of the
civilization, given the similarity in artefacts, the evidence of planned settlements, the

standardised ratio of brick size, and the apparent establishment of settlements near
sources of raw material
 The second theory posits that there was no single ruler, but a number of them representing
each of the urban centres, including Mohenjo-Daro, Harappa, and other communities
 Finally, experts have theorised that the Indus Valley Civilisation had no rulers as we
understand the concept of a ruler today, with everyone enjoying equal status
Harappan Civilization: Agriculture

 According to the findings, agriculture was the backbone of the Harappan Civilization.
Sowing used to happen during the time of November
 Food grain production was adequate in the Harappan communities, which were primarily
located close to the river plains.
 Bulls have been depicted on seals and in clay art and extrapolation by archaeologists
suggest that oxen were also utilized for ploughing
 The majority of Harappan sites are found in semi-arid regions, where irrigation was
probably necessary for farming. Canal remnants have been discovered at the Afghani
Harappan site at Shortughai, but not in Punjab or Sindh
 Despite engaging in agriculture, the Harappans also raised animals on a massive scale
 No hoe or ploughshare has been discovered but furrows were discovered at the
Kalibangan
 Wooden ploughshare is used by Harappans
 Gabarbands or nalas enclosed by dams were present in parts of Baluchistan and

Afghanistan
 Canal Irrigation seems to be absent
 Harappan people used to grow wheat, barley, peas, sesamum, and mustard
 Lothal people used to grow rice
 Huge granaries were found in both Mohenjodaro and Harappa and possibly in Kalibangan
 It has been regarded that the Indus people were the earliest people to produce cotton

Harappan Civilization: Domestication of Animals
 Animals were domesticated in a big number
 Oxen, buffaloes, goats, sheep, and pigs were animals that used to be domesticated
 Harappans favored humped bull, Dogs and Cats were domesticated
 Asses and camels were animals that were used as beasts of burden
 Horse domestication evidence comes superficially from Mohenjo-daro and from Lothal.
Remains of the horse have been found from the Surkotada. But the horse was not in
regular use among Harappans
 Elephants and rhinoceros were also known by the Harappans
Indus Valley Civilization: Technology and Crafts and Arts

 Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro were the two great cities of the Indus Valley Civilization,
emerging around 2600 BCE along the Indus River Valley in the Sindh and Punjab provinces
of Pakistan. Their discovery and excavation in the 19 th and 20th centuries provided
important archaeological data regarding the civilization’s technology, art, trade,
transportation, writing, and religion
 The Harappan culture was from the Bronze Age
 Harappans knew about Copper and it was brought by the Khetri copper mines of
Rajasthan
 Bronze smiths constituted an important group of artisans in the Harappan society.

Utensils and images were produced
 Tools and weapons such as axes, saws, knives, and spears were produced. A piece
of woven cotton was recovered from the Mohenjo-Daro and textile impressions was also
found on several objects
 Spindle whorls were used for spinning. Huge brick structures were found that suggest
bricklaying was an important craft
 Boat-making was also practiced. Seal Making and terracotta manufacturing were
important to the craft

 Silver, gold, and precious were used for jewelry making, Bead making was also present
there. Pottery made by potter’s wheel
 The people of the Indus Valley achieved many notable advances in technology, including
great accuracy in their systems and tools for measuring length and mass
 The smallest division, approximately 1.6 mm, was marked on an ivory scale found in
Lothal, a prominent Indus Valley city in the modern Indian state of Gujarat. It stands as the
smallest division ever recorded on a Bronze Age scale
 Dockyards, granaries, warehouses, brick platforms, and defense walls built by the
Harappans served as examples of sophisticated building. The sewer and drainage systems
utilized in ancient Indus cities were far more sophisticated and effective than any seen in
modern-day Middle Eastern cities, and they are being used in many parts of Pakistan and
India today
 The Harappans also executed elaborate handicrafts employing items made of the semi-
precious gemstone, Carnelian, and created new methods for working with metallurgy, the
science of working with copper, bronze, lead, and tin
 One of the many figurines made of gold, terracotta, and stone depicted a “Priest-King”
with a beard and patterned robe
 Another bronze figurine, the “Dancing Girl,” stands just 11 cm tall and depicts a female
figure in a stance that might indicate the existence of a choreographed dance style that
was practiced by people in the civilization.
 There were also terracotta works of cows, bears, monkeys, and dogs. In addition to
figurines, it is thought that the inhabitants of the Indus River Valley also produced
necklaces, bangles, and other decorations
Harappan Civilization: Trade and Commerce

