Recent Developments in the Prehistory of Anatolia

Author(s): Ufuk Esin and Peter Benedict

Source: Current Anthropology, Vol. 4, No. 4 (Oct., 1963), pp. 339-346
Published by: The University of Chicago Press on behalf of Wenner-Gren Foundation for
Anthropological Research
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 in
RecentDevelopments
thePrehistory
ofAnatolia
byUfukEsinandPeter
Benedict

THE PURPOSE of thisarticleis to providea summa- It appearsthatduringthe food-gathering

stagethe
ry of the recentprehistoricinvestigationsand excava- peoplesof Anatolia lived not only in caves but in
tions in Anatolia, dealing primarily with the levels opensiteswhenconditions of climateand environment
from those of simplerand more intensifiedfood-col- weresuitable.The distribution of sitesrepresenting the
lectingto those of food-producing.Although surveys food-collecting level seemsto be concentrated in par-
by both foreign scholars and Turkish prehistorians ticularareasof Anatolia.However,it mustbe remem-
have been known since 1894, relativelyfew full scale beredthattheselocationshave beenmoreintensively
excavations of Pleistocene context have been carried investigated than otherparts of Anatolia in recent
on (Goetze 1957:13-17). Hence, this articleintendsto years.
make the extantmaterialmore readily available to the A fewof theexcavations indicateoccupationovera
English speaking reader by providing a resumewith briefspanof time(Kansu 1945:277-287;Kansu 1947:
directreferencesto illustrationsin the originalsources. 229-231;Kokten1952:201).Withoutaid fromgeology
The findsof the food-gatheringand food-collecting theseshorter rangesitescan be datedonlyin a typo-
levels have been mostlyof flinttools. By the time of
the food-collectinglevel, obsidian implementsare also
evidenced; and theiruse seemsto have increasedwith 1 We are verymuchindebtedto Professors R. J. Braidwood,
the developmentof the earlier aspects of the food- F. C. Howell and L. Braidwoodforgiving us the opportunity
producingstage (Kokten 1952:180). As the different to discussdetailsof this paper with themand to receivetheir
valuableadviceand help.
surfacefindsand excavationshave shown,most of the In our terminology pertainingto stagesand levelsof relative
conventional subdivisions of the western paleolithic culture-historical complexity,we follow the general usage of
are known to have existed in Anatolia. Both surface Braidwood (1960a). For Anatolia,this means essentiallythat
finds and test excavations now clearly indicate that the industriesof Acheulean,Levalloiso-Mousterian
rian typespertainto the earlierof food-gathering
and Mouste-
level of the
Anatolia once supportedpeoples who fashioned flint food-gathering stage.The food-collecting level is assumedto be
tools in most of the conventional traditions of the indicatedby the generalappearanceof the blade-tooltradition
core-biface,flake and blade tool preparation tech- (The "upperpalaeolithic"of westernEurope). The terminalor
niques. Tools of the Levalloiso-Mousterianand also intensified level of food-collecting (the "mesolithic"of western
Europe) may have exhibitedits earliestaspects in southwest
Mousterian traditions seem to be particularly well Asia, althoughBraidwood(Loc. cit.) suspectsthatan alternative
representedand quite widely distributedin Anatolia level-thatof incipientcultivation(theearliestlevel of the food-
(Bittel 1950:13; Goetze 1957:15-16; Kikten 1958; producingstage)-largelyreplacedtheintensified food-collecting
levelwithinthe"naturalhabitatzone" of thepotentialplantand
$enyiirek1958a and 1959). animal domesticates in southwestAsia. As in otherportionsof
Our knowledge of the entire food-gatheringstage southwestAsia, geometricmicrolithsprobablycame into use as
depends upon excavated caves, open sites, and some thegeneralfood-collecting level developed.However,sincesuch
surface finds2 (see map). microlithswere still occasionallyproduced well into historic
times,theyare not viewed as significant horizonmarkers.The
two earliestlevelsof the food-produoing stage,thatof incipient
cultivationand domestication, and thatof the primaryvillage-
Born in 1933, UFUK ESIN studiedin the Universityof farmingcommunities, seem to have made theirappearancein
Istanbul,obtainedher Ph.D. in 1960 and has been teaching Turkeyat about 9,000-6,000 B.C.; at about the time conven-
in the PrehistoryDepartmentof Facultyof Letterssince tionallytakento have been theend of thePleistocene.
2 The other tested caves and open sites includingsurface
1957. Her field or researchis prehistoricsites in Turkey. findsin Anatoliarepresenting
Awardeda Fulbrightgrantin 1962, she spenta fullacademic boththefood-collecting level and
yearin U.S.A. themoreintensified food-collectinglevel are: Sirtlanini(Silifke)
Since 1961 she has been workingforthe project"Begin- (Kbkten 1958:13, Lev. II, Res. 2), Kadipinari and Gavurin
nings of Metal Industryin the AncientWorld" with the (Alanya) (Kokten 1958:13.), Magracik deresi (Kars) (Kokten
"Arbeitsgemeinschaft furMetallurgiedes Altertums bei dem 1943a; 1943b:601-613.), Palanli cave, Birecik,Nizip, Keysun
Rdmisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseum"in Germanyand (Urfa) and Pirin iampayadi,Adiyaman (Malatya) (Pittard
preparinga monographconcerningancientAnatolia. 1928-29:135-165; 1931:147-155; 1938:95-99; 1939:
PETER BENEDICT is a graduatestudentin theDepartment 187-190; Kokten 1947b:226, 233; 1952:174), Bey?ehir,
of Anthropology of the University of Chicago.His archaeo- Egridir and Burdur (Psidian Lake District), Aci Tuz Golu
logical fieldworkhas been primarilyin southeastern United (Konya) (Kansu 1939:96; and personal communicationwith
States.He is currently a field assistantof the Prehistoric Prof. Ko,ktenin 1960), Igdir (Kars), Araxes Valley district
Projectof the OrientalInstitute. (Kokten1943a; 1945:472 obsidianmicrotools.)
