HW #2

BT1020 Material and Energy Balances
Homework #2
Due date Tuesday, February 17, 2015
1. Three separation schemes are proposed to separate the fermentation products from the
rest of the solution. 10 l/min of a broth containing 100 g/l of undesired products is to be
separated so that the concentration in the exit waste stream is reduced to 0.1 g/l. Which of
the three flowsheet requires the lease fresh pure organic solvent? In the second scheme, 1
= 2 = 3 and 1 + 2 + 3 = . The relation between the concentration of the
undesirable material in the aqueous phase and that in the organic phase in 10 to 1 that is,
cA/cO = 10 in the outlet streams of each unit.
2. A membrane system is used to filter waste products from the bloodstream. The blood can
be thought of being comprised of waste and all other blood constituents. The
membrane can extract 30.0 mg/min of pure waste (stream W) without removing any blood.
The unfiltered entering bloodstream (stream U) contains 0.17% waste, and the mass flow
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rate of the entering bloodstream is 25 g/min. After exiting the membrane, the blood is split
into two stream: one (stream R) is recycled to join with the unfiltered bloodstream before
entering the membrane and one (stream F). Calculate the mass flow rate and wt % of waste
in streams A, B, F, and R.
Membrane
Unit
Mixer
Splitter
3. Iso-octane is produced in the reaction of isobutane and butylene in an emulsion with

concentrated sulfuric acid
i-C4H10 + C4H8 i-C8H18
The fresh feed to the process flows at a rate of 60,000 kg/h and contains 25.0% isobutane,
25.0% butylene, and 50.0% n-butane, which is chemically inert in this process. The fresh feed
combines with three separate recycle streams, as shown in the flowchart, and the combined
stream enters the reactor. Essentially all of the butylene fed to the reactor is consumed. A
portion of the reactor effluent is recycled to the reactor inlet and the remainder passes to a
decanter, in which the aqueous (sulfuric acid) and hydrocarbon phases are allowed to
separate. The acid is recycled to the reactor, and the hydrocarbons pass to a distillation
column. The overhead from the column contains only isobutane and n-butate, and the
bottoms product, which is recycled to the reactor, contains only isobutane. The stream
entering the reactor contains 200 moles of isobutane per mole of butylene and 2 kg of 91%
sulfuric acid solution per kg of hydrocarbon. The stream obtained by combining fresh feed
and isobutane recycle contains 5.0 moles of isobutane per mole of butylene. You wish to
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determine the molar flow rates (kmol/h) of each component of the fresh feed, the product
stream, and the emulsion, isobutane, and acid recycle streams.
a. Calculate the flow rates and compositions of each stream.
b. List the assumptions in this problem that are not likely to be fully satisfied in
practice.
4. Fresh orange juice contains 12.0% solids and the balance water, and concentrated orange
juice contains 42.0% solids. Initially a single evaporation process was used for the
concentration but volatile constituents of the juice escaped with the water, leaving the
concentrate with a flat taste. The current process overcomes this problem by bypassing the
evaporator with a fraction of the fresh juice. The juice that enters the evaporator is
concentrated to 58% solids and the evaporator product stream is mixed with the bypassed
fresh juice to achieve the desired final concentration.
a. Draw and label a flowchart of this process, neglecting the vaporization of everything
in the juice but water.
b. Calculate the amount of product (42% concentrate) produced per 100 kg fresh juice
fed to the process and the fraction of the feed that bypasses the evaporator.
5. Nitroglycerine, a widely used high explosive, when mixed with wood flour is called
dynamite. It is made by mixing high-purity glycerine (99.9+ percent pure) with nitration
acid, which contains 50.00% H2SO4, 43.00% HNO3 and 7.00% water, at stoichiometric ratio of
HNO3. The reaction is
C3H8O3 + 3HNO3 + (H2SO4) C3H5O3(NO2)3 + 3H2O + (H2SO4)
The sulfuric acid does not take part in the reaction, but is present to catch the water
formed. To ensure 100% conversion of glycerine, HNO3 is recycled. The mixed acid entering
the nitrator contains 20.00% excess at HNO3. The process is shown in the figure. The mixture
of nitroglycerine and spent acid goes to a separator. Nitroglycerine is recovered in the
product stream at composition of 96.5% nitroglycerine and 3.5% water. The spent acid sent
to the acid recovery unit to separate HNO3 and H2SO4. H2SO4 leaves through the stream W.
HNO3 is recycled back to the nitrator. The recycle stream contains 70% HNO3 and 30% water.
If 1000 kg of glycerine per hour are fed to the nitrator,
a. How many kg per hour of stream P is formed?
b. How many kg per hour are in the recycle stream?
c. How many kg per hour of fresh feed is required?
d. Stream W is how many kg per hour and what is its composition?
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6. The process shown in the figure is the dehydrogenation of propane (C3H8) to propylene
(C3H6) according to the reaction
C3H6 C3H6 + H2
The conversion of propane to propylene based on the total propane feed into the reactor at
F2 is 40%. The product flow rate F5 is 50 kmol/h.
a. Calculate F1, F2, F3, F4 and F6.
b. What is the percent conversion of propane in the reactor based on the fresh
propane fed to the process (F1).
7. (6 points) In a chemostat with cell recycle, as shown in figure, the feed flow and culture
volume are F = 100 ml/h and V = 1000 ml, respectively. The system is operated under
glucose limitation and the yield coefficient, YX/S is 0.5 g dry cells/g substrate. Glucose
concentration in the feed is S0 = 10 g/l. The growth is given by Monods equation.

=
+
The kinetic constants of the organisms are m = 0.2 h-1 and Ks = 1 g/l. The value of C is 1.5,
and the recycle ratio is = 0.7. The system is at steady state.
a. Find the substrate concentration in the recycle stream (S).
b. Find the specific growth rate () of the organisms.
c. Find the cell concentration in the recycle stream (CX1).
d. Find the cell concentration in the centrifuge effluent (X2).
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BT1020 Material and Energy Balances

3. Iso-octane is produced in the reaction of isobutane and butylene in an emulsion with

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