 Harappan city workshops utilized raw materials imported from Iran and Afghanistan, as
well as lead and copper from other regions of India, jade from China, and cedar wood that
had been carried down rivers from the Himalayas and Kashmir
 Terracotta pots, gold, silver, metals, beads, flints for creating tools, seashells, pearls, and
colored gemstones like lapis lazuli and turquoise were among the additional trade items
 The creation of plank boats with a single central mast bearing a sail made of woven
rushes or fabric may have made long-distance sea trade over waterways like the Arabian
Sea, Red Sea, and Persian Gulf possible
 The Harappans engaged in extensive trading in goods including shells, metal, and stone.
Trade was conducted using the barter system rather than metal money. Additionally, they
conducted business with people living in the Tigris and Euphrates region
Seal and Script of Harappan Civilization

 At Harappa, written texts on clay and stone tablets with trident-shaped, plant-like
patterns were discovered
 The majority of the typically short Indus inscriptions have no more than four or five
characters. The longest sign on a single surface is 17 signs long and less than 1 inch (or
2.54 cm) square
 Like ancient Mesopotamia, Harappan knew the art of writing. The earliest script was
noticed in 1853 and the complete script was discovered in 1923
 It has not been deciphered yet. Harappans followed the pictographic script, their script
was not alphabetical. This script was written from right to left
 Various articles of weight have been found. Weighing mostly happened in 16 or its
multiples
 Sticks have been found, which were inscribed with measures marks. To facilitate long-
distance communication seals and sealings were used
Harappan Culture: Religion and Worship

 In Indus Valley Civilization, people practiced nature worship and yoni worship
 No signs of temples have been found at the Harappan site. Except for the Great Bath, no
religious structure has been found. Fire cult practices indication has been found in Lothal
Gujarat
 Numerous terracotta figurines have been found. (In one figurine plant is shown growing
out of the embryo of a woman, which was assumed as the goddess of the earth.)
 The male deity was represented on a seal. This god has three hands and horns. This god
has been represented in the sitting posture of a yogi, placing one foot on the other. He is
surrounded by an elephant, a tiger, a rhinoceros, and a buffalo below his throne. At his
feet appear two deer. it has a resemblance to Pashupati Mahadev
 Numerous symbols of the phallus and female sex organs made of stone related to worship
have been found in Harappa. Tree (Pipal Tree) worshipping was also there.
 Humped bulls and the animals surrounding the Pashupati Mahadeva were worshipped. In
Harappan culture, no temple practice was there.
 The founding of a large number of amulets indicates that Harappans believed in ghosts
and evil forces
 Numerous Indus Valley seals also feature animal forms; some represent animals being
carried in processions, while others show chimaera creations. One Mohenjo-Daro seal
depicts a tiger being attacked by a half-human, half-buffalo creature. It’s possible that this
is a reference to the Sumerian narrative about a monster that Aruru
Harappan Civilization: Geographical Expansion
 Indus Valley Civilization covers parts of Punjab, Sindh, Baluchistan, Gujarat, Rajasthan,
Jammu and Kashmir, and the fringes of western Uttar Pradesh
 Western boundary: Sotka-koh and Sutkagen-Dor on the Makran coast
 Eastern boundary: Bargaon, Manpur, and Alamgirpur in U.P
 Northern Boundary: Manda in Jammu and Ropar in Punjab
 Southern Boundary: Daimabad in Maharashtra and Bhagatrav in Gujarat
 The phrase “Indus Valley Civilization” was coined by researcher John Marshall
 Radio-carbon dating indicates that the Indus Valley Civilization existed from the year 2500
to the year 1750 BC.The urbanization of the Harappan Civilization was its most defining
characteristic
 Additionally, the Indus Valley Civilization domesticated elephants, humped cattle, dogs,
sheep, and goats.Mohenjodaro and Harappa are the two capital cities
 Sutkagendor, Balakot, Lothal, Allahdino, and Kuntasi are the harbor cities.The inhabitants
of the Indus Valley were familiar with the use of both cotton and wool