Vol. 4 N 4 * October 1963
No. 339

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 logical-technologicalsense. Nevertheless,most of the the hand-axes are made of limestone(Kokten 1955:
excavated or tested caves indicate occupation from Lev. 11). The fauna is said to indicatea warm climate.
thefoo,d-gatheringup to,the food-producingstages,and Coprolitesof lion and hyena and someskeletalremains
usually have random later materials up to classical of bear, large birds,dog and pantherhave been found.
times.Based upon theseexcavations it should be pos- Layer V is unoccupied and sterile.Layer IV contains
sible to format least a tentativestratigraphicalscheme threesublayersshowingnot only a flake tool industry
forAnatolia. This is what we are attemptingto provide similarto the "Levalloisian" but also coarse hand-axes
here. However, a much more reliable scheme could of "Acheulean" type (K,6kten1955: Lev. 8). The fauna
probablybe provided if all of the available collections and floraof thislayeris interesting.The fossilizedmolar
were systematicallyclassified and studied. teeth of Elephas antiquus, Hippopotamus amphibius
We begin with an importantcave sequence of the and Felis pardus (panther) have been recovered.The
food-gatheringstage, which provides us with the remainsof pine and oak also have been identified.The
earliestarchaeological stratigraphyfor Anatolia. The presenceof Elephas antiquus and Hippopotamus am-
region which yields this sequence is located along phibius is taken as a clue for dating the cave, since it
the central and west-centralportion of the southern is known that these fauna are characteristicfor the
Mediterraneansea coast of Anatolia. Included in this Riss-Wiirminterglacial.Layer III has a Mousterian
sequence is the Karain cave, investigatedby Kokten typeindustry(K6kten 1955: Lev. 6-7). It is divided by
since 1946, which is located 25-30 km. northwestof the excavator into threesublayers.The two lower sub-
Antalya in the Sam Mountains, about 650 m. above layersbelongto his firstMousterianand theupper sub-
sea level (K6kten 1947b:232-33; 1948:197, 199; 1949: layerto his secondMousteriansubdivision,bothhaving
Lev. 100, Res. 14; 1955:271-283; 1957:46-48; 1958: typical retouchedtriangles,points and large scrapers
10-16).3 (K6kten 1948: Res. 6; 1949:823, Lev. 102, Res. 17-2).
Karain cave has three large chamberswhich were But in general there are also tools recognized as of
interconnectedat slightlyvaryingheightsas the origi- Levalloisian, Micoquian and Acheulean types (K6kten
nal cave was formed.The chambersare numberedin 1949:822, Lev. 101, Res. 15). The excavator describes
successionfrom the entrance,the innermost(no. III) both the flake tools and the Micoquian core-bifacesin
being surprisinglydark. The total depth available in his firstsubdivisionas being large in size. The fauna
the three chambersis 50 m. (Ko6kten1958: Lev. 13, of the lower Mousterian sublayers consistsof fossil-
Res. 4). Each chamberis furthernaturally separated ized fragmentsof Ursus spelaeus, Felis leo spelaeus
into alcoves and large rooms. Chamber I is relatively (Kiikten 1949:822, Lev. 101, Res. 16), and hippopota-
light and is composed of one large room and four mus, again animals of the Riss-Wiirm interglacial.
small alcoves. The chambercontains thick loose cul- Layer II indicatesthe appearance of theblade-toolpre-
tural debris and fragmentsof fossil animals such as paration technique.It shows a blade-tool industryof
goat, deer, bear and snail. The floor of chamber III "Aurignacian"type (Kokten 1955: Lev. 5). It has four
is relatively regular and its ceiling is domed and sublevels; the lowest, called ""earlyAurignacian" by
coveredwith stalagmites.The walls are smoothed,one Kokten, is said to include Mousteriantype points as
extremelysmoothwall having some engravingswhich well, while the upper sublevels have only "Aurigna-
may representhuman and animal figures.In the ex- cian" tools. In a kitchen-middendeposit of an "early
cavator's opinion, the engravingspertain to the hori- Aurignacian" layer with some artifactsof Mousterian
zons he identifiesas "'upperpaleolithic" (Kokten 1948: type, a child's molar was found (Kokten 1949:824,
Res. 8). The trenchesin chambers I and III show 828, Lev. 102, Res. 17-1) which has been identifiedby
that there was a sequence of eight cultural layers, enyiirek as of Homo neanderthalensis($enyiirek
separated by thick and thin travertinebeds or soil 1949: Lev. 103, Res. 1-2). In thesame layer the skeletal
changes.In some places the bed rock has been reached remains of Homo sapiens have also been recovered
(K,6kten1958: Lev. 16, Res. 7). The excavator assigns (personal communicationfromProf. K6kten in 1960).
