Lecture 2 Motion along a straight line

 Motion
Motion along a straight  Position and Displacement
 Average velocity and average speed
line  Instantaneous velocity and speed
 Acceleration
 Constant acceleration: A special case
Physics 105; Fall 2009  Free fall acceleration

Andrei Sirenko, NJIT

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Motion Motion along a straight line

• Everything moves!
• Classification and - this is the simplest type of motion
comparison of motion - it lays the groundwork for more
🢧 kinematics complex motion
• Simplification Kinematic variables in one
– Motion along straight LA Newark dimension
Position x(t) meters
line
Velocity v(t) meters/second
– Forces cause changes in
motion Acceleration a(t) meters/second 2

– Moving object is a
particle or moves like a
particle
All depend on time
particle All are vectors: have direction and magnitude.

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 One Dimensional Position: x(t) Displacement Along a Straight Line
Position is a vector quantity.
Position has both a direction and magnitude. Must define: t = 0
Position has units of [Length]: meters.
Must define:

x = 0 some position
(Origin)

positive direction for x
Displacement: x1 = 3 m
Displacement is a change of position in time. x2 = -2 m
It is a vector quantity. x = -5 m
x=3m
It has both a direction and magnitude.
It has units of [Length]: meters.
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Sirenko, NJIT

Displacement Along a Straight Line Displacement Along a Straight Line

t=0; (start the clock) x = 0; (origin)
t (s) x (m)

x =2
x(t=0) does not have to be 0

m
Straight line can be oriented
Horizontal, vertical, or at some angle x=
0
x = -6
m

Motion with respect to the origin !

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 Displacement Displacement Along a Straight Line
t (s) x (m)
Displacement in time:
t=t2 -t1
Displacement in
Space:
x = x(t2)-x(t1)

x=
0
or At rest
x = x2 -x1
Avg:
x(t2)-x(t1)

x = -6
is negative Clock hits the ground at t = 9 s

m
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Lecture 2

Velocity Velocity is a vector !

• Average velocity

=-8/9 m/s
 -0.9 m/s
• Average speed
=8/9 m/s
 0.9 m/s

• Instantaneous velocity

Velocity has direction !

Velocity is the rate of change of position Velocity can change with time
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 Instantaneous Velocity Velocity
Consider smaller time intervals:

Instantaneous
velocity v(t) is the Example of negative v
Velocity is positive in the same
slope of the direction as x is positive
tangent line to x(t)
Example of a constant
acceleration:
t changes
v(t) = at
with time !
v(t) is a straight line
v(t) is a function of
time ! 13 Lecture 2 Andrei Sirenko, NJIT 14

Lecture 2
Andrei Sirenko, NJIT

Sign of velocity Velocity

• Average velocity
Zero
velocity = 6/3 m/s

• Average speed

Positive Negative = 6/3 m/s

velocity
velocity • Instantaneous velocity

HR&W
v(t) is a function of “moving armadillo”
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 Acceleration
• Average acceleration Constant
Acceleration

• Instantaneous acceleration
(a > 0)
v(t) = v0 + at;
• Constant acceleration
x(t) - x0 = v0 t +at2/2

x(t) - x0 = (v(t) 2- v02)/2a

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What does zero mean ?


t=0 beginning of the process
 x = 0 is arbitrary; can set where you want it
 x0 = x(t=0); position at t=0; do not mix with the origin


v (t) = 0 x does not change x(t) - x0 = 0
 v0 = 0 v(t) = at; x(t) - x0 = at2/2

a=0 v(t) = v0; x(t) - x0 = v0 t

a0 v(t) = v0 + at; x(t) - x0 = v0 t +at2/2
help: t = (v - v0)/a x - x0 = ½(v 2- v02)/a
a = (v - v0)/t x - x0 = ½ (v + v0 )t
Acceleration and velocity are positive in the same
direction as displacement is positive
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 Y
Free Fall
Y0

Lecture 2 Andrei Sirenko, NJIT

Y=0 21 Lecture 2 Andrei Sirenko, NJIT 22

+
Sample Problem
An elevator is initially stationary, then
moves upward (which we take the positive
direction of x), and then stops. Plot v as a
function of time.
(a) x(t) curve for an upward moving elevator
cab
(b) v(t) curve for the cab. Note v = dx/dt!
(c) a(t) curve for the cab. Note a =dv/dt!

http://webphysics.ph.msstate.edu/
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 Conclusions:
Motion along a straight line
- the simplest type of motion
- the groundwork for more complex motion
Kinematical variables in one dimension
Position: x(t) meters
Velocity: v(t) meters/second
Acceleration: a(t) meters/second 2

All depend on time

All are vectors: have direction and magnitude.

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Next Lecture:
Motion in 2D and 3D + Vectors Lecture QZ2
One dimension (1D) Three dimension (2D)
A rock is dropped from the height of 150 ft with
Position: x(t) m
no initial velocity. What is the rock’s speed after
Velocity: v(t) m/s Position: r(t) m
the first 2 seconds. (Neglect the air resistance).
Acceleration: a(t) m/s2
Hint: The free fall acceleration g = 9.8 m/s2
Velocity: v(t) m/s
(150 ft  ? meters)
All are vectors: have direction and
magnitude. Acceleration: a(t) m/s2

Homework:
• Utexas
X=0
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