Indus Valley Civilization Decline
 Although the precise causes of the Indus Valley Civilization’s decline are still up for debate,
it happened approximately 1800 BCE. According to one version, the Indus Valley
Civilization was invaded and subjugated by the Indo-European tribe known as the Aryans.
Different pieces of the Indus Valley Civilization have been discovered in later societies,
suggesting that civilization did not abruptly end owing to an invasion
 On the other side, a lot of academics think that the fall of the Indus Valley Civilization was
caused by natural reasons
 Geological and climatic elements may constitute the natural factors. It is thought that the
Indus Valley region had a number of tectonic disturbances that resulted in earthquakes and
altered the paths of rivers or caused them to dry up. Changes in rainfall patterns could be
another natural cause
 There could be also dramatic shifts in the river courses, which might have brought floods to
the food producing areas. Due to combination of these natural causes there was a slow but
inevitable collapse of Indus Valley Civilization
 The earliest city discovered in India was - The Indus Valley Civilization has its earliest roots
in cultures such as that of Mehrgarh, approximately 6000 BC. The two greatest cities,
Mohenjo-daro and Harappa, emerged circa 2600 BC along the Indus River valley in Punjab
and Sindh
 The Indus or Harappan Civilisation is distinguished from the other contemporary

civilisations by its - underground drainage system
 Each house had its own drainage and soak pit which was connected to the public drainage.
Brick laid channels flowed through every street. They were covered and had manholes at
intervals for cleaning and clearing purposes. Large brick culverts with corbelled roofs were
constructed on the outskirts of the city to carry excess water. Thus Indus people had a
perfect underground drainage system.
 Sutkagan Dor (or Sutkagen Dor) is the westernmost known archaeological site of the Indus
Valley Civilization. It is located about 480 km west of Karachi on the Makran coast near
Gwadar, close to the Iranian border, in Pakistan’s Baluchistan Province.
 Which of the following Indus Valley sites is presently in Pakistan – Harappa (It is located in
Punjab Province, Pakistan, on an old bank / bed of the River Ravi.)

 The Great Bath of Indus Valley civilisation is found at - Mohenjo-Daro (Archaeological
evidence indicates that the Great Bath was built in the 3rd millennium BCE, soon after the
raising of the “citadel” mound on which it is located)
 The Social System of the Harappans was - fairly egalitarian (equality and equal rights)
 Which was the only Indus site with an artificial brick dockyard – Lothal(Lothal was the port
city of Indus Valley Civilization. It was located at Saragwala, Gujarat)
 The Pashupati Seal is a steatite seal that was discovered at the Mohenjo-daro
archaeological site of the Indus Valley Civilization
 Iron was not used in the the Harappan cities.
 One seal from Mohenjo-daro shows a half-human, half-buffalo monster attacking a tiger.
This may be a reference to the Sumerian myth of a monster created by Aruru
 What was the time period of Indus Civilization / Harappan Civilization - 2500 BC – 1750 BC
 The organic relationship between the ancient culture of the Indus Valley and Hinduism of
today is proved by the worship of - Stones trees and animals
 Out of the following remains excavated in Indus Valley, which one indicates the commercial
and economic development – Seals
 The Harappas had commercial relations with _____ - Mesopotamia
 The granary discovered at Harappa was located - Near the river Ravi (The so-called
“granary” of Harappa is found on Mound F.)
 The Indus Valley Civilization has been assigned the period 2500-1800 BC on the basis of -
Radio carbon dating.
 The most common animal figure found at all the Harappan sites is - The unihorn bull
 The Harappan civilizations do not have homogeneity or uniformity in - Burial practices (In
general, the burials in the Harappan period were all in brick or stone lined rectangular or
oval pits)
 The local name of Mohenjodaro is - “Mound of the Dead Men” in Sindhi, and as “Mound of
Mohan” (where Mohan is Krishna).