the lowermostfive layers, VIII throughIV, to the Layer II also reveals a pebble stone with engravings
""lowerpaleolithic." The basal flint tool industryof upon it (Ko6kten1958: Lev. 14, Res. 5). Kokten takes
layer VIII is differentfrom what follows above it. the engravingto represent, a male figurethrowinga
There is a general diminutionin size in the flinttool lance. Also on a broken worked rib bone, a human
industrywhich consistsof chieflyatypical flake tools head has been carved plastically. The forehead,
with only a few small sized and finely retouched mouth,nose and beard are clearlyshaped,but the eyes
specimens(Kbkten 1955: Lev. 9). The excavator men- and the eyebrowsare not shown. In one account,KAk-
tions "Mousterian," "Aurignacian" and "mesolithic" ten(K,6kten1958:13, 16) suggeststhepresenceof micro-
in attemptingto describethisindustry,but realizes the lithsin theuppermostof his"Aurignacian"subdivisions,
chronologicaland stratigraphicaldifficultiesinvolved. but it is not quite clear whetherthey were produced
The fossilized fauna of this layer is mostlya micro- here or by the people of the lower horizon of the
fauna including the beaver. Layers VII and VI are mixed Level I.
similarto one another.As well as a flake tool industry The first or uppermostlayer of Karain contains
with itemsthat the excavator takes to be of "cClacto- mixedmaterials(K6kten 1955: Lev. 1-3). In the upper
nian" and "Levalloisian" characterthere is a coarse part of the deposit are classical remains as well as
hand-axe industryidentifiedas c"Chellean."Some of prehistoricsherdsand flint tools. The lower portion
contains potterydescribed as "Cneolithic" along with
3 Note, with reference
to the illustrationsin the Turkish flint tools. The earliest potteryis a hand-made pre-
reports,thatthe abbreviation"Lev." followedby a numberis dominantly coarse dark-faced and burnished ware
fromtheTurkish"Levha"meaning"plate"and does not signify
"level".The Turkishword for "figure"is "Resim",abbreviated (Kokten 1955: Lev. 4).
"Res.". Two othercaves nelarKarain (and pertainingto the
340 CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY

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same environment),?arkini and Okiizin (Kokten location called Kum Bucagi, which is 25 m. above sea
1958:11-13, 16), showthesame stratigraphicalsequence level and 100 m. back from the sea. At the base of
noted in Karain. The "neolithic" potteryof ?arkini this rock face is a settlementarea where a hollow in
consistsof dark-brownburnishedgroundlinear cream the cliff forms a large rock shelter(Bostanci 1959:
or whitepainted ware (K,6kten1958: Lev. 15, Res. 6). 177, P1. 14). The rock face is covered both by red-
The "chalcolithic"potteryis whitepainted on a black brown (ochre) color paintingswhich appear to be cru-
ground. In Okiizin the "neolithic" potteryis a hand- ciformfiguresand'by engravingsin a verynaturalistic
made, coarse ware. This site also has long flint and styleshowingjumpingdeer(Bostancl1959: P1. 1, 2, 15).
obsidian knives. The neolithiclevel reveals a human The material comes fromthe second trenchwhich is
skeleton said to be of Eur-africantype and asserted 2.5 m. long and 2 m. wide, extendingto a depth of
to be more primitive than the Mediterraneantype 4.52 m. shortof thebed rock.The excavatorhas labeled
($enyiirek1958b: Res. 1-10). six cultural layers fromthe top "A-F". Layer A has
Another importantcave of the Antalya group is black culturaldebrisof modern,classicaland prehistoric
that called Beldibi. Located in 1956 by a joint expedi- timeswith flintimplementscovered by reddishpatina
tion of foreignand Turkish geologistsand paleoan- because of iron-oxide in the soil. Layer B has been
thropologists,the cave was tested by E. Bostanci given a special name, "Beldibian," and may be quite
(1959). We provide a briefersummaryof the Beldibi remarkablein that it containsa primitivetype of pot-
finds,since it is reportedin English. Beldibi itself is teryin apparentcontextwith a highlyvaried flintin-
a small village located 30 miles fromAntalya, and 2-3 dustryof geometricmicrolithictype. The excavator
km. inland fromthe Mediterraneansea coast. A little takes these tools to be a continuationof the rich mi-
to tihenorth of t-heBeldibli villave is a rock face at a crolithicindustryseen in Layer C; if such a rich and
Vol. 4 *No. 4 * October1963 341

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highlyvariedmicrolithic traditiondid indeedpersist and scrapersalso characterizethislayer(Bostanci1959:
intotherangewhenpotterywas beingproduced(and P1. 12, 9-13). Two of the implementslook like arrow-
afterthediscontinuity in occupationwhichtheexcava- heads and are partlyretouched.In sublevelC2, scrapers
tornotes),the "Beldibian"is a mostinteresting phase. are larger and similar to those found in the lower
The veryprimitive, coarse,but relativelywell-fired Natufian of Mugharet el Wad and Mugharet el
potterywithsimpleshapes,appearsin black,brown Keberah (Bostanci 1959:149, Pl. 8). Two blades, their
orochre-red colors(Bostanci1959:P1.4). Someofitis a -backstrimmedto a ridge by chippingon both faces,
black burnished ware and has flattenedbases,thick indicate the "Helwan" retouchof Natufian type. One
outwardslopingsidesand straight rims.Piercedlugs T-shaped flake tool is unusual in that it is retouched
also appear.There is no painted or incised decoration. under the arms and points. Most of the blades and
It mightbe notedthata dark-faced burnished wareis flakeshave preparedstrikingplatforms.Between sub-
the earliestceramictraditionof the village-farminglevel C2 and Layer D no gap is observed.The flinttool
communities properoftheSyro-Cilician littoral(Braid- industrychangesand largertools of an "upper paleo-
wood and Braidwood1960b:501)and of thesiteson lithic"industryappear (Bostancl1959: P1.9, 11),namely
thesouthern portionsof theAnatolianplateausuchas of "Aurignacian"as well "Mousterian"types.The bone
Hacilar, Catal HiUyUk (Mellaart1961b:163; 1962:8) implementsare thick and pointed (Bostanci: P1. 13,
and the Isparta region(Kansu 1945:282-285).The 1). Fossilized human skull bones, found in the lower
"Beldibian"flintindustryis describedas beingpre- part of the layer,indicate that the inhabitantsof this
dominantly microlithic and iswithoutpressure flaking layerwereHomo sapiens(Bostanci1959:152). Flintim-
(Bostanci1959: Pl 5). The tool kit is said to include plements include small burins, lunates and triangles
micro-burins, lunates,tangedpoints(Bostanci1959: which mightbe intrusivefromthe upper layers.How-
P1. 12, 14), tranchets, axes withouta polishedcutting ever, characteristicof this layer are large flake and
edge, ridge-backedsickle blades with silica sheen blade-tanged points (Bostanci 1959: P1. 12, 6-8), re-
(Mellaart1960:84),trapezes,stemmed knives,arrow- calling to the excavatorthe "Aterian" industry.Such a
headsandalsolargeburings withpatina.The excavator tangedpoint also appears in Karain (Kbokten1947:229,
suggests affinitiesto theNatufianand to theCapsian Lev. 3). As an aside, it is to be noted thatthereis a sur-
and Tardenoisianindustries (Bostanci1959:147).The vival of the burin techniqueand tanged points during
bottomofLayerB was coveredwithfallenrocksfrom the earlier levels of the food-producingstage, as evi-
an earthquake.Bostancisuggeststhat therewas in- denced fromIlicapinar and Mersin(Mellaart 1958:82-
creasing aridityof climate. 92), Catal Hiiyiik (Mellaart 1961b:174-176, figs.8-10)
In Mellaart'sopinion,thepottery of BeldibiLayerB and in the Amouq (Braidwood and Braidwood 1960b:
"looks like the ancestorof Kizilkaya ware," from 525-530). The Beldibi pointsincludea varietyof types,
whichtheHacilar IX waremayhavedeveloped(Mel- some of which are said to recall the Atilitian and Ke-
laart 1960:86; 1961a:70; 1961b:169).This Kizilkaya baran points tof Palestine (Bostanci 1959:152). An
"neolithic"potteryof the Psidianlake districtoccurs Emireh type point was said to be found toward the
also at Klzlar Hiiyiik4, a small site northof Kor- bottomof this layer, with flake tools becomingmore
kutelion the Anatolianplateau and in the Karain, common (Bostanci 1959:152). The Beldibi flake tool
C?arkini and perhapsalso in Okiizinand Gurmacaves industriesof Layers E. and F are similarto each other
(Mellaart1961b:169).BeldibiLayerC is reportedto (Bostanci 1959: P1. 11, 1F, 2-2aE; Pl. 12, 1-2F, 3-5E;
havetwosublevels:Ci and 02. The flinttoolindustry Pl. 13, 2-5E). "Aurignacian"and "Levalloiso-Mouste-
of thesesublevelsis approximately thesame(Bostanci rian" techniques again both appear to be present.
1959: P1. 6, 7). The excavatorsuggests thattheaffini- Toward thebottomof Layer F, thickand thintriangle
tiesto theNatufian,Capsianand Tardenoisianindus- flakesare morecommon,someshowingpreparedstrik-
triesare even more markedhere than in Layer B ing platforms.Most of the scraperswith end, side and
(Bostanci1959:147-151).Variousspeciesof sea and oblique bulbs illustratethe Mousteriantechnique.
landshells(piercedandperhapsforbeads),smallpieces Recently,a second importantrock shelter,Belba?!,
of fossilizedanimal bones, fragments of a human skull, has been reportedfromthe westernside of the bay of
and a deerhornhave beenfound.Piecesof harpoons, Antalya, about five kms. fromBeldibi. The rock shel-
spearheads and twobonetools,withpointedendsand ter was formed in cretaceous limestoneat a present
V-shapednotches,formthe bone implements of this elevation of 300 m. above sea level and was testedby
layer(Bostanci1959: P1. 13, 6-8). A fragment of a E. Bostanci in 1960 (1962). Again, Prof. Bostancl's
grittystone,groovedon one side,perhapsused as a prompt and useful report,appeared in English, and
polisherforbone implements, alsodappears.Another only a briefresumewill be provided. A soundingwas
important findof thislayerconsistsof pebble-stonesmade to a depth of 1.60 m., whereuponbedrock was
paintedwith a dark-redochre,recallingto the ex- reached. The excavator examined the data from this
cavatortheAzilianpaintedpebbles.One of thesehas soundingin termsof threemain layers or "sections."