 Which was the only city of the Indus without fortification – Chanhudaro
 Which of the following was common to both the Harappan society and the Rigvedic society-
Horse
 Which among the following has not been found in the excavation of Harappan sites -
Temple with Shikhar
 Harappan people used to worship ‘Mother and Pashupati Maharaj. Yoni and Lingam
worship culture was also prevalent in Harappa
 Which was the biggest building in Mohanjodaro – Granary
 Cereal(s) grown by the people of the Harappan Civilisation was/were – Wheat, Rice, Millet
 The main weapon of war and hunting used by Harappans were axe, spear, dagger, bow and
arrow, mace, Most of them are of copper and Bronze. However mace was always made of
stone.
 The correct chronology of the excavation of the site in the Indus civilization are Harappa,
Mohenjo-Daro, Chanhudaro, Lothal
 The Harappan town considered to be a town of the artists and craftsmen was – Chanhudaro
 The Harappans were the earliest people to produce – Cotton
 A prominent Harappan site, being surrounded by flood barriers in order to protect it with
the aid of UNESCO funds, is - Mohenjodaro

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Harappa

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 Some of the major Harappan sites are-

 Dholavira and Lothal are located in Gujarat

 Balathal and Kalibangan are located in the state of Rajasthan

 Rakhigarhi is situated in Haryana

 Ropar is another site currently located in Punjab

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Early Harappan Phase From 3300 to 2600 BCE

Mature Harappan Phase From 2600 to 1900 BCE

Late Harappan Phase From 1900 to 1300 BCE

Archaeological Sites of Harappan Civilization

Harappan sites and Archaeological Findings

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Amri  Antelope N.G Majumdar 1935

Indus Valley Civilization on the Current Map

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Larkana District of Sindh,

Lothal Bhogwa Ahmedabad of Gujarat

Ropar Sutlej Ropar district of Punjab

Manda Chenab Jammu and Kashmir

Meerut District of Uttar

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 Burnt bricks were used in the construction

 Underground drainage system (giant water reservoirs were found in Dholavira)

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Indus Valley Civilization Great Bath

Society and Political System

 Archaeological records provide no immediate answers regarding a centre of authority or

 The extraordinary uniformity of Harappan artefacts is evident in pottery, seals, weights,

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Harappan Civilization: Agriculture

 Wooden ploughshare is used by Harappans

 Gabarbands or nalas enclosed by dams were present in parts of Baluchistan and

 Canal Irrigation seems to be absent

 Lothal people used to grow rice

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 Harappans favored humped bull, Dogs and Cats were domesticated

 Elephants and rhinoceros were also known by the Harappans

Indus Valley Civilization: Technology and Crafts and Arts

 The Harappan culture was from the Bronze Age

 Bronze smiths constituted an important group of artisans in the Harappan society.

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Harappan Civilization: Trade and Commerce

Seal and Script of Harappan Civilization

Harappan Culture: Religion and Worship

Harappan Civilization: Geographical Expansion

 Western boundary: Sotka-koh and Sutkagen-Dor on the Makran coast

 Eastern boundary: Bargaon, Manpur, and Alamgirpur in U.P

 Northern Boundary: Manda in Jammu and Ropar in Punjab

 Southern Boundary: Daimabad in Maharashtra and Bhagatrav in Gujarat

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 The Indus or Harappan Civilisation is distinguished from the other contemporary

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 Iron was not used in the the Harappan cities.

 The Harappas had commercial relations with _____ - Mesopotamia

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