a schematic designsimilarto thatof therockpaintings The disturbedtop portionof the sounding,of approx-
of theadjoiningKmu BucagIrockface.Otherpebbles imately50 cms. depth,yielded debrisof modern,clas-
are eitherencircledwith a red line or completely sical, and prehistorictimes with reported"neolithic"
coveredwithredochre(Bostanci1959:Pl. 3). The flint sherds. The excavator suggests that some of these
toolsofBeldibiLayerC aremostlymicrolithic in scale, sherd formsmay be similarto those found at Beldibi
buttheexcavatoralso suggests toolsof "upperpaleo- (Bostanci 1959: P1. 4; 1962:254). The section of the
lithic" types,indicatingthat normal sized blade tools middle depth is describedas containingan abundance
are also part of this industry.Some sickle blades and of core-scrapers(Bostanci 1962: Pis. XII, XIII, XIV)
lunates are said to show signs of use (Bostanci:150). which,in the excavator'sopinion,in part resemblethe
Tanged implementssuchas tangedpoints,micro-points Sauveterrianof France as found at La Mortinet.How-
342 CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY

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ever,a quantityof the coresare pyramidalin form Esin and Benedict: PREHISTORY OF ANATOLIA
and Bostancidrawsa comparison withBeldibion the
basis of thesepyramidalcores. The second section sequence of blade-tools. This is cave I of Samandag-
also revealedtools noted as truncatedpoints,flake ($enyUrek-Bostancd1958a: P1. 1-3), near the village of
points, flakes and blades, blade points, angle burins, Magracik in Hatay, at the extremeeasternend of Tur-
bec-de-fluteburins,small backed blades, borers,small key's Mediterraneancoast line. Accordingto its exca-
tanged points on flakes,lunates,parallel-sidedblades, vators, these blade tools are similar to the "Aurigna-
square-endedblades, triangularflake points,microbu- cian" industryof Palestine ($enyUrek-Bostancd 1958b:
rins and a Heluan point. It is also reportedthat one 184, 203). Cave I is located on the southernfoothills
of the larger half-moonsshows signs of having been of Musadag in a Miocene limestone(Erentoz 1956:27,
used to cut vegetation(Bostanci 1959:259). Some of the map 1) and is approximately 40-50 m. above the
points are microlithicin character and very finely presentMediterraneansea level. The trenchshows a
worked(Bostanci1959:260). It is interesting thatwhile sequence of five,cultural layers ($enyUrek-Bostanci
backed blades were lacking at Beldibi, theyseem to be 1958a: P1. 6, Figs. 1-2, Pls. 7-8). Layer I pertainsto the
plentifulat Belba?!. A quantityof animal bone appear- Roman period. At that timethe cave was chieflyused
ed, mainlyof mountaingoat and deer,with some frag- as a stone quarry and in many places the depositsare
mentsof human bone (Bostanci 1959:255). The lowest disturbed.Layers II and III yielded a flinttool indus-
or thirdsectionyielded fewerblade points,but an in- try of "Aurignacian" character and also bone tools
creasing quantity of core-scrapers.The excavator ($enyUrek-Bostanci 1958b:197-201, Pls. 5-10). But this
notesthatthepresenceof microburinsgivesthissection "Aurignacian" differsfrom the "lower Aurignacian"
a ccmesolithic"appearance,but thattheothertools were and "Atilitian" industriesof Palestine in the lack of
late Upper Paleolithic in character (Bostanci 1959: Emirehpoints,scarcityof Chatelperroniantypepoints,
255), and theBelba?! microburinsshow a close relation- absence of polyhedric burins, and the steepness of
shipwith those found at Beldibi. Another technique some of its nose scrapers (Senyuirek-Bostanci 1958b:
peculiarto Beldibi and Belbas! in theirlowesthorizons, 203). On the other hand, in the opinion of the ex-
was thepreparationof tangedtools,themajoritybeing cavators, the existenceof well made round-scrapers,
made on flakes (Bostanci 1959: P1. VII, Figs. 1-2). the twisted working edges of some burins, and the
Some tangedelementsshow burinson thetip and tang. affinitiesof itsunretouchedpointsbringstheSamandag
The excavator suggeststhat the Belba11 materials implementsclose to the "middle Aurignacian"industry
fill a "gap" in the stratigraphyof Beldibi (Bostanci of Palestine (Senyuirek-Bostanci 1958b:203-204). Be-
1959:266). In the available preliminaryreports the tween Layers III and IV is a sterilelayer of stones.
exact natureof thisgap is not apparentto us. Bostanci Layers IV and V are bedded in marinesand deposits,
furthersuggeststhat the assemblagesat both sites are 2.3 m. in depth, and yielded a Levalloiso-Mousterian
ccreminiscentof the same types of tools in European industrywith typical points and scrapers (Senyiirek-
culturessuch as Grimaldi, Azilian, Sauveterrianand Bostanci 1958b: Pls. 1-4), recallingLayers E and F of
Tardenoisian" (Bostanci 1959: 266). However impor- Beldibi. The sand depositsof the cave containingshells
tantthesesuggestedresemblancesmay eventuallyprove of invertebrates,land snails and marine animals
to be, the materials certainly make a substantial (Senyiirek-Bostanci1958a:162-65), could, in the ex-
addition to our knowledge of this importantpart of cavator's opinion, belong to the Tyrrhenian trans-
southwestern Asia. gressionwhich would correspondto the Riss-Wiirm
interglacial (Senyiirek-Bostanci1958b:163-164). The
Another cave sequence with a blade tool industry
has been examined in the Psidian lake districtat Ka- excavatorssuggestthatafterthedepositionof sand, the
cave remainedunoccupied for a relativelylong time
pallin in the Isparta Vilayeti (Kansu 1945:282-285, P1.
until settledby the makersof the "upper Levalloiso-
51, 5a; P1. 56, map 1; 1947:229-231). The cave was
Mousterian"industry.A briefperiod of abandonment
excavated by Kansu, Kokten and $enyiirekin 1944 and
followed until the bearers of the "Aurignacian" in-
published in a brief form. Their trenchesshow nine dustryoccupied the cave. Human skeletalremainsand
culturallayerswithouthavingreachedbedrock(Kansu mammalian skeletal fragments-Felis pardus, bear,
1945: Lev. 53, 4; 54, 7). Among the ash remainsand rhinocheros,porcupine (Hystrix), Cervus, Dama, Ca-
limestonepieces of layers I to V (numberedin suc- praeolus, ox and boars-have also been recovered
cession fromthe top, Kokten 1952:201, Lev. 4) were (Senyilrek-Bostan,c 1958b:160).
cultural debris of classical times. Layer VI contained The Turkishprehistoriansthus suggestan end Riss-
broken reddish limestone fragmentswith sand and Wiirm interglacialgeochronologicalpositioningof the
hard earth.Layers VII and VIII, at a depth of 1.6 m., sandy deposits in Samandagi Cave I, along with the
containedflinttools and fossilizedanimal bones (Kan- fauna of thelower Mousterianhorizonin Karain Layer
su 1945: Lev. 55; 1947:230, Fig. 4). The flintimple- III. Accordingto thissuggestion,theupperMousterian
ments are of a blade-tool technique and are claimed layers of the Antalya cave group and the Saman-
to be "upper paleolithic" and "Aurignacian" in partic- dag upper Levalloiso-Mousterianindustrywould then
ular. Layer IX is a pebble-stonelayer withoutcultural belong to the WiirmI period. Zeuner (1952: 129, Figs.
debrisoverlyingbedrock. It appears that the Kapailin 73-80) places thelower-middle"Aurignacian"of Layer
Cave was occupied but briefly.Further,lacking full E at Mugharetel Wad in the later part of the Wiirm
publication,it is not yet clear whetherthis occupation I-II interstadialand the upper-middle"Aurignacian"
was contemporaneouswith the "Aurignacian" occupa- of Wad Layer D and the Atilitian industryin the
tion of the Antalya cave group and its blade-tool WuirmII glacial. Howell (1959) has proposed a some-
industry. what later geochronologicalpositioning,however. In
Anothercoastal cave depositshows a stratigraphical any case, since the industriesof Layers III and II of
Vol. 4 * No. 4 * October 1963 343

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 Samandag Cave I and of Layer D of Beldibi show can be comparedwithNatufiantools,whilevarious
affinitiesto the "middle Aurignacian" of Palestine, it other Natufian elementssuch as sickle-bladesand
can at least be said that these generalized aspects of micro-crescents are lacking.
the food-collectinglevel of south Anatolia were ap- Followingtheculture-historically orientedterminol-
proximatelycontemporaneouswith that of Palestine. ogy we have adopted,we believe both the food-
There is an open station at Baradiz in the Psidian gatheringand food-collecting levelsto have beenwell
lake district (Burdur) which has been reported by representedin southern, middleandnorthern Anatolia.
Louis (1938: 273) as containinga microlithicindustry There are also indicationsthat the more developed
(Kansu 1944:672-82, Fig. 1; 1945:278-82, Lev. 46, aspects of food-collecting representedin Anatolia
1-49, 3; 1947:230-31, Figs. 5, 1-2; K,6kten1952; 183, mightbe contemporary with thoseof Palestine(cf.
201, P1. 3). Kansu-Kbkten and $enyryrek undertooka "mesolithic" of westernEurope),but that theywere
small test excavation at Baradiz in 1944 and revealed graduallyreplacedby an alternative levelof incipient
a sequenceof threeculturallayers.Layer I (numbered cultivation.Since the evidencethus far indicatesan
in succession from the top) has a deposit of classic unbroken development fromthefood-collecting to the
and modern times with small flint tools and animal food-producing stagein Anatolia,severalspeculative
bones. Layer II contains microlithsand perhaps pre- questionsmightbe phrasedto locatethe Turkishma-
historicsherds mixed with pieces of charcoal. Layer terialin the wider perspectiveof the prehistory of
III is bedded in a thinsand level with small flintflake southwestern Asia.
tools and one core implement.The tools of Layers With moreintensified and fullerscale excavations,
II and III are said to include well-retouchedmicro- theterminal levelsofthefood-collecting areinAnatolia
burinsand some atypical micro-tools.In our opinion, may well suggesta need to expand the currentno-
the flint industryof Baradiz and the po-tteryof its tions of the natural habitatzone of the potential
Layer II (if this pottery is really prehistoric)may domesticates, so as to includemoreof Anatolia.The
thus suggesta similar and contemporary"mesolithic" zone may well be foundto have includednot only
traditionwith Beldibi Layer B. An open stationcalled theinlandsouthern flanksoftheAnatolianplateau,but
Macun Cay, near Ankara, has been reportedby Kansu also the promisingregionsalong the Mediterranean
and Ozansoy (1948: 381-90,Res. 1-3). It lies in a gravel coast of southAnatolia,includingthe regionof the
formationbelongingto the end of the Pleistocene.At important Antalyacave group.Evidenceto support
least 1,000 microlithshave been collected on this site. thisparticularly may be shownin the Beldibiregion
Approximately300 of these are of well worked geo- wherea generalized blade-tooltraditionshowsNatufia
metricshapes and incluidetriangles,trapezes, lunates, affinities.
Althoughtheseaffinities are notas extensive
disc-shapedscrapersand microburinsas well as lanc- as one mighthope for,theydo indicatea generalim-
eolates and bifacially-workedpoints.A varietyof open pressionof "readiness"towardfurther culturaladap-
stations,caves and rockshelterswere located by Kok- tationin an environment whichshouldhave allowed
ten in 1940 on the Black Sea coast at Tekekoy, 12 km. fullscalefood-production. Not onlydoesa "readiness"
southeastof Samsun. At the Tekek6y "RockshelterA" emerge,but also a degreeof diversitythat can be
two test excavations show differencesin stratigraphy explainedin termsofcontinual occupationandincreas-
althoughboth have been worked into the same section ing adaptationto localizedniches.Further,it seems
of therockshelter(Kansu 1944: 677-83, Figs. 2-4; 1947: thatsucha "naturalhabitatzone" maybestbedefined
230-31, Fig. 5, no. 3-4; Kokten 1952:183, 201, Lev. 2). in termsof its serviceability to man,basedupon evi-
Neither excavation reached bedrock. Kokten's section denceforsomevarietyof modesof adaptationto it.
reveals a sequence of ten cultural layers which he We believe,some of thesemodes should (and do)
numbersin successionfrom the top. Layers I to III hintat bothartifactualand non-artifactual tracesof
have no cultural debris. Layer IV consists of black adaptations in thedirection of food-production. Within
burned earth and sand, and contains the skeletal re- thisframework the problemsof identifying and de-
mains of Equus and Bos. Layer V is sterile, con- limiting sucha naturalhabitatzone are to be defined
taining only yellow fill. Layers VI and VII contain in termsof whetheror not the zone could have per-
flint tools, and Layers VIII, IX and X are again mittedthe development of each varietyof evolving
sterile.The second sectionworked by Kansu, reveals a culturalsystem and notalonea singlegeneralized cul-
sequence of five layers,again numberedfromthe top. turalevolution. Withinthecontextof increasing varie-
Layer I is a humus layer with stonesand sand. Layer tiesof blade-toolindustries, theuse and quantitiesof
II contains flint implementsand skeletal remains of obsidianincreased.The evidencefor obsidianas far
Equus and Bos, consistingof molars and premolars. southas Ukiiziniindicatesthatthebeginnings of trade
Layer III containsflintimplements;two sterilelayers had begunto developduringtheperiodof intensified
follow. The flinttools of Kokten's Layers VI and VII food-collecting. We knowthatthisincreasedwiththe
and of Kansu's II and III are mostlyflakesand blades earlydevelopments of thefo,od-producing stage.How-
retouched on the ends and sides. The majority are ever,the actual mechanicsof the flow of obsidian
describedas microburinsand endscraperswith a few throughout thisperiodawaitsaccurategeologicaland
micro-bladesand triangles.However, retouchedlunates petrographic determinations so thatobjectsof obsidian
and trapezesare lacking. It appears that the technique maybe identified to theirapproximate area of origin.
that exist-sat Tekekoy is differentfromthe othermi- In fact,further workon the distribution of obsidian
crolithicindustriesknown fromAnatolia. Kansu com- implementswould shed much light on the whole
pares it with the "Chwalibogowicien" of Poland and propositionof early tradingin soulthwestern Asia.
with the Tardenoisian and Natufian industries.How- The terminallevel of the food-collectingera in Ana-
ever,in our opinion,only the microburinsof Tekekoy tolia, then,exhibitsa wide distributionand a real vani-
344 CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY

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etyof industries withintheblade-tooltradition, some Esin and Benedict: PREHISTORY OF ANATOLIA
of whichvarietieshave Palestinianaffinities. On the
strength of the Beldibievidence,it would seemthat stage to primary village-farmingcommunitiestook
the generaltransition into incipientcultivation(the place in Anatolia betweenthe time (yet to be fixedin
earliestlevelof thefood-producing stage)will become exact detail) of the end of the Pleistoceneand ca. 5600
increasinglymorecoherent as otherfindsare made in B.C. Even though the Kizllkaya pottery suggests a
Anatoliawithinitsregions of permissable environment.possible connection,there seems now to be no direct
Otherregions, however,maybe foundto exhibitcon- evidence of linkage betweenincipientcultivationand
tinuing trendsin intensified
food-collecting ratherthan the primary village-farmingcommunities.This gap,
towardsincipient cultivation.This wouldgiveus fur- as we have seen, also exists between incipient and
thercluestowardunderstanding local adaptationsand intensifiedfood-collecting.Althoughthese gaps exist,
culturalpersistence as well as change.It is as impor- the present data hints at a promise of a continuity
tantto determine thespecializedadaptationof inten- from food-collectingto food-producingin Anatolia.
sifiedfood-collecting as a functonof ecologyas the It appears, then,that steps toward food-production
incipienceof food-production itself. in Turkey must also be consideredwithin the context
The Antalyacave groupalso revealsa primitive pot- of the over-all developmentof cultural adaptations
terywhichis takento be the ancestorof Kizllkaya fromintensifiedfood-collectingdirectlyinto the first
potterywhich belongsto an early food-producingphases of incipientcultivation.It does not appear to us
traditionin the Psidianlake districtfromwhichthe that the appearance of food-productionin Turkey was
Konya plain and Hacilar potterymighthave been due to a diffusionof primaryvillage-farmingcommun-
developed.A C-14 determination on the Hacilar IX ities from a more restricted"natural habitat zone."
materialsstandsat 5487? 119 B.C. Sincetheposition This meansthatwe suggestexpandingthe naturalhabi-
oftheMacunCay opensitenearAnkarais takento be tat zone conceptto includeAnatolia, beingat thesame
theend of thePleistocene(see above),it is suggested time mindful of the problems involved in working
that the full developmentfromthe food-collectingout the mechanicsof local origin and diffusion.

ABBREVIATIONS Phases A-J.Chicago: The University 390. Turk Tarih Kurumu yayin-
of Chicago,OrientalInstitutePublica- larindan9. seri,no. 4. Ankara 1952,
AJA AmericanJournalof Archaeology. tions,vol. 61. Turk Tarih KurumuBasimevi.
Baltimore1885 s.f.
ERENTOZ, L. E. 1956. Stratigraphie desK6KTEN, I. K. 1943a. Do'u Anadolu
AS Anatolian Studies: Journalof the bassins neogenes de Turquie, plus Kars B6lgesininTarih OncesiArastir-
British Instituteof Archaeologyat specialementd'Anatolie Meridionale
Ankara.London 1951 s.f. malarinaDair Ilk Not. DTCF Dergisi
et comparaisons avec le Domaine 1:119-121.
DTCF Dergisi Ankara ltniversitesi: Meditarraneendans son ensemble.
Dil Tarih CografyaFakiultesi
Dergisi. --. 1943b. Kars'inTarih OncesiHak-
Theses presenteesa la Faculte des Kinda Ilk Kisa Rapor T.T.K. Bell.
Ankara1942 s.f. Sciencesde l'Universitede Paris pour 7:601-613.
TAD Turk Arkeoloji Dergisi: Maarif obtenirle gradede Docteures Sciences
Naturelles. Serie A, no. 28II, no. --. 1945. Kuzeydogu Anadolu Pre-
Vekaleti Eski Eserler ve Mu"zeler historyasindaBayburtCevresininYeri.
Umum Muddrlugiu.Ankara 1950 s.f. d'ordre: 3683.
DTCF Dergisi 3:464-486. (A partial
TTK Tiirk Tarih Kurumu (Turkish GOETZE, A. 1957. 2nd edition,revised. translationfromTurkishby Prof.B.
HistoricalSociety). Kleinasien. Kulturgeschichte des Al- Landsberger, pp. 487-505.)
TTK Bell. TUrkTarih Kurumu: Belle- ten Orients,dritterAbschnitt,erster
Unterabschnitt. Handbuch der Alter- 1947a. 1945 Yilinda Turk Tarih
ten.Ankara1937 s.f. KurumuAdina Yapilan Tarih Oncesi
tumswissenschaft, dritte Abteilung,
ersterTeil, dritterBand. Miinchen: Arastirmalari. T.T.K. Bell. 11:431-
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 Forschungen
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Congressof Anthropologicaland EthnologicalSciences

VIIth International
The VIIth International Congress 9. Ethnic Geography 7. Historico-culturalrelationof
of Anthropologicaland Ethnological thepopulationsof thePacific
Sciences will convene in Moscow, C. REGIONAL ETHNOGRAPHY Ocean
U.S.S.R., August3-10, 1964. The first AND ANTHROPOLOGY 8. Historico-ethnographic
circular,mailed in June1963, outlines communityof the Car-
the themesof the Congressas follows: 1. Africa
pathian region
2. Australia and Oceania
9. Ethnographicand anthropo-
A. GENERAL ANTHROPOLOGY 3. The Far East and South Asia
4. The Near and Middle East logical problemsof the arctic
1. PhysiologicalAnthropology 5. Arctic and Subarctic zone
2. Human Somatology 10. Ethnographicand anthropo-
6. America
3. Anatomical Anthropology 7. logical problems,of the arid
Europe
4. Ethnic Anthropology zones
5. Paleoanthropology and An- D. MUSEOLOGY 11. Classification of the genres
thropogenesis of oral poetry
1. Museographiccollection,Pro- 12. Methods of fixation of the
B. GENERAL ETHNOGRAPHY tection, and Conservation popular arts and of the sub-
2. MuseographicExhibitionsand sequent arrangementof the
1. Theory and Methodology ScientificVulgarization
a. Historyof materialculture materials
and economy E. SYMPOSIA AND WORK 13. Instruments of popular music
b. Social forms and institu- 14. The folkloreworker
GROUPS
tions 15. Methods of anthropological
c. Methodology 1. The L.H. Morgan theoryof analysis
2. Paleoethnography the periodization of history 16. Taxonomy and nomencla-
3. Ethnobotany and Ethnozool- in the light of modern eth- ture of hominidefossils
ogy nography 17. Problem of transitionfrom
4. Ethnolinguistics 2. Relations between nomadic Animal to Man
5. Popular Arts and settledpeoples
a. Popular oral poetry 3. Urban and industrial eth- Titles for papers to be read should
b. Popular music nography be submittedby September 1, 1963.
c. Popular theatre and 4. Agrarian ethnography(farm An abstractof each paper is required.
dances tools, techniques) It may follow, preferably no later
d. Popular arts 5. Problems of ethnogenesisof than November 1, 1963. Send all
6. JuridicialEthnography ancient and contemporary correspondenceto Congress Secretar-
7. Religious Beliefs and Mythol- peoples iat, Institute of Ethnography,Aca-
ogy 6. Methods of editing ethno- demy of Sciences, 1st Cheremushkins-
8. Applied Ethnography graphic atlases kaja ulitsa 19, Moscow B-36, U.S.S.R.
346 CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY

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